User:Ziggle/Draft of Shock Factor

Shock Factor (sometimes called Keel Shock Factor) is a commonly used figure of merit for estimating the amount of shock experienced by a naval target from an underwater explosion as a function of explosive charge weight, slant range, and depression angle (between vessel and charge).

As with many metrics for explosives, TNT is the reference material. Table 1 shows the relative effect (RE) of a number of common explosives with respect to TNT.


 * {| class="wikitable"

! Width="150"|Explosive ! Width="150"|Relative Effect ! Ammonium Nitrate ! Dynamite ! TNT ! Tetryl ! Composition B ! Nitroglycerin ! PETN ! RDX
 * + Table 1: Relative Effect of Common Explosives 
 * align="center"|0.42
 * align="center"|0.92
 * align="center"|1.00
 * align="center"|1.25
 * align="center"|1.35
 * align="center"|1.50
 * align="center"|1.66
 * align="center"|1.60
 * }

The numeric result from computing the shock factor has no physical meaning, but it does provide a value that can be used to estimate the effect of an underwater blast on a vessel. Table 2 describes the effect of an explosion on a vessel for a range of shock factors.


 * {| class="wikitable"

! Shock Factor !! Damage ! < 0.1 ! 0.1 - 0.15 ! 0.15 - 0.20 ! 0.2 ! &ge; 0.5
 * + Table 1: Shock Factor Table of Effects 
 * Very limited damage. Generally considered insignificant.
 * Lighting failures; electrical failures; some pipe likes; pipe ruptures possible.
 * Increase in occurence of damage above;Pipe rupture likely; machinery failures;
 * General machinery damage
 * Usually considered lethal to a ship
 * }

Background
The idea behind the shock factor is is that an explosion close to a ship generates a shock wave that can impart sudden vertical motions to a ship's hull and internal systems. Many of the internal mechanical systems (e.g. engine coupling to prop) require precise alignment in order to operate. These vibrations upset these critical alignments and render these systems inoperative. The vibrations can also destroy lighting and electrical components, such as relays.

The explosion also generates a gas bubble that undergoes expansion and contraction cycles. These cycles can introduce violent vibrations into a hull, generating structural damage, even to the point of breaking the ship's keel. In fact, this is a goal of many undersea weapon systems. The magnitude of an explosion's effects have been shown through empirical and theoretical analyses to be related to the size of the explosive charge, the distance of the charge from the target, and the angular relationship of the hull to the shock wave.