User:Zjrong/sandbox

.

Women in science field
The period of 1980-1985, the population of women receiving a bachelor's degree in computer science, life sciences, mathematics, and engineering, increased. For women, employment in the fields of engineering and science increased around the time of 1960's. Timing was crucial, as the job position for engineering increased, women still had trouble finding a satisfying and rewarding job. As of 1989, only 29 percent of women who obtain the job being an assistant professors in universities.

Intersex babies in early age
Surgeon pinpoint intersex babies as emergency once they are born. The parents of the intersex babies were not consent about the situation. Psychologist, sexologist, and researches have a theory that it is better if the baby is changed when they are younger then when they are mature adults. The scientist thinks that help with the confusion

Sarah baartman discovery after death
In the eighteen century, a natural extension was bought into shaping. Sarah Bartmann, a African American women, who lived her life having eyes glued to her body and presence by European women and men. After her unknown death due to smallpox, pleurisy, or alcohol poisoning, her genitals, brain and body are preserving in the French Museum of Natural History. In 1930, her skeleton could be found in a display case # 33. In the nineteenth century, Bartmann was a definition of race, gender, and sexuality. “Bartmann was a natural extension of that shaping by “natural”  I mean that it seemed unexceptional to the scientist of that era it appeared to be not good merely good science” (Fausto-sterling.344) each individual researchers and European culture at large tries to put their fears behind them. The structures of the brain of an African American are different compare to Europeans. Sarah Bartmann was the perfect display to prove that theory. In the seventeenth centuries, Georges Cuvier, Studied Bartmann’s skeleton’s structure once again to clear up the views on race and gender. “Cuvier expected to find similarities in structure within each branch of the animal world. He insisted, however, that the four branches themselves existed independently of one another” (Fausto-Sterling. 348) Each human being are single creation. “In his work on Sarah Bartmann, he brandished the skull of an Egyptian mummy, exclaiming that its structure proved that Egyptian civilization has been created by whites from whom present-day Europeans had descended” (Fausto-Sterling. 349)

Scientific Metaphor
Metaphors is universal knowledge. Metaphoric language are based on analogies to help interpret thinking and explanation. In the medical field many scientist use metaphors to explain their work. Models are another sense of metaphoric language, it helps enhance scientific discovery. The Plum pudding model, is a model of a metaphoric model. Metaphors are used for a easier and better understanding of terms.

Metaphors describe in the Reproductive System
Metaphoric language are used to for a better understanding of terms. Many medical practician uses metaphors to have a better understanding of their own work, and to come up with discoveries. In the late 17th and 18th century, in a scientist eyes, sperm portray as the aggressor and the egg portray as a passive. "Sperm as intrepid warriors battling their way to an aging passive egg that can do little but await the sturdy victor's final" In 20th century medical practician often claimed the metaphor of the body as a machine. "During the 1940's, 1950's and 1960's birth was the processing of a machine by machines and skilled technicians" (Martin.57) The technicians are individual doctors performing their tasks to fix each patient.Doctors in a French hospital will describe the womb and uterus as a "Mechanical pump" "Whether the doctor is only a mechanic or perhaps more like a factory supervisor or even an owner. If the doctor is a supervisor, the woman might be a "laborer" whose "machine" (uterus) produces the "product" babies". Metaphors also can help develop a better understanding of the organization of our society. The definition Laborer, defines as; a person engaged in work that requires bodily strength rather than skills or training. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Laborer?s=t&ld=1119. In labor in metaphoric language is work. The usage of the uterus to the cervix to dilatation which cause friction by the birth canal. Metaphors are comparing other object through imagination. Imagination, is a start of a hypothesis which will lead to a theory after being experimented. In the metaphoric language, the passive egg does not move unless the sperm is there to fertilize it. After this hypothesis, there were experiments done to per found a accurate answer. Which is, egg can be aggressive too, while awaiting for the sperm to arrive it does it's own work such as dividing without fertilization. Scientific Metaphors is comparison between the real science and the model.Providing a model in our mind helps with better understanding of a human body, which leads to new discoveries. 1985, John Hopkins Medical school, first provided woman in labor epidural anesthesia to interferes with contractions. Science has identified with truthfulness and reality, sometimes there can be a mix up when making a comparison between the real science and the model. The model helps ask questions and improve new scientific method,at times it can lead to the wrong theory, because the model was wrong in the beginning. Metaphoric language are not just used in the medical fields, but also used in everyone's daily life. Trying to explain physics,what is easier than using comparison to make understanding easier.

In the 16th century
Christine de Pizan, first woman to earn a living by her pen. Pizan's work was followed by number of encyclopedias of famous women. At this century, women still did not have the voice of a man. Pizan's work were published under another name specially a male's name.Christine_de_Pizan Her work has influenced other women in society.

In the 18th and 19th Century
From 1880's until 1920's European women fought for a movement in the interest in women's scientific abilities. In the 1970's Women scientist provided hardships and struggle to make a mark in science. Istituto Delle Scienze published many new studies on side effects of air pressure. While caring for 5 children, she continue her work and research each year she will publish the results of her study. Even with the Women's movement passed, women still did not have a high position in the work field as men. Women who want to contribute to science became midwives. Marie Curie, and her husband both did many research and studies together, but at the end when it comes to recognition, her husband received a nobel prize for her contributions too. Not until after her husband's death, she was recognize for her work in the science world. In the 1930's and 1960's the rise of cold war and fascism in Europe, resulting to a plunge in women's Ph.D's. Women were unable to regain their participation in academic science until 1970. University increase salaries rate,reduced the loads of work for professors so hired more faculty positions to men. A university president once said, "we do not want to bring in more (women)if we can get men". (Schiebinger.31) During World War 2, 12% of women held teaching position. In 1946, the percentage increased to 40%.