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Article being Edited: Pleomorphism (microbiology)

Annotated Bibliography:

1.

Benavente, R., Esteban-Torres, M., Acebrón, I., de las Rivas, B., Muñoz, R., Álvarez, Y. and Mancheño, J. M. “Structure, biochemical characterization and analysis of the pleomorphism of carboxylesterase Cest-2923 from Lactobacillus plantarum.” WCFS1. FEBS J, 280: 6658–6671. (2013). doi:10.1111/febs.12569

In this journal article the authors show that the enzyme carboxylesterase Cest-2923 has a pleomorphic behavior in different pH environments. Even though the bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum was used in the experiment, the pleomorphism that is shown is the pleomorphism of the enzyme.

2.

Hosaka Y., Kitano H., Ikeguchi S. ”Studies on the pleomorphism of HVJ virions.” Virology, Volume 29, Issue 2, 1966, Pages 205-221, ISSN 0042-6822, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(66)90027-4.

According to this journal article, although its cause is not known, Pleomorphism has also been shown to be exhibited by HVJ Virions.

3. (This source is also originally in the references list of the article)

Joshi, Hiren M, and Rao S Toleti. “Nutrition Induced Pleomorphism and Budding Mode of Reproduction in Deinococcus Radiodurans.” BMC Research Notes BMC Res Notes, vol. 2, no. 1, 2009, p. 123. ( http://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-0500-2-123 )

Both authors of this journal articles, Hiren M Joshi and Rao S Toleti, are affiliates of Biofouling & Biofilm Processes Section, Water & Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Facilities. According to the article the bacterium Deinococcus Radiodurans has been shown to exhibit pleomorphism in relation to differences in the nutrient contents of its environment.

4.

Manghani D. K., Dastur Darab K., Nanavaty Ashok N., Patel R. “Pleomorphism of fine structure of rabies virus in human and experimental brain.” Journal of the Neurological Sciences, Volume 75, Issue 2, September 1986, Pages 181-193, ISSN 0022-510X, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-510X(86)90093-6.

This journal article states that pleomorphism is also found in rabies virus in humans.

5.

Mathan M., Swaminathan S.P., Mathan V.I., Yesudoss S., Baker S.J. “PLEOMORPHIC VIRUS-LIKE PARTICLES IN HUMAN FÆCES.” The Lancet, Volume 305, Issue 7915, 1975, Pages 1068-1069, ISSN 0140-6736, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(75)91832-2.

Pleomorphism was detected in virus like particles in stool samples from non-neonates.

6.

McLaughlin R. W., H. Vali, P. C. K. Lau, R. G. E. Palfree, A. De Ciccio, M. Sirois, D. Ahmad, R. Villemur, M. Desrosiers, and E. C. S. Chan. “Are There Naturally Occurring Pleomorphic Bacteria in the Blood of Healthy Humans?” Journal of Clinical Microbiology December 2002 40:12 4771-4775; doi:10.1128/JCM.40.12.4771-4775.2002

Pleomorphic bacteria were found to exist in the blood of healthy human subjects in a study that was focused on agents involved in Alzheimer’s disease.

7.

Samona A., R.K. Robinson. “Pleomorphism of bifidobacteria.” International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, Volume 32, Issue 1, 1993, Page 229, ISSN 0964-8305, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0964-8305(93)90062-7

According to this journal article one bacterium that is found to show pleomorphism is bifidobacteria. Although an observation of the morphology of a B. bifidum sample indicated it to be similar to the morphology of streptococcus, other methods were used to precisely identify the sample as a pleomorphic form of bifidobacteria.

8.

Stevenson, J. P., and F. Biddle. “Pleomorphism of Influenza Virus Particles under the Electron Microscope.” Nature, vol. 212, no. 5062, May 1966, pp. 619–621. doi:10.1038/212619a0

Pleomorphism is also shown to be exhibited by influenza virus particles, with the use of electron micrscopes.

9.

Wainwright, M. "Extreme Pleomorphism and the Bacterial Life Cycle: A Forgotten Controversy." Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, vol. 40 no. 3, 1997, pp. 407-414. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/pbm.1997.0038.

Milton Wainwright is a Senior Lecturer at University of Sheffield ( http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/mbb/staff/miltonwainwright/miltonwainwright ). According to him, Pleomorphism of bacteria lacks wide acceptance among modern microbiologists.

10.

Wood, A.P. & Kelly, D.P. “Reclassification of Thiobacillus thyasiris as Thiomicrospira thyasirae comb. nov., an organism exhibiting pleomorphism in response to environmental conditions.” Arch. Microbiol. (1993) 159: 45. doi:10.1007/BF00244262

Ann P. Wood is an affiliate of the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, England. And Don P. Kelly is an affiliate of the Natural Environment Research Council, Swindon, UK. Additionally, both authors are also affiliated with Division of Life Sciences, King's College London, London, UK. One case where pleomorphism led to a confusion regarding the classification of a bacterium is the case of Thiomicrospira thyasirae. Before gaining its current name the bacterium strain Thiomicrospira thyasirae DSM5322 was believed to be a Thiobacillus due to its pleomorphism making it morphologically similar to Thiobacillus.