User:Zmattingly/sandbox

WORKING DRAFT

EXERTION

Exertion is the physical or perceived use of energy. Exertion traditionally connotes a strenuous or costly effort, resulting in generation of force, initiation of motion, or in the performance of work. It often relates to muscular activity and can be quantified, empirically and by measurable metabolic response.

Contents


 * 1Physical
 * 2.Physiological
 * 4See also
 * 5References
 * 6External links

Physical

In physics, exertion is the expenditure of energy against, or inductive of, inertia as described by Isaac Newton's third law of motion. In physics, force exerted equivocates work done. The ability to do work can be either positive or negative depending on the direction of exertion relative to gravity. For example, a force exerted upwards, like lifting an object, creates positive work done on that object.

Exertion often results in force generated, a contributing dynamic of general motion. In mechanics it describes the use of force against a body in the direction of its motion (see vector).

Physiological

Exertion, physiologically, can be described by the initiation of exercise, or, intensive and exhaustive physical activity that causes cardiovascular stress or a sympathetic nervous response. This can be continuous or intermittent exertion.

Exertion requires, of the body, modified oxygen uptake, increased heart rate, and autonomic monitoring of blood lactate concentrations. Mediators of physical exertion include cardio respiratory and musculoskeletal strength, as well as metabolic capability. This often correlates to an output of force followed by a refractory period of recovery. Exertion is limited by cumulative load and  repetitive motions.

Muscular energy reserves, or stores for biomechanical exertion, stem from metabolic, immediate production of ATP and increased O2 consumption. Muscular exertion generated depends on the muscle length and the velocity at which it is able to shorten, or contract.

Perceived exertion can be explained as subjective, perceived experience that mediates response to somatic sensations and mechanisms. A rating of perceived exertion, as measured by the RPE-scale, or Borg scale, is a quantitative measure of physical exertion.

Often in health, exertion of oneself resulting in cardiovascular stress showed reduced physiological responses, like cortisol levels and mood, to stressors. Therefore, biological exertion is effective in mediating psychological exertion, responsive to environmental stress.

Overexertion causes more than 3.5 million injuries a year. An overexertion injury can include sprains or strains, the stretching and tear of ligaments, tendons, or muscles caused by a load that exceeds the human ability to perform the work. Overexertion, besides causing acute injury, implies physical exertion beyond the persons capacity which leads to symptoms such as dizziness, irregular breathing and heart rate, and fatigue. Preventative measures can be taken based on biomechanical knowledge to limit possible overexertion injuries.

See also


 * Exercise
 * Energy
 * Cost
 * Inertia
 * Volition (psychology)
 * Decision theory
 * Ferdinand Tönnies [as in will (sociology)]
 * Friedrich Nietzsche [as in strong-willed, drive and will (philosophy)]
 * Isaac Newton
 * Bionics
 * Machine
 * Muscular Energy
 * Musculoskeletal Strength
 * Physics
 * Physiological strenuosity
 * Work

References


 * First Person Physics, First Person Physics:Wooing the Second Tier, (essay part of) project proposal to National Science Foundation, 2004
 * Principle of least action, Euler, 1748, Reflexions sur quelques loix generales de la nature
 * Perceived Exertion, Barry, A. J. (1967). Physical activity and psychic stress/strain. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 96(12), 848–853.
 * Elert, Glenn. “Forces.” Viscosity – The Physics Hypertextbook, physics.info/newton-first/.
 * “Work and Energy.” Series and Parallel Circuits, physics.bu.edu/~duffy/py105/Energy.html.
 * Borg, Gunnar A.v. “Psychophysical Bases of Perceived Exertion.” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol. 14, no. 5, 1982, doi:10.1249/00005768-198205000-00012.
 * Kumar, Shrawan. “Theories of Occupational Musculoskeletal Injury Causation.” Biomechanics in Ergonomics, Second Edition, July 2007, doi:10.1201/9780849379093.sec1.
 * “Golgi Tendon Organ.” Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics, Elsevier, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/golgi-tendon-organ.
 * Soares-Caldeira, Lúcio Flávio, and Nilo Massaru Okuno. “Similarity in Physiological and Perceived Exertion Responses to Exercise at Continuous and Intermittent Critical Power.” European Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 112, no. 5, 2011, pp. 1637–1644., doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2123-9.
 * Gröpel, Peter, et al. “Endurance- and Resistance-Trained Men Exhibit Lower Cardiovascular Responses to Psychosocial Stress Than Untrained Men.” Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 9, Jan. 2018, doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00852.
 * “Indications Of Physical Overexertion.” JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 71, no. 18, Feb. 1918, p. 1488., doi:10.1001/jama.1918.02600440040013.
 * “The Understated Injury: Overexertion.” Healthline, Healthline Media, www.healthline.com/health/understated-injury-overexertion.

External links


 * Measuring Physical Activity Intensity: Perceived Exertion (Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale)
 * RPE-scale (2nd)
 * First principle of mechanics

-- Notes --

MORE REFERENCES STILL NOT UTILIZED// cited -- I have them all in a google doc

Golgi-tendon Organ

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