User:Zvi Zig/sandbox

Framework Convention Alliance on Tobacco Control (world's largest tobacco control organization)"E-cigarettes are almost certainly considerably less hazardous for individuals than cigarettes."FCA Policy briefing: Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (a consensus statement), October 2014 http://www.fctc.org/images/stories/policy_brief.pdf

Cancer Research UK (world’s largest cancer nonprofit) "There is a consensus that e-cigarettes are almost certainly much safer than smoking tobacco cigarettes." Cancer Research UK Briefing: Electronic cigarettes. March 2015 http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/sites/default/files/policy_march2015_ecigarettes_briefing.pdf

American Heart Association (world's largest cardiovascular nonprofit) "Although the adverse health effects of e-cigarettes are not known, they are likely to be much less than those of cigarette smoking, but could be significant in individuals with heart disease." American Heart Association: "Electronic Cigarettes: A Policy Statement From the American Heart Association," published in ‘’Circulation’’ August 2014 http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/16/1418.full

The Truth Initiative (United States' largest anti-smoking nonprofit) "ENDS are substantially less harmful than the inhaled smoke from combustible tobacco (i.e., cigarettes)." The Truth About: Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, December 2015 http://truthinitiative.org/sites/default/files/ENDS%20Fact%20Sheet%20-%201%204%2016%5B1%5D.pdf

Action on Smoking and Health (UK’s largest anti-smoking nonprofit) "Compared to tobacco products, electronic cigarettes are significantly safer." ASH Briefing: Electronic Cigarettes, February 2016 http://ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_715.pdf

Public Health England “Electronic cigarettes: A report commissioned by Public Health England,” May 2014 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/311887/Ecigarettes_report.pdf
 * 2014 report by Btitton and Bogdanovica,"Overall however the hazards associated with use of products currently on the market is likely to be extremely low, and certainly much lower than smoking."

"E-cigarettes: an evidence update: A report commissioned by Public Health England", August 2015 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/457102/Ecigarettes_an_evidence_update_A_report_commissioned_by_Public_Health_England_FINAL.pdf
 * 2015 evidence update by McNeil and colleagues,"There is a need to publicise the current best estimate that using EC is around 95% safer than smoking."

Systematic review by Hajek and colleagues published in Addiction "Long-term health effects of EC use are unknown but compared with cigarettes, EC are likely to be much less, if at all, harmful to users or bystanders." Systematic review by Grana and colleagues published in Circulation "E-cigarette aerosol is likely to be much less toxic than cigarette smoking."

Cochrane Review, December 2014 "Among those brands of EC that have been tested, levels of toxins have been found to be substantially lower than in cigarettes, and are present at levels that are unlikely to represent a significant risk to health to either the user or to bystanders. . . .It is highly likely that, based on what is known about liquid and vapour constituents and patterns of use, there will be few risks."

Systematic review by Farsalinos and Polosa published in Therapeutic advances in drug safety "Currently available evidence indicates that electronic cigarettes are by far a less harmful alternative to smoking and significant health benefits are expected in smokers who switch from tobacco to electronic cigarettes."

A Systematic review by Burstyn published in BMC Public Health included tens of studies and examined >9,000 measurements of single chemicals from a "broad range" of products which were tested. It concludes:
 * Even when compared to workplace standards for involuntary exposures, and using several conservative assumptions (erring on the side of caution), the exposures from using e-cigarettes fall well below the threshold for concern for compounds with known toxicity.
 * The only unintentional exposures (i.e., not the nicotine) that seem to rise to the level that they are worth further research are the carrier chemicals themselves, propylene glycol and glycerin. This exposure is not known to cause health problems, but the magnitude of the exposure is novel and thus is at the levels for concern based on the lack of reassuring data.