User:Zyxwv99/sandbox9

In the section "Volcanic winter and cooling computer models" it says "The Toba eruption apparently coincided with the onset of the last glacial period." The problem is the last glacial period started 110,000 years ago. What some scientists are claiming is that Toba triggered the onset of glacial stage MIS4 (lasted about 14,000 years) or GS-20 (glacial stadial) which lasted over a thousand years. Both of these theories are disputed

Mitrochondrial clades
Human lice are divided into three deeply divergent mitochrondrial clades known as A, B, and C. Two subclades have been identified, D (a sister clade of A) and E (a sister clade of C).

Clade A

 * head and body: worldwide
 * found in ancient Roman Judea

Clade D (sister of clade A)

 * head and body: Central Africa, Ethiopia

Clade B

 * head only: worldwide
 * found in ancient Roman Judea and 4,000-year-old Chilean mummy

Clade C

 * head only: Ethiopia, Nepal, Thailand

Clade E (sister of clade C)

 * head only: West Africa

Archaeogenetics
Analysis of the DNA of lice found on Peruvian mummies may indicate that some diseases (such as typhus) may have passed from the New World to the Old World, instead of the other way around.

Lice
Genetic Analysis of Lice Supports Direct Contact between Modern and Archaic Humans 2004

(old)

High diversity and rapid diversification in the head louse, Pediculus humanus (Pediculidae: Phthiraptera) 2015

Divergence time estimates suggest that the earliest split of P. humanus clades occured slightly more than one million years ago (MYa) and the latest about 0.3 MYa. Sequence divergences in COI and cytb among the five clades of P. humanus are 10X those in their human host, a difference that likely reflects both rate acceleration and the acquisition of lice clades from several archaic hominid lineages.

Most genetic studies have concluded that head and body lice are ecomorphs of the same species18,22 with body lice originating from head lice23. However, other studies have suggested their reproductive isolation24, a conclusion supported by the fact that head and body lice possess diagnostic sequence differences in the Phum_PHUM540560 gene25.

High Ancient Genetic Diversity of Human Lice, Pediculus humanus, from Israel Reveals New Insights into the Origin of Clade B Lice 2016

Prior research has suggested that the known lice clades evolved on different lineages of Homo, similarly to those known to date from 2.3 to 0.03 million years ago (MYA) [1, 20] and, accordingly, their geographic distribution can provide information regarding the evolutionary history of the lice as well as their human hosts [2]. Clade A lice most likely emerged in Africa and evolved on the host lineage that led to anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens), showing signs of a recent demographic expansion out of Africa about 100,000 years ago, first to Eurasia and subsequently to Europe, Asia and the New World [1, 18]. Haplogroup B diverged from haplogroup A between 0.7 and 1.2 million years ago and may have evolved on archaic hominids, such as the Homo neanderthalensis, who expanded in Europe and Asia, and only became associated with modern humans during the period of overlap as the result of a recent host switch [1, 3, 4]. Thus, considering the present-day geographic distribution of the two haplotypes A5 and B36 and evidence of their long-time presence in the New World, along with our data from the Middle East, the most likely theory is that these two haplotypes were carried by early humans and migrated with them throughout the world before the globalization initiated during the time of Columbus. It seems that the B36 haplotype was originally present in archaic populations of the Middle East, and because this region was a passageway for Homo sapiens between Africa and the rest of the world [35], this haplotype could have switched to anatomically modern humans when they arrived, and migrated with them along with lice of haplotype A5 throughout the world including to America, where lice remained in situ for thousands of years until the second contact with European colonists in the 16th century [2].

Zhenya
Sopkarga mammoth

MaschenkoPotapova2017

The Zhenya Mammoth ( Mammuthus primigenius (Blum.)): Taphonomy, geology, age, morphology and ancient DNA of a 48,000 year old frozen mummy from western Taimyr, Russia

48,000 cal BP

adolescent 8-12 years

reconstructed live height 227.4 cm

2519 kg

It has been claimed to show marks of human activity.

probably died from unrecoverable injuries inflicted during a bull-to-bull fight

PitulkoTikhonov2016

Early human presence in the Arctic: Evidence from 45,000-year-old mammoth remains

evidence of human occupation 45,000 years ago at 72°N, well within the Siberian Arctic

signs of weapon-inflicted injuries

MaschenkoTikhonov2015

A Finding of the Male Mammoth Carcass in the Karginsky Suit of the Upper Pleistocene of the Taimyr Peninsula

A partly preserved frozen carcass of M. primigenius was found in Taimyr (mouth of the Yenisei River, Sopochnaya Karga Cape) on August 28, 2012, by a Dolgan schoolboy Evgenii Solinder. Public media dubbed this specimen “Mammoth Zhenya” (a diminutive of Evgenii) or the “Sopkarga mammoth.”

The cause of death of the mammoth remains unknown.

height at withers 235 cm

Ukraintseva2013

Mammoths and the Environment

late August 2012 near Sopkarga polar station on the right bank of the Yenesei River, Taymyr Peninsula, an eleven year old boy named Evgeniy Salinder found the remains of a mammoth.

Excavation in September under the supervision of Dr. Alexey N. Tikhonov from the Zoological Institute, Saint Petersburg.

Genetics
A very low level (5%) of an allele (-13910*T) strongly associated with the ability to consume unprocessed milk at adulthood was found among Pitted Ware Culture individuals in Gotland, Sweden. This frequency is dramatically different from the extant Swedish population (74%).

The part of about lactose intolerance could use a little work.

one out of ten (−13.910:T frequency of 5%)

−13.910:C>T (rs4988235) Europe, Asia

−14.010:G>C (rs145946881) Afro-Asian and Nilo-Saharan agropastoralists East Africa (32–46%) and pastoralists from South Africa (13–20%)

−13.907:C>G (rs41525747) Beja people of Sudan (21%)

−14.009:T>G (ss820486563) Beja people of Sudan (24%)

−13.915:T>G (rs41380347) camel herders from the Middle East (72–88%)

5000 BP 31% San Juan Ante Portam Latinam, Basque Country, Spain

4550 BP 10% LP - Pitted Ware culture, Gotland, Sweden

4500 BP 14% Longar, Basque Country, Spain

4250 BP 1 European Bell Beaker sample (individual I0112)