User talk:129.174.182.39

Three-Dimensional printing is a manufacturing method in which products are created through fusing or depositing materials like metals, plastics, ceramics, powders, liquids, or even living cells-in separate layers to produce a tangible object. Since the creation of 3D printing, this new area of technology has been effective and useful for different institutions that would never see printing as component. This new innovation has inserted itself into industries such as the architecture, Maritime, Healthcare and Medicine, and the Chemical industry. Various reasons that industries and companies have been interested in exploring and implementing this new form of technology is due to the flexibility, time saving, and exceptional manufacturing capability of specific products (Jassim-Jaboori AH, Oyewumi MO 2015). 2.	Background The Federal Drug Administration is in charge of managing and securing the health, control, and supervision of food, and drugs as well products that come into terms of that. Therefore, it came as a significant outcome when in 2015, the Federal Drug Administration approved its first drug to be printed by a 3D printer which was by Aprecia Pharmaceuticals called Spritam (Basulto, D, 2015). This drug would be for the use of treatment for partial onset seizures, myoclonic seizures, and primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures for children and adults who suffer from epilepsy. Chemical inks have since been created and innovated to produce the most effective and safe drugs in terms of curing low risk treatments. As a result, the pharmaceutical industry could eventually witness a transition from prescriptions to algorithms (Basulto, D, 2015). 3.	Potential Benefits 3D printing has opened up many opportunities to help and improve public health in the areas where they are able to extend to. Although there is further innovation to be done to perfect the interaction between drug production and 3D printing, medical institutions see a new break way for positive outcomes. As a basic benefit, the drugs being printed, tested and actually consumed for the benefit could become less expensive and more accessible (Mesko B, 2018). In addition, places like war zones, rural, and areas which are difficult to transport and keep stable can receive these needed treatments and drugs (Mesko B, 2018). This flexible use of transportation and easy accessibility would improve public health in many areas while also lowering the cost of many treatments for illness and diseases. The chemical inks that need to be used would also be personalized in terms of the individual's biology which could improve effectiveness of the drug. Pharmacists believe they will be able to personalize drug dosage and variation based on the biology of the patient (Mesko B, 2018). 5.	Security Concerns Due to be a new advancement in technology there still a foundation of area that has not been discovered or put to test to in 3D printing. This innovation in possible drug production could be hacked by outside sources with means of harming or tampering the medicine that given to society (Oyewumi, 2015). This could cause harm to the patient, and the business's whole products and assets as the drugs that were created could be poisoned and used for the harming of society. In the aspect of businesses and medical institutions, if the assets were to be contaminated or altered, the whole infrastructure would be violated and would refer to severe hacking issues (Oyewumi, 2015). 6.	Social Problems Societal problems can be seen as the issue that can interrelate into many other issues and concerns in regard to a new method of drug production. Clients, and society as a whole could possibly have easy access to these drugs and might be overused which could cause drug over doses and addiction cases due to the accessibility (Katakam, 2015). Many countries already see a problem with drugs affecting and transferred through different areas, 3D printing has the ability to expand drug trafficking if it were to be in the wrong hands. With the wrong motives, 3D printing could be also a new form of innovations for drug traffickers to expand their drug routes. In addition, the copyrights of the drugs could be possibly stolen and used for distribution in a black-market style manner, this could increase wrong use of drugs.

In order for the FDA and society to approve, this new form of innovation that appeals to drug production needs to overcome various. More information needs to be done on the security of the software being used as serious security threats can be seen to open up to hackers or illegal businesses. In addition, the healthcare and pharmaceutical industries need to straighten out their purpose and intentions to perform this new form of procedures. Are they doing it for an easier profit yet have no worry for further consequences, or are they intending to improve public health? Lastly, more itinerary planning needs to be done through research on the vision on the drugs that will be produced through 3D printing, will it be towards less severe illnesses or full treatment to deadly diseases. Medicine and technology have advanced together in an unexpected rate that scientist, engineers, and industries can't explain. However, the ethical questioning behind the new medical vision raises a concern to what heights will this new form of technology desire to expand to. If the Federal Drug Administration decides to move forward with this, will it lead to further medical expansion that could be more dangerous? The future and control of this new innovation is unpredictable and therefore must be considered on all the questioning, concerns, and problems it arises.

Katakam, P., Dey, B., Assaleh, F. H., Hwisa, N. T., Adiki, S. K., Chandu, B. R., & Mitra, A. (2015). Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches in 3D Printing Technologies for Drug Delivery Challenges. Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems,32(1), 61-87.

Basulto, D. (2015, August 11). Why it matters that the FDA just approved the first 3D-printed drug. Retrieved February 10, 2018, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2015/08/11/why-it-matters-that-the-fda-just-approved-the-first-3d-printed-drug/?utm_term=.c366dd537018

Rowe, C., Katstra, W., Palazzolo, R., Giritlioglu, B., Teung, P., & Cima, M. (2000). Multimechanism oral dosage forms fabricated by three dimensional printing™. Journal of Controlled Release, 66(1), 11-17. doi:10.1016/s0168-3659(99)00224-2 https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/3d-printing-technology-in-pharmaceutical-drug-delivery-prospects-andchallenges-2167-7956-1000e141.php?aid=64501

Haria, R., Jackson, B., Petch, M., Armstrong, K., & Meskó, B. (2018, January 30). 12 Things We Can 3D Print in Medicine Right Now. Retrieved February 10, 2018, from https://3dprintingindustry.com/news/12-things-we-can-3d-print-in-medicine-right-now-42867/

3D printing raises ethical issues in medicine. Dodds (2015, February 10). Retrieved February 10, 2018, from http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2015/02/11/4161675.htm

3D Printing Technology in Pharmaceutical Drug Delivery ... Oyewumi, Moses. (2015) (n.d.). Retrieved February 10, 2018, from https://www.bing.com/cr?IG=03164281E2FB4822857060956B1182F7&CID=2475AAC9F7FE66051360A15BF6516703&rd=1&h=8YYCPD_LrPSLb2rSbLujWf_ckDsBY3t0AJOMQIgXndc&v=1&r=https%3a%2f%2fwww.researchgate.net%2fpublication%2f307777985_3D_Printing_Technology_in_Pharmaceutical_Drug_Delivery_Prospects_and_Challenges&p=DevEx,5066.1