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October 2022
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Describe the different morphological types of viruses and give examples of each type
Assignment ·       Use the information presented in the module folder along with your readings from the textbook to answer the following questions. 1.    Describe the different morphological types of viruses and give examples of each type: a)     Helical A helical capsid has the morphology of a tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). The genome fits exactly within the length of the cylindrical or rod-shaped capsid. The RNA genetic material is spiral-wound and placed inside the capsid, where it is tucked into a groove created by the protein subunits. The TMV capsid is the most rigid of all helical capsids. The RNAs of the influenza virus are contained in a thin, flexible helical capsid that is folded into an envelope. Both a helical capsid's prom Stormers and their nucleic acid embedded within the capsid affect the size of the capsid. Viruses with helical structure can also have envelopes. Examples include the Ebola virus, the Rabies virus, the Influenza virus, the mumps virus and the measles virus. b)     Icosahedral They are three-dimensional geometric-shaped viruses, with 12 corners, 20 triangular faces, and 30 edges. These capsids resemble a soccer ball in various ways. The way that capsomeres are organized varies amongst viruses. Nucleic acid is crammed into the centre of an icosahedral virus during assembly, creating a nucleocapsid. Icosahedral viruses come in two different forms: naked (like the adenovirus) and enveloped (like the herpes simplex virus). Herpes viridae, Adenoviridae, Papovaviridae, and Parvoviridae are a few examples. c)     Complex A virus is referred to as a complex viral form when the shapes exhibit characteristics of both icosahedral and helical viruses. Examples include geminiviruses, many of bacteriophages  and poxviruses such the vaccinia virus,. Protein tails and intricate outer walls are examples of additional features found on sophisticated viruses. The poxviruses have a distinctive appearance and are huge, complex DNA viruses. 2.     Compare and contrast the multiplication of bacteriophages versus the multiplication of animal viruses All natural settings contain bacteriophages, and the quantity of bacteria there is directly correlated with their prevalence. Understanding one of the processes by which bacterial genes can be transferred from one bacterium to another requires knowledge of the phage life cycle. The activities that take place during the bacteriophage multiplication cycle include lysis, maturation, biosynthesis, adhesion, absorption, penetration and then release. The process of phage and bacterium recognition is represented by absorption, which is followed by attachment, in which the phage adheres to the surface of the host cell. Viral DNA enters the host cell through penetration, while phage DNA replicates and phage proteins are produced during biosynthesis. The new phage particles are then put together during maturation, and Lysis comes last. When a cell undergoes lysis or release, newly created phages that are now prepared to infect more hosts are released. Lytic animal viruses attach, penetrate, synthesize, mature, and release during the similar stages of infection to bacteriophages. However, bacterial and animal viruses have different penetration, nucleic-acid production, and release processes. Animal viruses enter the body either through membrane fusion or endocytosis after attaching to host receptors. Most viruses only infect particular types of cells within tissues, and many viruses are host specific, meaning they only infect a particular type of host. A tissue tropism is the term for this specialization. The poliovirus, which demonstrates tropism for the tissues of the brain and spinal cord, as well as the influenza virus, which has a primary tropism for the respiratory tract, serve as illustrations of this. 3.    Describe how viruses can act as mechanical vectors and biological vectors A vector is an animal that spreads a virus from one host to another. Viruses can be spread through direct touch, indirect contact with fomites, or through a vector (a person or animal). Typically, arthropods like mosquitoes, ticks, and flies operate as either mechanical or biological vectors for viral infections. When an arthropod has a viral virus on the outside of its body and physically contacts a new host, it causes mechanical transmission. When an arthropod bites a new host while harboring a viral disease inside of itself, this is known as biological transmission (Openstax, 2017.) 4.     Describe five (5) characteristics of fungi and how they differ from other Microorganisms i.          Fungi are incapable of photosynthesis (they are heterotrophic, like animals) ii. Fungi are osmotrophic (absorb their food) iii. In contrast to bacteria, the cells of fungi have nuclei with chromosomes, just like those of plants and mammals. iv. Most of the time, they form very dispersed bodies composed of a spreading web of hyphae, or extremely narrow, tubular, branching filaments. At their expanding tips, these filaments emit enzymes and absorb nourishment. These filaments can efficiently investigate and take advantage of food substrates because, although being incredibly narrow, they are collectively very long. v.          Most fungi can thrive in relatively high quantities of sugar or salt and are more resistant to osmotic pressure than most bacteria. Low moisture content materials, those that are too dry for bacterial development, can facilitate the growth of fungi. More complex carbohydrates are broken down by fungi than bacteria. 5.    Describe common characteristic of protozoans (protists). Name three (3) protozoans that are human parasites Three traits that all protozoans have are being eukaryotes, being single-celled, and not having a cell wall. Some are potential parasites of people and other animals, while others live in freedom. They are an assortment of bacteria. They are able to move around thanks to cilia, flagella, and/or pseudopodia, with the exception of one subgroup. Protozoans are unicellular creatures that come in a variety of sizes and need moisture to exist. The majority of protozoans are chemo heterotrophs, which means they get their nutrients from a variety of sources such bacteria, decomposing organic materials, other protozoans, and host tissue. Balantidium Coli, Toxoplasma Gondii, Plasmodium Falciparum-Malaria, and Entamoeba Histolytica-Amoebiasis are a few examples of prevalent protozoan parasites in humans. 6.    What are helminths? Name and describe three (3) that can cause problems in Humans Helminths are parasitic worms that feed on a living host in order to obtain nutrition and protection, weakening and ill treating the host in the process. Intestinal parasites are the name given to these worms and their larvae, which inhabit the small intestine. Ancylostoma duodenale or Necator Americanus are the worms that cause hookworm illness, a prevalent worm infestation in underdeveloped nations. Anaemia and malnutrition are caused by the sickness. The pork tapeworm, or Taenia solium, is the primary cause of cysticercosis. Years may pass before symptoms appear, but ultimately painless lumps may form in the skin and muscles or result in neurological issues. Echinococcus tapeworms are the primary cause of echinococcosis. Typically, the liver is attacked first, then the lungs, and finally the brain. While lung disease results in dyspnea and coughing, liver disease may produce abdominal pain and jaundice.

References Openstax, Microbiology (2017) Retrieved from https://content.learntoday.info/Learn/MCB2289_Summer_17/Media/Microbiology-OP.pdf Mycologue Publications (2002) Fungi. What are they? Retrieved from http://www.mycolog.com/fungus.htm 154.159.237.30 (talk) 00:14, 27 October 2022 (UTC)


 * informative, thanks 154.159.237.30 (talk) 00:16, 27 October 2022 (UTC)

September 2023
Hello, I'm Box of wolves. I noticed that you recently removed content from Oil pump (internal combustion engine) without adequately explaining why. In the future, it would be helpful to others if you described your changes to Wikipedia with an accurate edit summary. If this was a mistake, don't worry; the removed content has been restored. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. Box of wolves (feed) 17:54, 16 September 2023 (UTC)

June 2024
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Unibet. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Repeated vandalism may result in the loss of editing privileges. Thank you. Throast  { { ping }} me! (talk &#124; contribs) 18:49, 16 June 2024 (UTC)