User talk:202.89.40.113

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Alexandre Gustave Eiffel Alexandre Gustave Eiffel was a famous French engineer best known for the Tower which we all know.

Eiffel was born in 1832 and died in 1923. He was a talented and clever engineer who was most famous for his bridges and viaducts.

His last name was changed to effiel because French people had trouble saying their real name, which was "Bonnickhausen".

Gustave studied chemistry at university in Paris, but ended up working with a company that designed railway bridges. Because many of the senior engineers moved on to other companies, Eiffel soon found himself in charge of many of the projects building bridges, viaducts and other structures.

Eiffel

Eiffel soon founded his own construction company called Eiffel et Cie. He worked together with a Belgian engineer called Téophile Seyrig on the 160 metre long bridge over the River Douro in Portugal. Eiffel and his company soon became known as the experts in bridge building. His bridges did not require skilled workers to erect and were economic and safe.

Some of his constructions included viaducts across valleys and gorges, bridges, the department store of Bon Marché in Paris, a bridge in Vietnam, churches and Budapest railway station. The viaduct of Garabit, for example, spanned a gorge and a river. Its length of 564 metres was quite exceptional for such a construction. Few people are aware of the variety of buildings that Eiffel and his company created.

In the 1870's America and France decided to create a special monument to celebrate the centenary of American independence in 1876. At that time, France had given considerable help towards the American colonists in their resistance against the British government. The Americans were to provide the pedestal and the French, the monument. The French sculptor Bartholdi had a grand vision of huge statue of a torch bearing woman who would represent Liberty.

The size of the statue created enormous problems in its construction. Eiffel was brought in to solve them because of his expertise in complex, giant size constructions. Eiffel designed the interior structures for the Statue of Liberty for the sculptor Bartholdi to work around. He constructed the iron scaffolding of the interior so that the sheets of copper could be attached to the gigantic framework. Eiffel et Cie's design of the Tower was the winning entry to a competetion to get more visitors to the World Expo in Paris.

It took only about twenty-six months to construct the Tower. At that time, the Eiffel Tower was the tallest building in the world at 321 metres in height. (1051 feet) It weighed 7 000 tonnes and two and half million rivets were used in its construction.

However, to begin with, the Eiffel Tower was not at all popular with the people of Paris. They did not like its shape, they thought it looked ugly. They wanted to pull it down as soon as the World Expo had finished.

But to their amazement, the Tower proved to be the most popular place in Paris to visit.

Eiffel died at the age of 91 in 1923. Today, the Eiffel Tower is ranked as the number one tourist attraction in the world and the most recognizable monument. Eiffel Tower

Jacques-Yves Cousteau has been called the "explorer of the world of silence". He invented scuba diving and pioneered unaided deep sea diving and underwater photography.

Jacques Yves Cousteau was born in 1910 and died in 1997.

Jacques-Yves Cousteau had a privileged background because his father was the lawyer for an American billionaire. At 13, he had already developed a passion for amateur film-making. Jacques-Yves also loved the sea and enjoyed sailing and swimming. He attended Naval School, then became an officer in the French navy and also learned to fly. A serious car accident in 1936 forced him to give up his career as a pilot.

Cousteau always wore a red hat.

During World War II, Cousteau concentrated on underwater photography. With his camera fitted inside a glass bowl, he spent his free time filming shipwrecks and the magnificent underwater world of the Mediterranean, in waters then still totally unpolluted. At that time, divers had to wear suits connected to the surface by an air tube. This meant that divers could not be free to explore. Cousteau dreamed of being able to dive freely.

His dreams would soon come true: in 1943, with the help of engineer Emile Gagnan, he designed an underwater breathing apparatus based on compressed air contained inside a cylinder. The invention of the "Aqua-Lung " (SCUBA) made the two men very rich. From then on, Cousteau was able to make dive after dive with the aid of his invention, filming shipwrecks from the war for the French Navy, or ancient wrecks for his own pleasure as amateur archaeologist. In 1947, he reached the record depth of 100 m and suddenly discovered his passion for oceanography.

The Calypso

He managed to find sponsors to help him in his studies of the ocean. A sponsor bought up an old British minesweeper and converted it into an oceanographic vessel. It was called the Calypso. With a team of diving film makers, Jacques-Yves slowly developed the techniques to make underwater movies. This was the first time anyone had done this. These films helped to make him rich and famous.

By now, Cousteau devoted part of each year to underwater exploration around the world. He welcomed on board the Calypso scientists from all fields - geologists, geophysicists, biologists, zoologists, archaeologists, environmentalists - and, each season, explored the Red Sea or the Saint Lawrence, the Antarctic or the Amazon. He produced fifty books, two encyclopaedias, several films and, above all, some one hundred documentaries snapped up by TV stations all over the world.

The public owes most of its knowledge of ocean life to the television programmes of Jacques Cousteau. this is a Japanese poster for The World of Silence (1956), which revealed the treasures of the deep to the entire world.

To film and work underwater, Cousteau designed small "diving saucers" and, later, underwater cabins. These could work at a depth of 110 m. Sometimes the "oceanauts" worked at this depth for up to several weeks at a time.

After many years on the oceans, the explorer had become aware of the threat posed by people to marine eco-systems and the Planet as a whole.

In 1960, he campaigned against the dumping of radioactive waste in the Mediterranean and General de Gaulle, then President of the Republic, put an end to the practice. In the United States, in 1974, he set up the Cousteau Society to promote the protection of the Planet and to raise funds. At the Rio Earth Summit in Brazil, in 1992, he launched a petition for the rights of future generations which received more than 5 million signatures. The media nicknamed him "Captain Planet".

He died on June 25, 1997, at the age of 87.

Famous People - Louis Pasteur Louis Pasteur was a chemist. His discoveries have helped medical science to make the world a safer and healthier place to live in.

Pasteur devoted his life to finding practical solutions for biological problems in industry, agriculture and medicine. His discoveries saved millions of lives. These include, the process of Pasteurization, and preventions for diseases such as rabies, cholera and anthrax.

Louis Pasteur was born in 1822. He became a chemist and taught at many leading universities in France including the Sorbonne (the University of Paris). Louis Pasteur Pasteur at work in his laboratory

He began to experiment with bacteria and infection in the making of wine, beer and vinegar. He found that fermentation was not just a simple chemical reaction but was only produced in the presence of living organisms. Thus he discovered that fermentation and infections were caused by microbes,or germs. This turned out to be a great discovery for medicine.

His studies led him to develop the process called pasteurization (named after its inventor). Pasteurization is a process in which milk is treated to reduce the bacteria it contains and so protect people from disease. In those days, milk could only be kept for three to four hours before it went sour. Disease was often transferred through drinking bad milk.

Pasteur's discovery of pasteurization made every day life safer especially for infants and young children.

Other studies led him to a solution to control silkworm disease, so that silk could be produced.. Silk production was an important industry for France in those days, especially in the city of Lyon. When silkworm disease hit, thousands of silk weavers lot their jobs. Pasteur's help saved the industry, and the jobs of many people.

The plaque on the right is on the wall of the silk workers' museum in Lyon. It commemorates Pasteur's help.

plaque in Lyon

Rabid dog

He also studied many very dangerous contagious diseases for animals and people, such as anthrax and rabies. In the 1800's, these were diseases which were very common and killed thousands of people and animals every year. Many of those diseases are now rare because of the work that Pasteur carried out after this initial discovery.

Rabies was found in dogs in every town during Pasteur's time. Dogs with the disease frothed at the mouth and became enraged and very vicious. The disease may be caught from the bite of an infected dog. It makes people have fear of water so that they die of thirst. Pasteur successfully developed a vaccine against this.

Anthrax is a terrible and very painful disease of sheep which can be caught by people. Pasteur successfully developed a vaccine against this disease too.

Cholera was a constant fear for town dwellers, since it was a disease spread through drinking contaminated water. At this time, lack of hygiene and proper sewerage meant that pure drinking water was very difficult to find in towns. Epidemics of cholera killed thousands of people each year. Pasteur developed a vaccine that could be used against this disease.

These discoveries eventually brought Pasteur his long deserved recognition by his peers and the general public.

Louis Pasteur Pasteur Institute

Pasteur died in 1895. He is recognised as the father of bacteriology, or the study of germs.

In 1888, the Pasteur Institute was founded in Paris. (see photo on the left). Today, this is still a leading teaching and research centre for dangerous and contagious diseases.

 Maths Work

May 2008
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June 2008
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April 2008
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April 2009
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July 2009
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March 2010
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This is the final warning that you are receiving  regarding your disruptive edits, such as this edit you made to Dilworth School. If you vandalize Wikipedia again, you will be blocked from editing without  further notice. Happy editing, hajat  vrc  with WikiLove @ 23:29, 31 March 2010 (UTC)

for. Please stop. You are welcome to make useful contributions after the block expires. If you believe this block is unjustified you may contest this block by adding the text below, but you should read our guide to appealing blocks first.