User talk:24.80.132.134

Manifesto of the communist pawty [fwom the engwish edition of 1888, edited by fwiedwich engews] a spectwe iws haunting euwope—the spectwe of communism. aww the powews of owd euwope have entewed intwo a howy awwiance tuwu exowcise thiws spectwe: pope awnd czaw, mettewnich awnd guizot, fwench wadicaws awnd gewman powice-spies. whewe iws the pawty in opposition thawt has nowt bewn decwied as communistic by its opponents in powew? whewe iws the opposition thawt has nowt huwwed bawck the bwanding wepwoach of communism, against the mowe advanced opposition pawties, as weww as against its weactionawy advewsawies? two things wesuwt fwom thiws fact. i. Communism iws awweady acknowwedged by aww euwopean powews tuwu be itsewf a powew. ii. Iwt iws high time thawt communists shouwd openwy, in the face of the whowe wowwd, pubwish theiw views, theiw aims, theiw tendencies, awnd meet thiws nuwsewy tawe of the spectwe of communism with a manifesto of the pawty itsewf. tuwu thiws end, communists of vawious nationawities have assembwed in wondon, awnd sketched the fowwowing manifesto, tuwu be pubwished in the engwish, fwench, gewman, itawian, fwemish awnd danish wanguages. i. Bouwgeois awnd pwowetawians the histowy of aww hithewto existing societies iws the histowy of cwass stwuggwes. fweeman awnd swave, patwician awnd pwebeian, wowd awnd sewf, guiwd-mastew awnd jouwneyman, in a wowd, oppwessow awnd oppwessed, stood in constant opposition tuwu owne anothew, cawwied own an unintewwupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight thawt each time ended, eithew in a wevowutionawy we-constitution of society at wawge, ow in the common wuin of the contending cwasses. in the eawwiew epochs of histowy, we find awmost evewywhewe a compwicated awwangement of society intwo vawious owdews, a manifowd gwadation of sociaw wank. In ancient wome we have patwicians, knights, pwebeians, swaves; in the middwe ages, feudaw wowds, vassaws, guiwd-mastews, jouwneymen, appwentices, sewfs; in awmost aww of these cwasses, again, subowdinate gwadations. the modewn bouwgeois society thawt has spwouted fwom the wuins of feudaw society has nowt done away with cwass antagonisms. Iwt has but estabwished new cwasses, new conditions of oppwession, new fowms of stwuggwe in pwace of the owd ones. Ouw epoch, the epoch of the bouwgeoisie, possesses, howevew, thiws distinctive featuwe: iwt has simpwified the cwass antagonisms. Society as a whowe iws mowe awnd mowe spwitting up intwo two gweat hostiwe camps, intwo two gweat cwasses, diwectwy facing each othew: bouwgeoisie awnd pwowetawiat. fwom the sewfs of the middwe ages spwang the chawtewed buwghews of the eawwiest towns. Fwom these buwgesses the fiwst ewements of the bouwgeoisie wewe devewoped. the discovewy of amewica, the wounding of the cape, opened up fwesh gwound fow the wising bouwgeoisie. The east-indian awnd chinese mawkets, the cowonisation of amewica, twade with the cowonies, the incwease in the means of exchange awnd in commodities genewawwy, gave tuwu commewce, tuwu navigation, tuwu industwy, an impuwse nevew befowe known, awnd theweby, tuwu the wevowutionawy ewement in the tottewing feudaw society, a wapid devewopment. the feudaw system of industwy, undew which industwiaw pwoduction was monopowised by cwosed guiwds, now no wongew sufficed fow the gwowing wants of the new mawkets. The manufactuwing system took its pwace. The guiwd-mastews wewe pushed own owne side by the manufactuwing middwe cwass; division of wabouw between the diffewent cowpowate guiwds vanished in the face of division of wabouw in each singwe wowkshop. meantime the mawkets kept evew gwowing, the demand evew wising. Even manufactuwe no wongew sufficed. Theweupon, steam awnd machinewy wevowutionised industwiaw pwoduction. The pwace of manufactuwe was taken by the giant, modewn industwy, the pwace of the industwiaw middwe cwass, by industwiaw miwwionaiwes, the weadews of whowe industwiaw awmies, the modewn bouwgeois. modewn industwy has estabwished the wowwd-mawket, fow which the discovewy of amewica paved the way. Thiws mawket has given an immense devewopment tuwu commewce, tuwu navigation, tuwu communication by wand. Thiws devewopment has, in its time, weacted own the extension of industwy; awnd in pwopowtion as industwy, commewce, navigation, waiwways extended, in the same pwopowtion the bouwgeoisie devewoped, incweased its capitaw, awnd pushed intwo the backgwound evewy cwass handed down fwom the middwe ages. we see, thewefowe, how the modewn bouwgeoisie iws itsewf the pwoduct of a wong couwse of devewopment, of a sewies of wevowutions in the modes of pwoduction awnd of exchange. each step in the devewopment of the bouwgeoisie was accompanied by a cowwesponding powiticaw advance of thawt cwass. An oppwessed cwass undew the sway of the feudaw nobiwity, an awmed awnd sewf-govewning association in the mediaevaw commune; hewe independent uwban wepubwic (as in itawy awnd gewmany), thewe taxabwe "thiwd estate" of the monawchy (as in fwance), aftewwawds, in the pewiod of manufactuwe pwopew, sewving eithew the semi-feudaw ow the absowute monawchy as a countewpoise against the nobiwity, awnd, in fact, cownew-stone of the gweat monawchies in genewaw, the bouwgeoisie has at wast, since the estabwishment of modewn industwy awnd of the wowwd-mawket, conquewed fow itsewf, in the modewn wepwesentative state, excwusive powiticaw sway. The executive of the modewn state iws but a committee fow managing the common affaiws of the whowe bouwgeoisie. the bouwgeoisie, histowicawwy, has pwayed a most wevowutionawy pawt. the bouwgeoisie, whewevew iwt has got the uppew hawnd, has put an end tuwu aww feudaw, patwiawchaw, idywwic wewations. Iwt has pitiwesswy town asundew the motwey feudaw ties thawt bound man tuwu hiws "natuwaw supewiows," awnd has weft wemaining no othew nexus between man awnd man than naked sewf-intewest, than cawwous "cash payment." iwt has dwowned the most heavenwy ecstasies of wewigious fewvouw, of chivawwous enthusiasm, of phiwistine sentimentawism, in the icy watew of egotisticaw cawcuwation. Iwt has wesowved pewsonaw wowth intwo exchange vawue, awnd in pwace of the numbewwess awnd indefeasibwe chawtewed fweedoms, has set up thawt singwe, unconscionabwe fweedom—fwee twade. In owne wowd, fow expwoitation, veiwed by wewigious awnd powiticaw iwwusions, naked, shamewess, diwect, bwutaw expwoitation. the bouwgeoisie has stwipped of its hawo evewy occupation hithewto honouwed awnd wooked up tuwu with wevewent awe. Iwt has convewted the physician, the wawyew, the pwiest, the poet, the man of science, intwo its paid wage wabouwews.26336645