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''There are so many people living on this planet, and all of them have their own views on what life means to them. There are optimists, pessimists, realists who have rather different views considering the events happening in their life. If we say that life is a challenge, this doesn’t necessarily mean that we perceive the world in a dull way – it means that we understand that life is not always a piece of cake, but in this feature there also can be seen the beauty of life.

No one can deny that there are many different moments in our life when we are sad or disappointed; often there is injustice and various events that are bitter and very unpleasant. We cannot totally avoid these aspects of our life, as it is always interrelated with the other people and everything can drastically change any moment. A lot of people find these challenges to be too hard for them and in such situations they just choose not to interfere in the course of affairs and complain about their life, as if someone sympathizes with their misery. But as for me, it is too easy of a way out. I choose to perceive these challenges in such a way that they polish my character and make me a better person.

It is not an easy way, I have to admit. I strive very hard to…

INDIAN PENAL CODE 1860Bold text CHAPTER 1 1 Title and extent of operation of the Code 2 Punishment of offences committed within India 3 Punishment of offences committed beyond but which by law may be tried within India 4 Extension of Code to extra-territorial offences 5 Certain laws not to be affected by this Act Chapter II General Explanations 6 Definitions in the Code to be understood subject to exceptions 7 Sense of expression once explained 8 Gender 9 Number 10 Man, Woman 11 Person 12 Public 13 [Titled Queen repealed by the Govt. of India (Adaptation of Indian Laws) Order, 1950] 14 Servant of Government 15 [Titled British India repealed by the Govt. of India (Adaptation of Indian Laws) Order, 1937] 16 [Titled Government of India repealed by the Govt. of India (Adaptation of Indian Laws) Order, 1937] 17 Government 18 India 19 Judge 20 Court of Justice 21 Public Servant 22 Movable property 23 Wrongful gain 24 Dishonestly 25 Fraudulently 26 Reason to believe 27 Property in possession of wife, clerk or servant 28 Counterfeit 29 Document 30 Valuable security 31 A will 32 Words referring to acts include illegal omissions 33 Act, Omission 34 Acts done by several persons in furtherance of common intention 35 When such an act is criminal by reason of its being done with a criminal knowledge or intention 36 Effect caused partly by act and partly by omission 37 Co-operation by doing one of several acts constituting an offence 38 Persons concerned in criminal act may be guilty of different offences 39 Voluntarily 40 Offence 41 Special law 42 Local law 43 Illegal, Legally bound to do 44 Injury 45 Life 46 Death 47 Animal 48 Vessel 49 Year, Month 50 Section 51 Oath 52 Good faith 52A Harbor Chapter III Of Punishments 53 Punishment 53A Construction of reference to transportation 54 Commutation of sentence of death 55 Commutation of sentence of imprisonment for life 55A Definition of appropriate Government 56 [Titled Sentence of Europeans and Americans to penal servitude, proviso as to sentence for term exceeding ten years but not for life repealed by the Criminal Law (Removal of Racial Discriminations) Act, 1949, w.e.f. 6th. April, 1949] 57 Fractions of terms of punishment 58 [Titled Offenders sentenced to transportation how dealt with until transported repealed by the Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1955, w.e.f. 1st. January, 1956] 59 [Titled Transportation instead of imprisonment repealed by the Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1955, w.e.f. 1st. January, 1956] 60 Sentence may be (in certain cases of imprisonment) wholly or partly rigorous or simple 61 [Titled Sentence of forfeiture of property repealed by the Indian Penal Code (Amendment) Act, 1921] 62 [Titled Forfeiture of property in respect of offenders punishable with death, transportation or imprisonment repealed by the Indian Penal Code (Amendment) Act, 1921] 63 Amount of fine 64 Sentence of imprisonment for non-payment of fine 65 Limit to imprisonment for non-payment of fine, when imprisonment and fine awardable 66 Description of imprisonment for non-payment of fine 67 Imprisonment for non-payment of fine, when offence punishable with fine only 68 Imprisonment to terminate on payment of fine 69 Termination of imprisonment on payment of proportional part of fine 70 Fine leviable within six years or during imprisonment-Death not to discharge property from liability 71 Limit of punishment of offence made up of several offences 72 Punishment of person guilty of one of several offences, the judgment stating that it is doubtful of which 73 Solitary confinement 74 Limit of solitary confinement 75 Enhanced punishment for certain offences under Chapter XII or Chapter XVII after previous conviction Chapter IV General Exceptions 76 Act done by a person bound, or by mistake of fact believing himself bound, by law 77 Act of Judge when acting judicially 78 Act done pursuant to the judgment or order of Court 79 Act done by a person justified, or by mistake of fact believing himself justified, by law 80 Accident in doing a lawful act 81 Act likely to cause harm, but done without criminal intent, and to prevent other harm 82 Act of a child under seven years of age 83 Act of a child above seven and under twelve of immature understanding 84 Act of a person of-unsound mind 85 Act of a person incapable of judgment by reason of intoxication caused against his will 86 Offence requiring a particular intent or knowledge committed by one who is intoxicated 87 Act not intended and not known to be likely to cause death or grievous hurt, done by consent 88 Act not intended to cause death, done by consent in good faith for person's benefit 89 Act done in good faith for benefit of child or insane person, by or by consent of guardian 90 Consent known to be given under fear or misconception 91 Exclusion of acts which are offences independently of harm caused 92 Act done in good faith for benefit of a person without consent 93 Communication made in good faith 94 Act to which a person is compelled by threats 95 Act causing slight harm 96 Things done in private defense 97 Right of private defense of the body and of property 98 Right of private defense against the act of a person of unsound mind, etc. 99 Acts against which there is no right of private defense 100 When the right of private defense of the body extends to causing death 101 When such right extends to causing any harm other than death 102 Commencement and continuance of the right of private defense of the body 103 When the right of private defense of property extends to causing death 104 When such right extends to causing any harm other than death 105 Commencement and continuance of the right of private defense of property 106 Right of private defense against deadly assault when there is risk of harm to innocent person Chapter V Of Abetment 107 Abetment of a thing 108 Abettor 108A Abetment in India of offences outside India 109 Punishment of abetment if the act abetted is committed in consequence, and where no express provision is made for its punishment 110 Punishment of abetment if person abetted does act with different intention from that of abettor 111 Liability of abettor when one act abetted and different act done 112 Abettor when liable to cumulative punishment for act abetted and for act done 113 Liability of abettor for an effect caused by the act abetted different from that intended by the abettor 114 Abettor present when offence is committed 115 Abetment of offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life-if offence not committed 116 Abetment of offence punishable with imprisonment-if offence be not committed 117 Abetting commission of offence by the public or by more than ten persons 118 Concealing design to commit offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life 119 Public servant concealing design to commit offence which it is his duty to prevent 120 Concealing design to commit offence punishable with imprisonment Chapter V A Criminal Conspiracy 120A Definition of criminal conspiracy 120B Punishment of criminal conspiracy Chapter VI Of Offences Against The State 121 Waging, or attempting to wage war, or abetting waging of war, against the Government of India 121A Conspiracy to commit offences punishable by section 121 122 Collecting arms, etc., with intention of waging war against the Government of India 123 Concealing with intent to facilitate design to wage war 124 Assaulting President, Governor, etc., with intent to compel or restrain the exercise of any lawful power 124A Sedition 125 Waging war against any Asiatic Power in alliance with the Government of India 126 Committing depredation on territories of Power at peace with the Government of India 127 Receiving property taken by war on depredation mentioned in sections 125 and 126- 128 Public servant voluntarily allowing prisoner of State or war to escape 129 Public servant negligently suffering such prisoner to escape 130 Aiding escape of, rescuing or harboring such prisoner Chapter VII Of Offences Relating To The Army ,74[Navy And Air Force] 131 Abetting mutiny, or attempting to seduce a soldier, sailor or airman from his duty 132 Abetment of mutiny, if mutiny is committed in consequence thereof 133 Abetment of assault by soldier, sailor or airman on his superior officer, when in execution of his office 134 Abetment of such assault, if the assault is committed 135 Abetment of desertion of soldier, sailor or airman 136 Harboring deserter 137 Deserter concealed on board merchant vessel through negligence of master 138 Abetment of act of insubordination by soldier, sailor or airman 138A [Titled Application of foregoing sections to the Indian Marine Service repealed by the Amending Act, 1934 (35 of 1934)] 139 Persons subject to certain Acts 140 Wearing garb or carrying token used by soldier, sailor or airman Chapter VIII Of Offences Against The Public Tranquillity 141 Unlawful assembly 142 Being member of unlawful assembly 143 Punishment 144 Joining unlawful assembly armed with deadly weapon 145 Joining or continuing in unlawful assembly, knowing it has been commanded to disperse 146 Rioting 147 Punishment for rioting 148 Rioting, armed with deadly weapon 149 Every member of unlawful assembly guilty of offence committed in prosecution of common object 150 Hiring, or conniving at hiring, of persons to join unlawful assembly 151 Knowingly joining or continuing in assembly of five or more persons after it has been commanded to disperse 152 Assaulting or obstructing public servant when suppressing riot, etc. 153 Wantonly giving provocation with intent to cause riot-if rioting be committed-if not committed 153A Promoting enmity between different groups on grounds of religion, race, place of birth, residence, language, etc., and doing acts prejudicial to maintenance of harmony 153B Imputations, assertions prejudicial to national-integration 154 Owner or occupier of land on which an unlawful assembly is held 155 Liability of person for whose benefit riot is committed 156 Liability of agent of owner or occupier for whose benefit riot is committed 157 Harboring persons hired for an unlawful assembly 158 Being hired to take part in an unlawful assembly or riot 159 Affray 160 Punishment for committing affray Chapter IX Of Offences By Or Relating To Public Servants 161 [To 165A. repealed by the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 (49 of 1988)] 166 Public servant disobeying law, with intent to cause injury to any person 167 Public servant framing an incorrect document with intent to cause injury 168 Public servant unlawfully engaging in trade 169 Public servant unlawfully buying or bidding for property 170 Personating a public servant 171 Wearing garb or carrying token used by public servant with fraudulent intent Chapter IXA Of Offences Relating To Elections 171A Candidate, Electoral right defined 171B Bribery 171C Undue influence at elections 171D Personation at elections 171E Punishment for bribery 171F Punishment for undue influence or personation at an election 171G False statement in connection with an election 171H Illegal payments in connection with an election 171I Failure to keep election accounts Chapter X Of Contempts Of The Lawful Authority Of Public Servants 172 Absconding to avoid service of summons or other proceeding 173 Preventing service of summons or other proceeding, or preventing publication thereof 174 Non-attendance in obedience to an order from public servant 175 Omission to produce document to public servant by person legally bound to produce it 176 Omission to give notice or information to public servant by person legally bound to give it 177 Furnishing false information 178 Refusing oath or affirmation when duly required by public servant to make it 179 Refusing to answer public servant authorized to question 180 Refusing to sign statement 181 False statement on oath or affirmation to public servant or person authorized to administer an oath or affirmation 182 False information, with intent to cause public servant to use his lawful power to the injury of another person 183 Resistance to the taking of property by the lawful authority of a public servant 184 Obstructing sale of property offered for sale by authority of public servant 185 Illegal purchase or bid for property offered for sale by authority of public servant 186 Obstructing public servant in discharge of public functions 187 Omission to assist public servant when bound by law to give assistance 188 Disobedience to order duly promulgated by public servant 189 Threat of injury to public servant 190 Threat of injury to induce person to refrain from applying for protection to public servant Chapter XI Of False Evidence And Offences Against Public Justice 191 Giving false evidence 192 Fabricating false evidence 193 Punishment for false evidence 194 Giving or fabricating false evidence with intent to procure conviction of capital offence 195 Giving or fabricating false evidence with intent to procure conviction of offence punishable with imprisonment for life or imprisonment 196 Using evidence known to be false 197 Issuing or signing false certificate 198 Using as true a certificate known to be false 199 False statement made in declaration which is by law receivable as evidence 200 Using as true such declaration knowing it to be false 201 Causing disappearance of evidence of offence, or giving false information to screen offender 202 Intentional omission to give information of offence by person bound to inform 203 Giving false information respecting an offence committed 204 Destruction of document to prevent its production as evidence 205 False personation for purpose of act or proceeding in suit or prosecution 206 Fraudulent removal or concealment of property to prevent its seizure as forfeited or in execution 207 Fraudulent claim to property to prevent its seizure as forfeited or in execution 208 Fraudulently suffering decree for sum not due 209 Dishonestly making false claim in Court 210 Fraudulently obtaining decree for sum not due 211 False charge of offence made with intent to injure 212 Harboring offender 213 Taking gift, etc., to screen an offender from punishment 214 Offering gift or restoration of property in consideration of screening offender 215 Taking gift to help to recover stolen property, etc 216 Harboring offender who has escaped from custody or whose apprehension has been ordered 216A Penalty for harboring robbers or dacoits 216B [Definition of harbor in sections 212, 216 and 216A: Repealed by the Indian Penal Code (Amendment) Act, 1942 (8 of 1942)] 217 Public servant disobeying direction of law with intent to save person from punishment or property from forfeiture 218 Public servant framing incorrect record or writing with intent to save person from punishment or property from forfeiture 219 Public servant in judicial proceeding corruptly making report, etc., contrary to law 220 Commitment for trial or confinement by person having authority who knows that he is acting contrary to law 221 Intentional omission to apprehend on the part of public servant bound to apprehend 222 Intentional omission to apprehend on the part of public servant bound to apprehend person under sentence or lawfully committed 223 Escape from confinement or custody negligently suffered by public servant 224 Resistance or obstruction by a person to his lawful apprehension 225 Resistance or obstruction to lawful apprehension of another person 225A Omission to apprehend, or sufferance of escape, on part of public servant, in cases not otherwise, provided for 225B Resistance or obstruction to lawful apprehension, or escape or rescue in cases not otherwise provided for 226.    [Unlawful return from transportation: Repealed by the Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1995, w.e.f. 1st. January, 1956] 227 Violation of condition of remission of punishment 228 Intentional insult or interruption to public servant sitting in judicial proceeding 228A Disclosure of identity of the victim of certain offences etc 229 Personation of a juror or assessor Chapter XII Of Offences Relating To Coin And Government Stamps 230 Coin defined 231 Counterfeiting coin 232 Counterfeiting Indian coin 233 Making or selling instrument for counterfeiting coin 234 Making or selling instrument for counterfeiting Indian coin 235 Possession of instrument, or material for the purpose of using the same for counterfeiting coin 236 Abetting in India the counterfeiting out of India of coin 237 Import or export of counterfeit coin 238 Import or export of counterfeits of the India coin 239 Delivery of coin, possessed with knowledge that it is counterfeit 240 Delivery of Indian coin, possessed with knowledge that it is counterfeit 241 Delivery of coin as genuine, which, when first possessed, the deliverer did not know to be counterfeit 242 Possession of counterfeit coin by person who knew it to be counterfeit when he became possessed thereof- 243 Possession of Indian coin by person who knew it to be counterfeit when he became possessed thereof 244 Person employed in mint causing coin to be of different weight or composition from that fixed by law 245 Unlawfully taking coining instrument from mint 246 Fraudulently or dishonestly diminishing weight or altering composition of coin 247 Fraudulently or dishonestly diminishing weight or altering composition of Indian coin 248 Altering appearance of coin with intent that it shall pass as coin of different description 249 Altering appearance of Indian coin with intent that it shall pass as coin of different description 250 Delivery of coin, possessed with knowledge that it is altered 251 Delivery of Indian coin, possessed with knowledge that it is altered 252 Possession of coin by person who knew it to be altered when he became possessed thereof- 253 Possession of Indian coin by person who knew it to be altered when he became possessed thereof- 254 Delivery of coin as genuine, which, when first possessed, the deliverer did not know to be altered 255 Counterfeiting Government stamp 256 Having possession of instrument or material for counterfeiting Government stamp 257 Making or selling instrument for counterfeiting Government stamp 258 Sale of counterfeit Government stamp 259 Having possession of counterfeit Government stamp 260 Using as genuine a Government stamp known to be a counterfeit 261 Effacing, writing from substance bearing Government stamp, or removing from document a stamp used for it, with intent to cause loss to Government 262 Using Government stamp known to have been before used 263 Erasure of mark denoting that stamp has been used 263A Prohibition of fictitious stamps Chapter XIII Of Offences Relating To Weights And Measures 264 Fraudulent use of false instrument for weighing 265 Fraudulent use of false weight or measure 266 Being in possession of false weight or measure 267 Making or selling false weight or measure Chapter XIV Of Offences Affecting The Public Health, Safety, Convenience, Decency And Morals 268 Public nuisance Public nuisance 269 Negligent act likely to spread infection of disease dangerous to life 270 Malignant act likely to spread infection of disease dangerous to life 271 Disobedience to quarantine rule 272 Adulteration of food or drink intended for sale 273 Sale of noxious food or drink 274 Adulteration of drugs 275 Sale of adulterated drugs 276 Sale of drug as a different drug or preparation 277 Fouling water of public spring or reservoir 278 Making atmosphere noxious to health 279 Rash driving or riding on a public way 280 Rash navigation of vessel 281 Exhibition of false light, mark or buoy 282 Conveying person by water for hire in unsafe or overloaded vessel- 283 Danger or obstruction in public way or line of navigation 284 Negligent conduct with respect to poisonous substance 285 Negligent conduct with respect to fire or combustible matter 286 Negligent conduct with respect to explosive substance 287 Negligent conduct with respect to machinery 288 Negligent conduct with respect to pulling down or repairing buildings 289 Negligent conduct with respect to animal 290 Punishment for public nuisance in cases not otherwise provided for 291 Continuance of nuisance after injunction to discontinue 292 Sale, etc., of obscene books, etc. _ 292A Printing, etc., of grossly indecent or scurrilous matter or matter intended for blackmail 293 Sale, etc., of obscene objects to young person 294 Obscene acts and songs 294A Keeping lottery office Chapter XV Of Offences Relating To Religion 295 Injuring or defiling place of worship with intent to insult the religion of any class 295A Deliberate and malicious acts, intended to outrage religious feelings of any class by insulting its religion or religious beliefs 296 Disturbing religious assembly 297 Trespassing on burial places, etc 298 Uttering, words, etc., with deliberate intent to wound the religious feelings of any person- Chapter XVI Of Offences Affecting The Human Body 299 Culpable homicide 300 Murder 301 Culpable homicide by causing death of person other than person whose death was intended 302 Punishment for murder 303 Punishment for murder by life-convict 304 Punishment for culpable homicide not amounting to murder 304A Causing death by negligence 304B Dowry death 305 Abetment of suicide of child or insane person 306 Abetment of suicide 307 Attempt to murder 308 Attempt to commit culpable homicide 309 Attempt to commit suicide 310 Thug 311 Punishment 312 Causing miscarriage 313 Causing miscarriage without woman's consent 314 Death caused by act done with intent to cause miscarriage 315 Act done with intent to prevent child being born alive or to cause it to die after birth 316 Causing death of quick unborn child by act amounting to culpable homicide 317 Exposure and abandonment of child under twelve years, by parent or person having care of it 318 Concealment of birth by secret disposal of dead body 319 Hurt 320 Grievous hurt 321 Voluntarily causing hurt 322 Voluntarily causing grievous hurt 323 Punishment for voluntarily causing hurt 324 Voluntarily causing hurt by dangerous weapons or means 325 Punishment for voluntarily causing grievous hurt 326 Voluntarily causing grievous hurt by dangerous weapons or means - 327 Voluntarily causing hurt to extort property, or to constrain to an illegal act 328 Causing hurt by means of poison, etc. with intent to commit an offence 329 Voluntarily causing grievous hurt to extort property, or to constrain to an illegal act 330 Voluntarily causing hurt to extort confession, or to compel restoration of property 331 Voluntarily causing grievous hurt to extort confession, or to compel restoration of property 332 Voluntarily causing hurt to deter public servant from his duty 333 Voluntarily causing grievous hurt to deter public servant from his duty 334 Voluntarily causing hurt on provocation 335 Voluntarily causing grievous hurt on provocation 336 Act endangering life or personal safety of others 337 Causing hurt by act endangering life or personal safety of others 338 Causing grievous hurt by act endangering life or personal safety of others 339 Wrongful restraint 340 Wrongful confinement 341 Punishment for wrongful restraint 342 Punishment for wrongful confinement 343 Wrongful confinement for three or more days 344 Wrongful confinement for ten or more days 345 Wrongful confinement of person for whose liberation writ has been issued 346 Wrongful confinement in secret 347 Wrongful confinement to extort property, or constrain to illegal act 348 Wrongful confinement to extort confession, or compel restoration of property 349 Force 350 Criminal force 351 Assault 352 Punishment for assault or criminal force otherwise than on grave provocation 353 Assault or criminal force to deter public servant from discharge of his duty 354 Assault or criminal force to woman with intent to outrage her modesty. 355 Assault or criminal force with intent to dishonor person, otherwise than on grave provocation 356 Assault or criminal force in attempt to commit theft of property carried by a person 357 Assault or criminal force in attempt wrongfully to confine a person 358 Assault or criminal force on grave provocation 359 Kidnapping 360 Kidnapping from India 361 Kidnapping from lawful guardianship 362 Abduction 363 Punishment for kidnapping 363A Kidnapping or maiming a minor for purposes of begging 364 Kidnapping or abducting in order to murder 364A Kidnapping for ransom, etc 365 Kidnapping or abducting with intent secretly and wrongfully to confine person 366 Kidnapping, abducting or inducing woman to compel her marriage, etc 366A Procuration of minor girl 366B Importation of girl from foreign country 367 Kidnapping or abducting in order to subject person to grievous hurt, slavery, etc 368 Wrongfully concealing or keeping in confinement, kidnapped or abducted person 369 Kidnapping or abducting child under ten years with intent to steal from its person 370 Buying or disposing of any person as a slave 371 Habitual dealing in slaves 372 Selling minor for purposes of prostitution, etc 373 Buying minor for purposes of prostitution, etc 374 Unlawful compulsory labor 375 Rape 376 Punishment for rape 376A Intercourse by a man with his wife during separation 376B Intercourse by public servant with woman in his custody 376C Intercourse by superintendent of jail, remand home, etc 376D Intercourse by any member of the management or staff of a hospital with any woman in that hospital 377 Unnatural offences Chapter XVII Of Offences Against Property 378 Theft 379 Punishment for theft 380 Theft in dwelling house, etc 381 Theft by clerk or servant of property in possession of master 382 Theft after preparation made for causing death, hurt or restraint in order to the committing of the theft 383 Extortion 384 Punishment for extortion 385 Putting person in fear of injury in order to commit extortion 386 Extortion by putting a person in fear of death or grievous hurt to 387 Putting person in fear of death or of grievous hurt, in order to commit extortion 388 Extortion by threat of accusation of an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life, etc 389 Putting person in fear of accusation of offence, in order to commit extortion 390 Robbery 391 Dacoity 392 Punishment for robbery 393 Attempt to commit robbery 394 Voluntarily causing hurt in committing robbery 395 Punishment for dacoity 396 Dacoity with murder 397 Robbery, or dacoity, with attempt to cause death or grievous hurt 398 Attempt to commit robbery or dacoity when armed with deadly weapon 399 Making preparation to commit dacoity 400 Punishment for belonging to gang of dacoits 401 Punishment for belonging to gang of thieves 402 Assembling for purpose of committing dacoity 403 Dishonest misappropriation of property 404 Dishonest misappropriation of property possessed by deceased person at the time of his death 405 Criminal breach of trust 406 Punishment for criminal breach of trust 407 Criminal breach of trust by carrier, etc 408 Criminal breach of trust by clerk or servant 409 Criminal breach of trust by public servant, or by banker, merchant or agent 410 Stolen Property 411 Dishonestly receiving stolen property 412 Dishonestly receiving property stolen in the commission of a dacoity 413 Habitually dealing in stolen property 414 Assisting in concealment of stolen property 415 Cheating 416 Cheating by personation 417 Punishment for cheating 418 Cheating with knowledge that wrongful loss may ensue to person whose interest offender is bound to protect 419 Punishment for cheating by personation 420 Cheating and dishonestly inducing delivery of property 421 Dishonest or fraudulent removal or concealment of property to prevent distribution among creditors 422 Dishonestly or fraudulently preventing debt being available for creditors-. 423 Dishonest or fraudulent execution of deed of transfer containing false statement of consideration 424 Dishonest or fraudulent removal or concealment of property 425 Mischief 426 Punishment for mischief- 427 Mischief causing damage to the amount of fifty rupees 428 Mischief by killing or maiming animal of the value of ten rupees. 429 Mischief by killing or maiming cattle, etc., of any value or any animal of the value of fifty rupees 430 Mischief by injury to works of irrigation or by wrongfully diverting water 431 Mischief by injury to public road, bridge, river or channel 432 Mischief by causing inundation or obstruction to public drainage attended with damage 433 Mischief by destroying, moving or rendering less useful a light-house or sea-mark 434 Mischief by destroying or moving, etc., a land-mark fixed by public authority 435 Mischief by fire or explosive substance with intent to cause damage to amount of one hundred or (in case of agricultural produce) ten rupees 436 Mischief by fire or explosive substance with intent to destroy house, etc 437 Mischief with intent to destroy or make unsafe a decked vessel or one of twenty tons burden 438 Punishment for the mischief described in section 437 committed by fire or explosive substance 439 Punishment for intentionally running vessel aground or ashore with intent to commit theft, etc 440 Mischief committed after preparation made for causing death or hurt 441 Criminal trespass 442 House trespass 443 Lurking house-trespass 444 Lurking house-trespass by night 445 House breaking 446 House-breaking by night 447 Punishment for criminal trespass 448 Punishment for house-trespass 449 House-trespass in order to commit offence punishable with death 450 House-trespass in order to commit offence punishable with imprisonment for life 451 House-trespass in order to commit offence punishable with imprisonment 452 House-trespass after preparation for hurt, assault or wrongful restraint 453 Punishment for lurking house-trespass or house-breaking 454 Lurking house-trespass or house-breaking in order to commit offence punishable with imprisonment 455 Lurking house-trespass or house-breaking after preparation for hurt, assault or wrongful restraint 456 Punishment for lurking house-trespass or house-breaking by night 457 Lurking house-trespass or house-breaking by night in order to commit offence punishable with imprisonment 458 Lurking house-trespass or house-breaking by night after preparation for hurt, assault, or wrongful restraint 459 Grievous hurt caused whilst committing lurking house trespass or housebreaking 460 All persons jointly concerned in lurking house-trespass or house-breaking by night punishable where death or grievous hurt caused by one of them 461 Dishonestly breaking open receptacle containing property 462 Punishment for same offence when committed by person entrusted with custody Chapter XVIII Of Offences Relating To Documents And To 173[***] Property Marks 463 Forgery 464 Making a false document 465 Punishment for forgery 466 Forgery of record of court or of public register, etc 467 Forgery of valuable security, will, etc 468 Forgery for purpose of cheating 469 Forgery for purpose of harming reputation 470 Forged document 471 Using as genuine a forged document 472 Making or possessing counterfeit seal, etc., with intent to commit forgery punishable under section 467 473 Making or possessing counterfeit seal, etc., with intent to commit forgery punishable otherwise 474 Having possession of document described in section 466 or 467, knowing it to be forged and intending to use it as genuine 475 Counterfeiting device or mark used for authenticating documents described in section 467, or possessing counterfeit marked material 476 Counterfeiting device or mark used for authenticating documents other than those described in section 467, or possessing counterfeit marked material 477 Fraudulent cancellation, destruction, etc., of will, authority to adopt, or valuable security 477A Falsification of accounts 478 [Trade marks Repealed by the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958, w.e.f. 25th. November, 1959] 479 Property mark 480 Using a false trade mark: Repealed by the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958, w.e.f. 25th. November, 1959 481 Using a false property mark 482 Punishment for using a false property mark 483 Counterfeiting a property mark used by another 484 Counterfeiting a mark used by a public servant 485 Making or possession of any instrument for counterfeiting a property mark 486 Selling goods marked with a counterfeit property mark 487 Making a false mark upon any receptacle containing goods 488 Punishment for making use of any such false mark 489 Tampering with property mark with intent to cause injury 489A Counterfeiting currency-notes or bank-notes 489B Using as genuine, forged or counterfeit currency-notes or bank- notes 489C Possession of forged or counterfeit currency-notes or bank-notes 489D Making or possessing instruments or materials for forging or counterfeiting currency-notes or bank-notes 489E Making or using documents resembling currency-notes or bank-notes Chapter XIX Of The Criminal Breach Of Contracts Of Service 490 [Breach of contract of service during voyage or journey: Repealed by the Workmen's Breach of Contract (Repealing) Act, 1925] 491 Breach of contract to attend on and supply wants of helpless person 492 [Breach of contract to serve at distant place to which servant is conveyed at master's expense: Repealed by the Workmen's Breach of Contract (Repealing) Act, 1925 (3 of 1925)] Chapter XX Of Offences Relating To Marriage 493 Cohabitation caused by a man deceitfully inducing a belief of lawful marriage 494 Marrying again during lifetime of husband or wife 495 Same offence with concealment of former marriage from person with whom subsequent marriage is contracted 496 Marriage ceremony fraudulently gone through without lawful marriage 497 Adultery 498 Enticing or taking away or detaining with criminal intent a married woman Chapter XXA Of Cruelty By Husband Or Relatives Of Husband 498A Husband or relative of husband of a woman subjecting her to cruelty Chapter XXI Of Defamation 499 Defamation 500 Punishment for defamation 501 Printing or engraving matter known to be defamatory 502s Sale of printed or engraved substance containing defamatory matter Chapter XXII Of Criminal Intimidation, Insult And Annoyance 503 Criminal intimidation 504 Intentional insult with intent to provoke breach of the peace 505 Statements conducting to public mischief. 506 Punishment for criminal intimidation 507 Criminal intimidation by an anonymous communication 508 Act caused by inducing person to believe that he will be rendered an object of the Divine displeasure 509 Word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a woman 510 Misconduct in public by a drunken person Chapter XXIII Of Attempts To Commit Offences 511 Punishment for attempting to commit offences punishable with imprisonment for life or other imprisonment

Foot Notes

ACT NO. 2 OF 1974

[25th January, 1974.]

An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to Criminal Procedure. BE it enacted by Parliament in the Twenty-fourth Year of the Republic of India as follows:-

CHAP

PRELIMINARY

CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY

1.

Short title extent and commencement.

1. Short title extent and commencement. (1) This Act may be called the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. (2) It extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir: Provided that the provisions of this Code, other than those relating to Chapters VIII, X and XI thereof, shall not apply- (a) to the State of Nagaland, (b) to the tribal areas, but the concerned State Government may, by notification, apply such provisions or any of them to the whole or part of the State of Nagaland or such tribal areas, as the case may be, with such supplemental, incidental or consequential modifications, as may be specified in the notification. Explanation.-In this section, "tribal areas" means the territories which immediately before the 21st day of January, 1972, were included in the tribal areas of Assam, as referred to in paragraph 20 of the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution, other than those within the local limits of the municipality of Shillong. (3) It shall come into force on the 1st day of April, 1974.

2.

Definitions.

2. Definitions. In this Code, unless the context otherwise requires,- (a) "bailable offence" means an offence which is shown as bailable in the First Schedule, or which is made bailable by any other law for the time being in force; and "non-bailable offence" means any other offence; (b) "charge" includes any head of charge when the charge contains more heads than one; (c) "cognizable offence" means an offence for which, and "cognizable case" means a case in which, a police officer may, in 812 accordance with the First Schedule or under any other law for the time being in force, arrest without warrant; (d) "complaint" means any allegation made orally or in writing to a Magistrate, with a view to his taking action under this Code, that some person, whether known or unknown, has committed an offence, but does not include a police report. Explanation.-A report made by a police officer in a case which discloses, after investigation, the commission of a non-cognizable offence shall be deemed to be a complaint; and the police officer by whom such report is made shall be deemed to be the complainant; (e) "High Court" means,- (i) in relation to any State, the High Court for that State ; (ii)in relation to a Union territory to which the juris- diction of the High Court for a State has been extended by law, that High Court; (iii)in relation to any other Union territory, the highest Court of criminal appeal for that territory other than the Supreme Court of India; (f) "India" means the territories to which this Code extends; (g) "inquiry" means every inquiry, other than a trial, conducted under this Code by a Magistrate or Court; (h) "investigation" includes all the proceedings under this Code for the collection of evidence conducted by a police officer or by any person (other than a Magistrate) who is authorised by a Magistrate in this behalf; (i) "judicial proceeding" includes any proceeding in the course of which evidence is or may be legally taken on oath ; (j) "local jurisdiction", in relation to a Court or Magistrate, means the local area within which the Court or Magistrate may exercise all or any of its or his powers under this Code 1*[and such local area may comprise the whole of the State, or any part of the State, as the State Government may, by notification, specify]; -- 1* Ins. by Act 45 of 1978, s. 2 (w.e,f, 18-12-1978). -- 813 (k) "metropolitan area" means the area declared, or deemed to be declared, under section 8, to be a metropolitan area ; (l) "non-cognizable offence" means an offence for which, and "non- cognizable case" means a case in which, a police officer has no authority to arrest without warrant; (m) "notification" means a notification published in the Official Gazette ; (n) "offence" means any act or omission made punishable by any law for the time being in force and includes any act in respect of which a complaint may be made under section 20 of the Cattle-trespass Act, 1871 ( 1 of 1871); (o) "officer in charge of a police station" includes, when the officer in charge of the police station is absent from the station house or unable from illness or other cause to perform his duties, the police officer present at the station-house who is next in rank to such officer and is above the rank of constable or, when the State Government so directs, any other police officer so present ; (p) "place" includes a house, building, tent, vehicle and vessel; (q) "pleader", when used with reference to any proceeding in any Court, means a person authorised by or under any law for the time being in force, to practise in such Court, and includes any other person appointed with the permission of the Court to act in such proceeding ; (r) "police report" means a report forwarded by a police officer to Magistrate under sub-section (2) of section 173; (s) "police station" means any post or place declared generally or specially by the State Government, to be a police station, and includes any local area specified by the State Government in this behalf ; (t) "prescribed" means prescribed by rules made under this Code; (u) "Public Prosecutor" means any person appointed under section 24, and includes any person acting under the directions of a Public Prosecutor ; (v) "sub-division" means a sub-division of a district; (w) "summons-case" means a case relating to an offence, and not being a warrant-case ; 814 (x) "warrant-case" means a case relating to an offence punishable with death, imprisonment for life or imprisonment for a term exceeding two years; (y) words and expressions used herein and not defined but defined in the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860) have the meanings respectively assigned to them in that Code.

3.

Construction of references.

3. Construction of references. (1) In this Code,- (a) any reference, without any qualifying words, to a Magistrate, shall be construed, unless the context otherwise requires,- (i) in relation to an area outside a metropolitan area, as a reference to a Judicial Magistrate ; (ii)in relation to a metropolitan area, as a reference to a Metropolitan Magistrate; (b) any reference to a Magistrate of the second class shall, in relation to an area outside a metropolitan area, be construed as a reference to a Judicial Magistrate of the second class, and, in relation to a metropolitan area, as a reference to a Metropolitan Magistrate ; (c) any reference to a Magistrate of the first class shall,- (i)in relation to a metropolitan area, be construed as a reference to a Metropolitan Magistrate exercising jurisdiction in that area, (ii)in relation to any other area, be construed as a reference to a Judicial Magistrate of the first class exercising jurisdiction in that area ; (d) any reference to the Chief Judicial Magistrate shall, in relation to a metropolitan area, be construed as a reference to the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate exercising jurisdiction in that area. (2) In this Code, unless the context otherwise requires, any reference to the Court of a Judicial Magistrate shall, in relation to a metropolitan area, be construed as a reference to the Court of the Metropolitan Magistrate for that area. (3) Unless the context otherwise requires, any reference in any enactment passed before the commencement of this Code,- (a) to a Magistrate of the first class, shall be construed as a reference to a Judicial Magistrate of the first class; 815 (b) to a Magistrate of the second class or of the third class, shall be construed as a reference to a Judicial Magistrate of the second class ; (c) to a Presidency Magistrate or Chief Presidency Magistrate, shall be construed as a reference, respectively, to a Metropolitan Magistrate or the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate ; (d) to any area which is included in a metropolitan area, as a reference to such metropolitan area, and any reference to a Magistrate of the first class or of the second class in relation to such area, shall be construed as a reference to the Metropolitan Magistrate exercising jurisdiction in such area. (4) Where, under any law, other than this Code, the functions exercisable by a Magistrate relate to matters- (a) which involve the appreciation or sifting of evidence or the formulation of any decision which exposes any person to any punishment or penalty or detention in custody pending investigation, inquiry or trial or would have the effect of sending him for trial before any Court, they shall, subject to the provisions of this Code, be exercisable by a Judicial Magistrate ; or (b) which are administrative or executive in nature, such as, the granting of a licence, the suspension or cancellation of a licence, sanctioning a prosecution or withdrawing from a prosecution, they shall, subject as aforesaid, be exercisable by an Executive Magistrate.

4.

Trial of offences under the Indian Penal Code and other laws.

4. Trial of offences under the Indian Penal Code and other laws. (1) All offences under the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860) shall be investigated, inquired into, tried, and otherwise dealt with according to the provisions hereinafter contained. (2) All offences under any other law shall be investigated, inquired into, tried, and otherwise dealt with according to the same provisions, but subject to any enactment for the time being in force regulating the manner or place of investigating, inquiring into, trying or otherwise dealing with such offences.

5.

Saving.

5. Saving. Nothing contained in this Code shall, in the absence of a specific provision to the contrary, affect any special or local law for the time being in force, or any special jurisdiction or power conferred, or any special form of procedure prescribed, by any other law for the time being in force. 816

CHAP

CONSTITUTION OF CRIMINAL COURTS AND OFFICES

CHAPTER II CONSTITUTION OF CRIMINAL COURTS AND OFFICES

6.

Classes Criminal Courts. 6. Classes Criminal Courts. Besides the High Courts and the Courts constituted under any law, other than this Code, there shall be, in every State, the following classes of Criminal Courts, namely:- (i) Courts of Session ; (ii) Judicial Magistrates of the first class and, in any metropolitan area, Metropolitan Magistrates; (iii) Judicial Magistrates of the second class ; and (iv) Executive Magistrates.

7.

Territorial divisions.

7. Territorial divisions. (1) Every State shall be a sessions division or shall consist of sessions divisions; and every sessions division shall, for the purposes of this Code, be a district or consist of districts : Provided that every metropolitan area shall, for the said purposes, be a separate sessions division and district. (2) The State Government may, after consultation with the High Court, alter the limits or the number of such divisions and districts. (3) The State Government may, after consultation with the High Court, divide any district into sub-divisions and may alter the limits or the number of such sub-divisions. (4) The sessions divisions, districts and sub-divisions existing in a State at the commencement of this Code, shall be deemed to have been formed under this section.

8.

Metropolitan areas.

8. Metropolitan areas. (1) The State Government may, by notification, declare that, as from such date as may be specified in the notification, any area in the State comprising a city or town whose population exceeds one million shall be a metropolitan area for the purposes of this Code. (2) As from the commencement of this Code, each of the Presidency towns of Bombay, Calcutta and Madras and the city of Ahmedabad shall be deemed to be declared under sub-section (1) to be a metropolitan area. (3) The State Government may, by notification, extend, reduce or alter the limits of a metropolitan area but the reduction or alteration shall not be so made as to reduce the population of such area to less than one million. (4) Where, after an area has been declared, or deemed to have been declared to be

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