User talk:A7laa

لماذا النساء أصغر حجماً من الرجال

لماذا النساء أصغر حجماً من الرجال فحتى لدى الشعوب القاطنة في شمال أوروبا والتي تعد الشعوب الأضخم حجماً والأكبر طولاً في العالم يتفوق الرجل على المرأة بمتوسط طول يبلغ 15 سنتيمتراً

وإذا كان أكبر حيوان على وجه الأرض هو أنثى الحوت الأزرق يصبح السؤال أكثر إلحاحاً لماذا يتفوق ذكور البشر على الإناث في حجمهم وطولهم أو بتعبير آخر لم النساء أقصر من الرجال

هذا هو السؤال الذي حاول علماء وباحثون الإجابة عنه في برنامج وثائقي عرض الجمعة على قناة «آر تي»

ويبحث العلماء على مدى 52 دقيقة في هذا الوثائقي عن إجابة على هذا السؤال من خلال رحلة في تاريخ التطور والكشوفات العلمية

وشارك في هذا البحث العلمي المصور 15 عالماً وخبيراً في مجالات مختلفة مثل الطب والتاريخ وعلوم الأحياء وعلوم الحيوان والأنثربولوجيا وعلم الاجتماع وعلوم الحضارات ويشرح عالم التاريخ لوران هيبرغر الذي يعكف على دراسة قوام الشعوب أن طول الإنسان اختلف مع مرور الأزمان الطويلة وأن هذا القوام مر بدورات متلاحقة

فعندما يبدأ قوام شعب ما بالتقلص يبدأ ذلك مع النساء أولاً  أما عندما يبدأ قوام شعب ما بالزيادة فإن ذلك يبدأ أولاً مع الرجال

ويذكر طبيب الأطفال والمتخصص في الغدد الصماء جان كلود كاريل أن الأطفال الذكور يكتسبون طولاً على مدى وقت أطول من الإناث

وهذا التباين في النمو بين الذكور والإناث هو «ملاحظة» يبني عليها العلماء فرضياتهم وتفسيراتهم وهو ليس «تفسيراً بحد ذاته»

وفي محاولة للبحث عن إجابات شافية تغوص فيرونيك كلينر في رحلة تتقصى تاريخ تطور الفضائل الحية على كوكب الأرض

ويجد الباحثون اأفسهم أمام سؤال جديد «هل يمكن أن يعزى اختلاف الطول بين الرجال والنساء إلى الماضي السحيق للبشرية حين كان الذكور يتنافسون في ما بينهم أو أن ذلك يتصل مثلاً بتفضيل النساء للرجال من ذوي الطول على من هم أقصر» ما يجعل الفئة الأقصر بين الرجال تختفي في مرور الزمن وفقاً لقانون التطور

ويقول عالم الاجتماع نيكولاس هربن إن «الطول المثالي للرجل هو متر واحد و82 سنتيمتراً لكن ما زال مجهولاً لنا لماذا النساء أقصر من الرجال»

ويظهر الوثائقي أن هذا الفرق بين الرجال والنساء يسير «عكس المنطق» الطبي إذ إنه كان ينبغي بحكم قانون التطور أن تصبح النساء مع مرور الوقت أطول من الرجال ولاسيما لكون الإناث يحملن ويضعن

وإزاء هذه التعقيدات وما يراه العلماء تناقضاً بين الواقع والمؤشرات الطبية تحاول فيرونيك كلينر تفسير هذه الظاهرة من زاوية أخرى تماماً

وهي ترى أن هذا الفرق في الطول بين الذكور والإناث ما هو إلا انعكاس لتفوق الدور الاجتماعي للرجال على النساء

وتقول «أجساد النساء ليست سوى تعبير ملموس عن لا مساواة تعيشها المرأة منذ آلاف الأعوام»

وتخلص إلى القول «لا شيء آخر يفسر التباين بين طول الرجال وطول النساء»

Angelina Jolie
Angelina Jolie Pitt (/dʒoʊˈliː/ joh-lee; née Voight; June 4, 1975) is an American actress, filmmaker, and humanitarian. She has received an Academy Award, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, and three Golden Globe Awards, and has been cited as Hollywood's highest-paid actress. Jolie made her screen debut as a child alongside her father, Jon Voight, in Lookin' to Get Out (1982). Her film career began in earnest a decade later with the low-budget production Cyborg 2 (1993), followed by her first leading role in a major film, Hackers (1995). She starred in the critically acclaimed biographical television films George Wallace (1997) and Gia (1998), and won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in the drama Girl, Interrupted (1999).

Jolie's starring role as the video game heroine Lara Croft in Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (2001) established her as a leading Hollywood actress. She continued her successful action-star career with Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005), Wanted (2008), and Salt (2010), and received critical acclaim for her performances in the dramas A Mighty Heart (2007) and Changeling (2008), which earned her a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Actress. Beginning in the 2010s, she expanded her career by directing and producing the wartime dramas In the Land of Blood and Honey (2011) and Unbroken (2014). Her biggest commercial success came with the fantasy picture Maleficent (2014).

In addition to her film career, Jolie is noted for her humanitarian efforts, for which she has received a Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award and an honorary damehood of the Order of St Michael and St George (DCMG), among other honors. She promotes various causes, including conservation, education, and women's rights, and is most noted for her advocacy on behalf of refugees as a Special Envoy for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). As a public figure, Jolie has been cited as one of the most influential and powerful people in the American entertainment industry, as well as the world's most beautiful woman, by various media outlets. Her personal life is the subject of wide publicity. Divorced from actors Jonny Lee Miller and Billy Bob Thornton, she has been married to actor Brad Pitt since 2014. They have six children together, three of whom were adopted internationally.

David Beckham
David Robert Joseph Beckham, OBE(/ˈbɛkəm/; born 2 May 1975) is a retired English professional footballer. He played for Manchester United, Preston North End, Real Madrid, Milan, LA Galaxy, Paris Saint-Germain, and the England national team for which he holds the appearance record for an outfield player.He is the only English player to win league titles in four countries, England, Spain, the United States and France. He announced his retirement at the end of the 2012–13 season and, on 18 May 2013, played the final game of his 20-year career He won 19 major trophies.

Beckham's professional career began with Manchester United, where he made his first-team debut in 1992 aged 17.With United, he won the Premier League title six times, the FA Cup twice, and the UEFA Champions League in 1999. He then played four seasons with Real Madrid, winning the La Liga championship in his final season with the club. In July 2007 Beckham signed a five-year contract with Major League Soccer club LA Galaxy. While a Galaxy player, he spent two loan spells in Italy with Milan in 2009 and 2010. He was the first British footballer to play 100 UEFA Champions League games.

In international football, Beckham made his England debut on 1 September 1996 at the age of 21. He was captain for six years, earning 58 caps during his tenure. He made 115 career appearances in total, appearing at three FIFA World Cup tournaments, the 1998, 2002 and 2006 editions and two UEFA European Championship tournaments, the 2000 and 2004 editions.

Renowned for his range of passing, crossing ability and bending free-kicks, he was twice runner-up for FIFA World Player of the Year and in 2004 he was named in the FIFA 100 list of the world's greatest living players. Consistently ranked among the sport's highest earners, in 2013 Beckham was listed as the highest-paid player in the world, earning over $50 million in the previous 12 months.

He has been married to Victoria Beckham since 1999 and they have four children.Beckham has been a UNICEF UK ambassador since 2005, and in 2015 he launched 7: The David Beckham UNICEF Fund to help protect children in danger around the world.In February 2014, MLS announced Beckham and a group of investors would own an expansion team in Miami, which would begin play in 2016 or 2017.

Health and fitness Aniston practices yoga.In 2014 Aniston spoke of her Transcendental Meditation practice: "When asked what the number one thing which has kept her looking so amazing is, Jennifer replied, 'I'd say a little over a year ago I started doing TM and that's really changed everything. Starting your day off with that and ending with that is pretty powerful.'

In January 2015, Aniston revealed that she was diagnosed with dyslexia in her 20s which affected her education and self-esteem. As a result, she does not read a lot. However, being diagnosed with the disorder changed her life. She stated, "I thought I wasn't smart. I just couldn't retain anything. Now I had this great discovery. I felt like all of my childhood trauma-dies, tragedies, dramas were explained.

Charlize Theron
Charlize Theron (/ʃɑrˈliːz ˈθɛrən/ shar-leez therr-ən; Afrikaans pronunciation: [ʃɐrˈlis tron];born 7 August 1975) is a South African and American actress, producer and fashion model. She has starred in several Hollywood films, such as The Devil's Advocate (1997), Mighty Joe Young (1998), The Cider House Rules (1999), The Italian Job (2003), Hancock (2008) A Million Ways to Die in the West (2014) and Mad Max: Fury Road (2015).

Theron received critical acclaim for her portrayal of serial killer Aileen Wuornos in Monster (2003), for which she won the Academy Award, Silver Bear, Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actress among several other accolades, becoming the first South African to win an Academy Award in a major acting category. She received further Academy Award and Golden Globe Award nominations for her performance in the sexual harassment-themed drama North Country in 2005 and a Golden Globe Award nomination for her performance in Jason Reitman's 2011 comedy-drama Young Adult.

Theron became a U.S. citizen in 2007, while retaining her South African citizenship. In the late 2000s, she moved into the field of producing, both in television and film. In 2006, she produced the documentary East of Havana. She had producing credits on the films The Burning Plain (2008) and Dark Places (2015), both of which she starred in. In 2012, she played Queen Ravenna in Snow White and the Huntsman and Meredith Vickers in Prometheus, both of which were box office successes.

'''Personal life ''' Theron has a son, Jackson, whose adoption was announced in March 2012. Theron adopted a second child, a daughter named August, in July 2015.She lives in Los Angeles. Theron became a naturalised citizen of the United States in May 2007, while retaining her South African citizenship.

In the mid-1990s, Theron had a two-year relationship with actor Craig Bierko. From 1997 to 2001, she dated Third Eye Blind frontman Stephan Jenkins. Theron then began a relationship with Irish actor Stuart Townsend, with whom she starred in Trapped (2002) and Head in the Clouds (2004).Theron and Townsend separated in January 2010 after nearly nine years together. In early 2014, she began dating actor Sean Penn, but it was reported that they had split in late June 2015.

Health concerns While filming Aeon Flux in Berlin, Germany, Theron suffered a herniated disc in her neck, caused by a fall while filming a series of back handsprings. It required her to wear a neck brace for a month. In July 2009, she was diagnosed with a serious stomach virus, thought to be contracted while traveling overseas. While filming The Road, Theron injured her vocal cords during the labour screaming scenes.

Gwen Renée Stefani
Gwen Renée Stefani (/stəˈfɑːni/; born October 3, 1969) is an American singer, songwriter, fashion designer, and actress. She is the co-founder and lead vocalist of the rock band No Doubt. During the band's hiatus, Stefani embarked on her solo career, releasing her debut album Love. Angel. Music. Baby. in 2004. Inspired by music of the 1980s, the album was a success with sales of over seven million copies. It spawned three major hit singles: "What You Waiting For?," "Rich Girl," and "Hollaback Girl," the latter becoming the first US digital download to sell one million copies. Stefani's second studio album The Sweet Escape was released in 2006. The album produced two successful singles: "Wind It Up" and the album's title track "The Sweet Escape." Including her work with No Doubt, Stefani has sold more than thirty million albums worldwide.

As a solo artist, Stefani has won several music awards, including one Grammy Award, one World Music Award, one American Music Award, and one Brit Award. In 2003, she debuted her clothing line L.A.M.B. and expanded her collection with the 2005 Harajuku Lovers line, drawing inspiration from Japanese culture and fashion. Stefani performs and makes public appearances with four back-up dancers known as the Harajuku Girls. She married British musician Gavin Rossdale in 2002 and they have three sons. Billboard magazine ranked Stefani the fifty-fourth most successful artist and thirty-seventh most successful Hot 100 artist of the 2000–09 decade. VH1 ranked her thirteenth on their "100 Greatest Women in Music" list in 2012.

Personal Life

Soon after Stefani joined No Doubt, she and bandmate Tony Kanal began dating. Stefani stated that she was heavily invested in the relationship, commenting that "...all I ever did was look at Tony and pray that God would let me have a baby with him." During this time, the band almost split up because of the failed romantic relationship between Stefani and Kanal. Kanal ended the relationship. Their break-up inspired Stefani lyrically, and many of the album's songs, such as "Don't Speak", "Sunday Morning", and "Hey You", chronicle the ups and downs of their relationship.

During mid-1995, No Doubt and rock band Goo Goo Dolls went on tour opening for alternative rock band Bush. Stefani met Bush guitarist and lead singer Gavin Rossdale. They married on September 14, 2002, with a wedding in St Paul's, Covent Garden, London. A second wedding was held in Los Angeles two weeks later. According to Stefani, it was held so that she could wear her custom-designed wedding dress by John Galliano twice. A paternity test in 2004 revealed that Rossdale had a daughter, Daisy Lowe (who was fifteen years old then), from a previous relationship with model and designer Pearl Lowe. Stefani was "devastated and infuriated" at the discovery, leading to a rocky patch in her relationship with Rossdale. Rossdale remains Daisy's godfather and has a somewhat friendly relationship with her.Stefani's song "Danger Zone" was widely believed to be about the discovery and its aftermath, which has proven to be impossible because the song was written prior to the incident.

In December 2005, Stefani and Rossdale announced that they were expecting their first child together. Their son, Kingston James McGregor Rossdale, was born on May 26, 2006. The couple's second son, Zuma Nesta Rock Rossdale, was born on August 21, 2008. It was reported on September 5, 2013 that Stefani was expecting her third child with Rossdale. On February 28, 2014, Stefani gave birth to their third son, Apollo Bowie Flynn Rossdale. On August 3, 2015, Stefani filed for divorce from Rossdale, citing "irreconcilable differences".

Forbes magazine reported Stefani's earnings in 2008, calculating that she earned $27 million between June 2007 to June 2008 for her tour, fashion line and commercials, making her the world's 10th highest paid music personality at the time.

Hugh John Mungo Grant
Hugh John Mungo Grant (born 9 September 1960)[3] is an English actor and film producer. He has received a Golden Globe, a BAFTA, and an Honorary César. His films have earned more than US$2.4 billion from 25 theatrical releases worldwide.Grant achieved international success after appearing in the Richard Curtis-scripted Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994).He used this breakthrough role as a frequent cinematic persona during the 1990s, delivering comic performances in mainstream films like Mickey Blue Eyes (1999) and Notting Hill (1999). By the turn of the 21st century, he had established himself as a leading man skilled with a satirical comic talent.Grant has expanded his oeuvre with critically acclaimed turns as a cad in Bridget Jones's Diary (2001), About a Boy (2002), and American Dreamz (2006)He later played against type with multiple cameo roles in the epic sci-fi drama film Cloud Atlas (2012).

Within the film industry, Grant is cited as an anti-star who approaches his roles like a character actor, and attempts to make his acting appear spontaneous.Hallmarks of his comic skills include a nonchalant touch of irony/sarcasm and studied physical mannerisms as well as his precisely-timed dialogue delivery and facial expressions. The entertainment media's coverage of Grant's life off the big screen has often overshadowed his work as an actor.He has been outspoken about his disrespect for the profession of acting, and in his disdain towards the culture of celebrity and hostility towards the media. In a career spanning 30 years, Grant has repeatedly claimed that acting is not a true calling but just a job he fell into.

Personal Life Grant has expressed boredom with playing the celebrity in the press and is known in popular media for his guarded privacy. On probing of his personal life, he has remained incredibly steadfast in "offering a dead bat to any question he feels is not general enough." Grant has described himself as a reluctant actor, has called being a successful actor a mistake and has repeatedly talked of his hope that film stardom would just be "a phase" in his life, lasting no more than ten years.

A 2007 Vogue profile of Grant referred to him as a man with a "professionally misanthropic mystique". Grant has expressed distaste for focus groups, market research, and emphasis on opening weekend box-office numbers, saying: "It's so destructive to the filmmaking process. What was wrong with the way they used to release films, more slowly, let them build?" The director Mike Newell has said: "There is at least as much of Hugh that is charismatic, intellectual, and whose tongue is maybe too clever for its own good as there is of him that's gorgeous and kind of woolly and flubsy."Filmmaker Paul Weitz, said that Grant is funny and that "he perceives flaws in himself and other people, and then he cares about their humanity nonetheless." British newspapers regularly refer to him as grumpy.

Grant is a self-confessed "committed and passionate" perfectionist on a film set. The American film critic Dave Kehr has written that Grant "is known in the film industry as a meticulous performer who takes his time to prepare a role -- someone who works hard to make it look easy -- though that isn't a trait he admires in himself."Grant is noted by co-workers for demanding endless takes until he achieves the desired shot according to his own standard.

Grant dropped his agent in 2006, ending a 10-year relationship with CAA.Grant has proclaimed in interviews that he does not listen to external views on his career: "They've known for years that I have total control. I've never taken any advice on anything."

Fashion
Fashion is a popular style or practice, especially in clothing, footwear, accessories, makeup, body piercing, or furniture. Fashion is a distinctive and often habitual trend in the style in which a person dresses. It is the prevailing styles in behaviour and the newest creations of textile designers. Because the more technical term costume is regularly linked to the term "fashion", the use of the former has been relegated to special senses like fancy dress or masquerade wear, while "fashion" generally means clothing, including the study of it. Although aspects of fashion can be feminine or masculine, some trends are androgynous.

Health
Health is the level of functional or metabolic efficiency of a living organism. In humans it is the ability of individuals or communities to adapt and self-manage when facing physical, mental or social challenges. The World Health Organization (WHO) defined health in its broader sense in its 1948 constitution as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." This definition has been subject to controversy, in particular as lacking operational value and because of the problem created by use of the word "complete" Other definitions have been proposed, among which a recent definition that correlates health and personal satisfaction.Classification systems such as the WHO Family of International Classifications, including the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), are commonly used to define and measure the components of health. Health is that balanced condition of the living organism in which the integral, harmonious performance of the vital functions tends to the preservation of the organism and the normal development of the individual.

Systematic activities to prevent or cure health problems and promote good health in humans are undertaken by health care providers. Applications with regard to animal health are covered by the veterinary sciences. The term "healthy" is also widely used in the context of many types of non-living organizations and their impacts for the benefit of humans, such as in the sense of healthy communities, healthy cities or healthy environments. In addition to health care interventions and a person's surroundings, a number of other factors are known to influence the health status of individuals, including their background, lifestyle, and economic, social conditions, and spirituality; these are referred to as "determinants of health." Studies have shown that high levels of stress can affect human health.

أطعمة ممنوعة على الطفل قبل بلوغ عامه الأول
أطعمة ممنوعة على الطفل قبل بلوغ عامه الأول

تهتم الكثير من الأمهات بإعطاء أطفالهن الأطعمة بعد مرور الشهر السادس دون استشارة طبيب مختص وربما تخطئ الأم في إطعام طفلها بعض الأطعمة التي قد تتسبب في حدوث مشاكل للطفل

بعض الأطعمة الممنوعة على طفلك حتى يبلغ عامه الأول وهي

الحليب

وذلك يرجع إلى احتوائه على نسبة عالية من الدهون التي يصعب على الطفل هضمها وقد يصاب بعسر هضمي

البرتقال والليمون واليوسفي

من أهم الفواكه الحمضية الممنوعة على الطفل قبل عامه الأول لأنها قد تسبب إصابته باضطراب في الجهاز الهضمي

تجنب تناول المكسرات

لأنها تتسبب في إصابته بالاختناق وعدم تناول الفواكه المجففة أو أي أطعمة صلبة لتجنب وقوفها في الحلق فتعرضه للموت

البيض

لأنه قد يتسبب في إصابته بالحساسية

تجنب وضع أي إضافات على الزبادي لأنه قد يفقد قيمته الغذائية

تجنب تناول الملوخية والقرنبيط لأنهما يتسببان في شعوره بالألم نتيجة للغازات

Chanel Iman Robinson
Chanel Iman Robinson (born December 1, 1990)is an American model, known professionally as Chanel Iman. She is best known for her work as a Victoria's Secret angel.

Iman was born in Atlanta, Georgia. She grew up in Los Angeles, California. Her mother is of half Korean and half African American descent, and her father is African American.

In April 2013, she began dating rapper ASAP Rocky.On October 27, 2014, They ended their relationship after nearly eighteen months of dating. Rocky said that they ended their relationship because of a "delayed touring schedule". She now dates Los Angeles Lakers guard, Jordan Clarkson.

Jessica Marie Alba
Jessica Marie Alba est une actrice américaine, née le 28 avril 1981 à Pomona (Californie). Elle a interprété des rôles tant au cinéma que dans les séries télévisées.

Sa carrière commence en 1994 avec des petits rôles et des apparitions dans des séries TV et des comédies telles que Camp Nowhere, P.U.N.K.S., La Main qui tue ou encore Les Nouvelles Aventures de Flipper le dauphin. Mais c'est au début des années 2000 qu'elle devient célèbre en interprétant le personnage principal de la série télévisée Dark Angel. Ce rôle lui permet de se lancer dans le cinéma en tout genre. Elle poursuit donc une intense carrière cinématographique avec des rôles variés dans des films tels que Honey (2003), Sin City (2005), Les 4 Fantastiques (2005), Bleu d'enfer (2005), Les Quatre Fantastiques et le Surfer d'argent (2007), Charlie, les filles lui disent merci (2007), The Eye (2008), The Killer Inside Me (2010), et plus récemment dans Spy Kids 4 : All the Time in the World (2011).

Grâce à son physique avantageux, l'actrice apparaît dans la rubrique Hot 100 du magazine Maximal1 et a été élue la femme la plus désirable de l'année 2006 par le site anglophone AskMen.com2. Elle a aussi été nommée la « femme la plus sexy du monde » (« Sexiest Woman in the World ») par le magazine FHM en 20073 et elle est deuxième du même classement pour l'année 2008. Elle est apparue sur la couverture du magazine Playboy4.

Jessica Alba a reçu plusieurs récompenses dont le Teen Choice Award, prix de l'actrice préférée des adolescents (de 12 à 19 ans), et le Saturn Award, prix de la meilleure actrice de télévision pour sa performance dans Dark Angel.