User talk:Abcdefghijkjk

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Vision
The visual pathway, primary visual cortex, and brain areas associated with vision may be affected in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Vision problems may include: primary ocular functions, eye movements, visual evoked potentials, and complex visual functions. About 10 percent of people have vision problems at diagnosis. As the disease progresses, this increases to 50%.

Primary ocular function
Some symptoms within the primary ocular function group are blurred vision, decreased visual acuity, diplopia, and homonymous abnormalities. Nine percent of patients that are initially diagnosed have blurred vision. Diplopia is also common amongst people with CJD. Additionally, of those with the type sporadic CJD, 7% have homonymous defects. On the other hand, other visual capabilities like smooth pursuit movements and color vision are mostly preserved.

Eye Movement Impairments Most eye movement impairments manifest at the beginning of disease progression but will not stay present further in disease progression. Symptoms may be supranuclear palsy and nystagmus, but other eye movement impairments like saccadic movements are preserved. About 30% of people with variant CJD tend to show supranuclear palsy which affects eye movements. With patients that have iatrogenic CJD, the symptom of nystagmus is common which could be due to degeneration in the cerebellum or in vestibular nuclei. Another reason explaining these symptoms may be due to disturbances in pathways. Pathways that can be affected specifically are from the prefrontal cortex to the brainstem and those connected to the superior colliculus.

Visual Evoke Potential Abnormalities If people with CJD were to take an electroretinogram, their brain responses would show a decrease in the β-wave which may be due to disruptions in the retina, specifically the outer plexiform. Optic atrophy has also occurred due to retinal ganglion degeneration in patients. When patients are represented with a flash, they have different visual evoked potentials than healthy individuals. The response is greater than normal. Areas of the brain that are related to that flash response are the superior colliculus and pulvinar. These areas may be a target of degeneration for people with CJD.

Complex Visual Malfunctions Symptoms within this group are object recognition, prosopagnosia, and alexia. When asked to describe pictures, patients with CJD are not able to fully report all items and situations correctly. Hallucinations also are a symptom prevalent in variant CJD. Of all patients with CJD, 25 to 50% have cortical blindness. Cortical blindness is vision loss due to damage to the V1 in the primary visual cortex. These complex visual symptoms are suggested to be caused by atrophy in the posterior cortical areas, vacuolation in lamina IV, and changes in the cortical laminae. Visual disturbances are key symptoms of individuals with CJD. The manifestations of visual symptoms for CJD are due to the degeneration of visual affiliated brain areas especially the primary visual cortex. Brain slices of CJD patients have shown prion protein deposition relating to the visual cortex.