User talk:Acetamilnadu/sandbox

S. Aashith Jameel,BE/ECE, Arunai college of Engineering FRIENDSHIP Friends may come and go,but enemies accumulate. The test of friendship is: can you literally do nothing with the other person? Can you enjoy together those moments of life that are utterly simple? They are the moments people looks back on the end of life and number as their most sacredexperiences. The better part of one’s life consists of his friendship. The imaginary friends I had as a kid dropped me because their friends throught I didn’t exist. When one is trying to do something beyond his known powers it is useless to seek approval of friends.Friends are at their best in moments of defeat. A woman may very well from a friendship with a man, but for this to endure; it must be assisted by a little physical antipathy. Each friend represents a world in us, a world possibly not born until they arrive. We have been friends together in sunshine and in shad. Books, like friends, should be few and well chosen.

Un-cleans of market and its harmful effects on environment
UNCLEN OFMARKET  AND HARM FUL EFFECTS ON   ENVIRONMENT NARAYANAN      ABINAYA DEPARTMENT OF ECE, ARUNAI  COLLEDGE OF   ENGINEERING, THGIRUVANNAMALAI, TAMIL NADU, INDIA. ABSTRACTS INTRODUCTION Every one knows Villupuram is one of the districts in Tamilnadu. The market  is  situated in  the centre  of  the  town  but  the  place  is  not   hygienic. Every day more  than   thousands  of people  visiting   that  place  for  buying  essential  thing  like   vegetable, fruits, fish  meat etc. In the market, the waste things are throwned everywhere. HISTORY As per my knowledge  ,the  market  is  started before  birth  of my  father. It is famous market in Villupuram, where everyone  came    to buy   essential things. During early   days  only   M.G Street is the market  place after  few day, due to the  insufficient of  place  the  market is extended  to   Bakathar street near the  main road. LITERATURE The market is not hygienic so the  person entering into the   place  not  able to breathe and it  causes  itching in throat and also  it leads to  cold  and  cough. During rainy season , the rain water is  staged   on  the  road and  also it mingled with waste things it  gives  bad   smell. Drainage system is not well in that place. During raining ,the rain  water  is  mixed  with drainage water  and  it staged on the  road and no  one  able to  walk  in  that  place. Traffic is  also  a problem in  that  place, the market is a small  place  within  that  place everyone using   two wheeler and  some time four  wheelers  like  tempo etc. Everything leads to air pollution.

CONCLUSION Air pollution  is more due to the lack of awareness about cleanliness and it affect the environment so badly. What is the solution to this problem   is  don’t   known  but  we  want  solution that solution  is  in the  hands  of  government  only. So please give the solution to this problem. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Acetamilnadu (talk • contribs) 02:58, 20 September 2013 (UTC)

THE STORY OF THE EARTH
Planet EARTH is a huge ball of rock that spins around a star called the sun. The earth was formed about 4.6 billion years ago from hot gas and dust, which then become a ball of hot, liquid rock. Over millions of years, the temperature at the Centre of the ball calleddown to about 5,500 C. Gases escaped from deep inside the earth and built up around it, forming a bubble of gas called the atmosphere HOW THE EARTH FORMED In the early years of the EARTHstory the planet was a ball  hot, liquid rock. Asits surface formed, gases burst our through volcanoes and formed an atmosphere around the planet TheEARTH gradually calleddown, and the liquid rock on the surface set solid. Clouds formed in the new atmosphere and it began to rain. The oceans and seas started to fill with water About 3 billionyear’s agom the first life appeared in the oceans. At first there were only simple life forms .Then moved from the water to the land Today there are many different plants and animals on the EARTH. The planet is still cooling down and is very hot in the Centre. There are still volcanoes and storms, but not as many as there were when the EARTH was being formed. FACT EARTH IS THE GRAVITY OF GOD

GLASS BOTTLE
Today,hand-blown glass is an expensive luxury,but for around 2000 years it was the most common kind of glassware available.Then,in 1903,American glassmaker Michael Owens invented a fully automated bottle-blowing machine.This was a giant leap forwards.Now,glass bottles for storing foods,drinks,medicines and much more couldbe produced quickly and cheaply. PREPARATION OF GLASS BOTTLE: Ingredient including sand,soda ash,limestone and recycled glass are mixed together.They are melted in a furnace glass is formed. NATURAL GLASS: Glass forms naturally when heat from a volcano melts sand.The resulting glassy rock is called obsidian.

RECYCLING GLASS: Glass can be recycled over and over again and every bottle it is made into be a good as the first.And glass melts at lower temperature than the raw material it made from in the first place,recycling glass uses less energy then making it from scratch. FACT: If you recycle just one glass bottle,you will save enough energy to power your TV for 15 minutes. WHAT’S GOOD ABOUT GLASS? Much of the glass we see every day is in windows and bottles. We look out of buildings,and into bottles to see if they’re full. Heat proof usually known by its trade name,pyrex,this heat resistant glass can withstand sudden changes of temperature. Fine Focus Optical glass bends light to focus on the right place at the back of your eye so you eye so you can see.

Polymer Chemistry
ABSTRACT This article about the introduction, classification and properties of polymers. Andtechniqueand types of polymerization. ThisPolymerization technique can be used to achieve a high degree ofcontrol over polymer chain linking, even though they are made fromreadilyavailablelow-cost monomers.

INTRODUCTION 	HISTORY:The word polymer is derived from Greek words “poly”means many and “mer” means unit(or) part. The first semi-synthetic polymer produced was Bakelite, created in 1907 by Chemist LeoBaekeland.

	POLYMER USED IN COMPANIES: A single polymer can be used in both new age plastic electronics as well as plastic solar cells could spell greater cost-savings. Current polymer as a good conductor for use in electronics or endowed with high power conversion.

	STUDENT SKILLS: Now a days, The manufactures have been used polymers in variety of products from adhesive and lubricants to devices like orthopedic plates, artificial joints and heart valves. Its also used in the production of non plastic objects such as silicone and paper. They are a large part of our everyday lives and can be found in hundreds of different products. CONCLUSION Now a days, we should notlive without electricity is same as we should not livewithout polymer, because  most of the products are  manufactured by plastics. Somany new techniques are developed in polymer technology in the next few years… — Preceding unsigned comment added by Acetamilnadu (talk • contribs) 03:01, 20 September 2013 (UTC)

Polymer
Polymer are substance containg a large number of structured units joined by the same type of linkage.The substance often form into a chain like structures.Starch,cellulose and rubber all posses polymeric properties.Man-made polymers have been studied since 1832.Today, polymer industry has grownto larger than the Aluminium,Copper, and Iron industries. Polymer already have a rang of applications that for exceeds that of any other class of material available to man.Current applications extend from adhesives, coating, foams and packagings material to textile and industrial fibers.

APPLICATION OF POLYMER: AGRICULTURE & AGRIBUSINESS: 	Polymeric materials are used in soil to improve aeration,provide much promote plant gowth and health. MEDICINE: 	Many bio materials,especially heart valve replacement and blood vessels are made of polymer like DACRON,TEFLON. INDUSTRIES: 	Automobile parts, Windshields for fighter planes,Pipes,Tanks,Packing materials,Insulation,Wood substitutes and Elastomers are all polymer applications used in industrial market.

SPORTS: 	Playground equipments,various balls,Golf clubs,Swimming polls and Protective helmets etc.

Polymer Chemistry
THE WORD POLIMER IS DERIVED FROM GREEK WORDS “POLY” MEANS  MANY  AND “MER” MEANS  UNIT  OR  PLANT. POLYMERS ARE GENERALLY  MACROMOLECULES  FORMED  BY THE REPEATED  LINKING OF  LARGE  NUMBER  OF  SMALL MOLECULES. POLYMERS ARE WIDELY  USED  IN  AUTOMOBILES,DEFENCE, COMPONENTS etc. POLYMERS POLYMERS  ARE  MACRO  MOLECULES (Giant  molecules  of  higher  molecular  weight)  FORMED  BY  THE  REPEATED  LINKING OF  LARGE  NUMBER  OF SMALL  MOLECULES  CALLED  MONOMERS. EXAMPLE PPOLYTHENE IS  A POLYMER  FORMED BY  THE  REPEATED  LINKING OF LARGE  NUMBER  OF  EHYLENE  MOLECULE. nCH2=CH2 →---(CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-)--- MONOMER MONOMER IS A MICRO MOLECULES (SMALL MOLECULES) WHICH COMBINES WITH EACH OTHER TO FORM A POLYMER CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMER NATURAL POLYMER ORGANIC POLYMER INORGANIC POLYMER SYNTHETIC POLIMER ORGANIC POLYMER INORGANIC POLYMER PLASTIC PLASTIC ARE HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT ORGANIC MATERIAL, THAT CAN BE MOULDED INTO ANY DESIRED SHAPE BY THE APPLICATION OF THE HEAT AND PRESSURE IN THE PRESENCE OF THE CATALYST ADVANTAGE OF PLASTIC THEY ARE LIGHT IN WEIGHT THEY POSSES LOW MELTING POINT DISADVANTAGE OF PLASTIC 	SOFGTNESS 	EMBRITTLEMENT AT LOW TEMPERATURE CLASSIFICATION OF PLASTICS: 	THERMO PLASTIC 	THERMOSETTING PLASTIC IMPORTANT POLYMERS: 	NYLON 6:6 	NYLON 6 G.ARAVINDA KUMAR B.E MECH 1st YEAR ARUNAI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING THIRUVANAAMALAI

GUITAR
The guitar is a musical instrument with ancient roots that is used in a wide variety of musical styles. It typically has six strings, but four ,seven ,eight, ten & twelve strings guitars also exist.Guitars are made and repaired by luthires.

Before the development of the electric guitar and the use of synthetic materials ,a guitar was defined as being an instrument having “a string,freeted neck, flat wooden soundboard, ribs,most often with incurved sides.” Instrument similar to the guitar have been popular for at least 5000 years. The sixstring classical guitar is first appeared in Spain. Like virtually all other stringed European instrument,the guitar ultimately traces back thousand of years ,via the middle east ,to a common ancient origin from instrument then known in central Asia &India.The modern word guitar ,was adopted into English from Spanish guitara ,derived from the Arabic ,quitaraand l Latin chithara. By 1200AD, the four string “guitar” has evolved in two types: the guitarra morisca which has rounded back, wide fingerboard and several soundholes, and the guitarra latina ,which resembled the modern guitsr with one soundhole and a narrower neck.

Natural water purification and water management by artificial groundwater recharge
ABSTRACT: Worldwide, several regions suffer from water scarcity and contamination. Artificial groundwater recharge, possibly combined with bank filtration, plant purificationand/or the use of subsurface dams and artificial aquifers, is especially advantageous in areas where layers of gravel and sand exist below the earth’s surface. Generally, artificially recharged groundwater is better protected against pollution than surface water, and the delimitation of water protection zones makes it even more save. INTRODUTION: In many regions there is a lack of surface water and severe water contamination is to be found. Shallow groundwater resources are often of insufficient quality and over-exploited. Artificial groundwater recharge is an approved method that has been improved during the last decades. It has been found that also the new kinds of polluting agents, especially organic compounds, can be minimized or even removed by natural purification processes in the subsurface. ARTIFICIAL GROUNDWATER RECHARGE: Artificial groundwater recharge is the infiltration of surface water into shallow aquifers to increase the quantity of water stored in the subsurface and to improve its quality by processes of natural attenuation (Balke et al., 2000). It can be practiced especially in river valleys and sedimentary plains by infiltrating river or lake water into shallow sand and gravel layers. The infiltration technique is chosen according to the hydrogeological conditions, the available ground space, the water need, the composition of the infiltrated water, and the degree of purification to be achieved (Schmidt, 1980; Schmidt and Balke, 1980; 1985). PRE-FILTRATION: Pre-filtration is the filtration of water before the artificial groundwater recharge. It takes place in shallow basins with an impermeable bottom made, e.g., of concrete, which are filled with a layer of gravel and sand of about 1 m thickness as filter material.

BANK FILTRATION: Artificial bank filtration is the extraction of river or lake water by wells that are located near the bank of the surface water. PLANT PURIFICATION PLANTS: A plant purification plant consists more or less polluted water flowing through the basins is executed by bacteria that are located at the roots of the aquatic plants and within the soil. Because a relatively large area is needed for such a treatment, a combination with artificial groundwater recharge is possible but restricted to cases with small water need. CONCLUSION: Artificial groundwater recharge is practiced for many purposes: drinking water production, improvement of raw water quality, storage of fresh water, aquifer recovery, infiltration of storm water runoff, preservation of natural wetland, disposal of treated sewage effluents, formation of hydraulic barriers against sea water intrusion. Compared with other methods of water treatment, artificial groundwater recharge is ecologically sustainable and cheaper than chemically induced coagulation, ozone floc filtration, the application of reverse osmosis, ultraviolet beams, ultra-filtration, or activated charcoal.

NANOTECHNOLGY
Truly revolutionary nanotechnology products ,materials and application ,such as nanorobotics,are years in the future. What qualifies as “nanotechnology” today is basic research and development that is happening in laboratories all over the world. Nanotechnology products that are on the market today are mostly gradually improved products (using evolutionary nanotechnology) where some form of nanotechnology-enabled material (such as carbon nanotubes, Nano composite structures or nanoparticles process (e.g. Nanopatterning or nanotechnology quantum dots for medical imaging) is used in the manufacturing process. In their ongoing quest to improve products by creating smaller components and better performance materials, all at a lower cost, the number of companies that will manufacture ‘nanoproducts ‘ will grow very fast and soon make up the majority of all companies across many industries . Evollutionary nanotechnology should therefore be viewed as a process that will gradually affect most companies and industries. So what exactly is nanotechnology ?One of the problems facing nanotechnology is the confusion about its definition . Most definities revolve around the study and control of phenomena and materials at length scales below 100 nm and quite often they make a comparision with a human hair, which is about 80,000 nm wide. NEW MATERIALS : NANOMATERIALS Much of nanoscience and many nanotechnologies are concerned with producing new or enhanced materials. Nanomaterials can be constructed by ‘top –down ‘ techniques ,producing very small Structures from larger pieces of material,for example by etching to create circuits on the surface of a silicon microchip. They may also be constructed by ‘bottom – up ‘technologies, atom by atom or molecule by molecule microscope, and that’s when nanoscience and nanotechnology really started to take off. APPLICCATIONS OF NANOMATERIALS evolutionary developments of existing in size of electric Below we list some key current and potential short – and long-term applications of nanomaterials. Most current applications represent devise…….

A Short History of Robots
Robot Timeline •	~270BC an ancient Greek engineer named Ctesibus made organs and water clocks with movable figures. •	1818 - Mary Shelley wrote "Frankenstein" which was about a frightening artificial lifeform created by Dr. Frankenstein. •	1921 - The term "robot" was first used in a play called "R.U.R." or "Resume’s Universal Robots" by the Czech writer Karl Capek. The plot was simple: man makes robot then robot kills man! •	1941 - Science fiction writer Isaac Asimov first used the word "robotics" to describe the technology of robots and predicted the rise of a powerful robot industry. •	1942 - Asimov wrote "Runaround", a story about robots which contained the "Three Laws of Robotics": o	A robot may not injure a human, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. o	A robot must obey the orders it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. o	A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law. •	1948 - "Cybernetics", an influence on artificial intelligence research was published by Norbert Wiener •	1956 - George Devon and Joseph Eagleburger formed the world's first robot company. •	1959 - Computer-assisted manufacturing was demonstrated at the Servomechanisms Lab at MIT. •	1961 - The first industrial robot was online in a General Motors automobile factory in New Jersey. It was called UNIMATE. •	1963 - The first artificial robotic arm to be controlled by a computer was designed. The Rancho Arm was designed as a tool for the handicapped and its six joints gave it the flexibility of a human arm. •	1965 - DENDRAL was the first expert system or program designed to execute the accumulated knowledge of subject experts. •	1968 - The octopus-like Tentacle Arm was developed by Marvin Minks’. •	1969 - The Stanford Arm was the first electrically powered, computer-controlled robot arm. •	1970 - Shake was introduced as the first mobile robot controlled by artificial intellect. It was produced by SRI International. •	1974 - A robotic arm (the Silver Arm) that performed small-parts assembly using feedback from touch and pressure sensors was designed. •	1979 - The Stand ford Cart crossed a chair-filled room without human assistance. The cart had a to camera mounted on a rail which took pictures from multiple angles and relayed them to a computer. The computer analyzed the distance between the cart and the obstacles. A History of Robots in Space •	Probes to Mercury •	Probes to Venus •	Probes to Mars •	Exploring Saturn •	Probes to Outer Planets Robot Used in Industrial An industrial robot is an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose manipulator programmable in three or more axes. ________________________________________ See also: Matter & Energy Robotics Research Engineering Engineering and Construction Computers & Math Robotics Artificial Intelligence Computer Graphics The field of industrial robotics may be more practically defined as the study, design and use of robot systems for manufacturing (a top-level definition relying on the prior definition of robot). Typical applications of industrial robots include welding, painting, ironing, assembly, pick and place, palletizing, product inspection, and testing, all accomplished with high endurance, speed, and precision. The most commonly used robot configurations for industrial automation include articulated robots, SCARA robots and gantry robots. In the context of general robotics, most types of industrial robots would fall into the category of robot arms. For more information about the topic Industrial robot, read the full article at Wikipedia.org, or see the following related articles: Robot calibration — Robot calibration is the process of identifying the real geometrical parameters in the kinematic structure of an industrial robot, i.e., the relative ... >read more Robotic surgery — Robotic surgery is the use of robots in performing surgery. Three major advances aided by surgical robots have been remote surgery, minimally ... >read more Nanorobotics — Nano robotics is the technology of creating machines or robots at or close to the scale of a nanometer (10-9 meres). More specifically, nan robotics ... >read more Humanoid robot — A humanoid robot is a robot with its overall appearance based on that of the human body. In general humanoid robots have a torso with a head, two ... >read more Android— an android is a robot made to resemble a human, usually both in appearance and behavior. The word android has been used to denote several different ... >read more Mechanical engineering — Mechanical engineering is a very broad field of engineering that involves the application of physical principles for analysis, design, manufacturing, ... >read more CONCLUSION ROBOT IS VERY USEFUL.

The wildlife of India is a mix of species of diverse origins .The region’s rich and diverse wildlife is preserved in numerous national parks and wild life sanctuaries across the country India along with 17 mega diverse countries is home to about 60-70% of the world’s biodiversity. India, lying within the indomalayaecozone, is home  to about 7.6% of all mammalian, 12.6% of avian, 6.2% of reptilian, and6.0%of flowering plant species. India’s forest cover ranges from the tropical rain forest of the Himalaya. Between these extremes lie the sal-dominated moist deciduous forest of eastern India; teak-dominated dry deciduous forest of central and southern Indianan the babul-dominated thorn forest of the central Deccan and western Genetic plain.

Nanotechnology
A basic definition: Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. This covers both current work and concepts that are more advanced. In its original sense, 'nanotechnology' refers to the projected ability to construct items from the bottom up, using techniques and tools being developed today to make complete, high performance products.

The Meaning of Nanotechnology When K. Eric Drexler popularized the word 'nanotechnology' in the 1980's, he was talking about building machines on the scale of molecules, a few nanometerswide—motors, robot arms, and even whole computers, far smaller than a cell. Drexler spent the next ten years describing and analyzing these incredible devices, and responding to accusations of science fiction. Meanwhile, mundane technology was developing the ability to build simple structures on a molecular scale. As nanotechnology became an accepted concept, the meaning of the word shifted to encompass the simpler kinds of nanometer-scale technology. The U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative was created to fund this kind of nanotech: their definition includes anything smaller than 100 nanometers with novel properties. Much of the work being done today that carries the name 'nanotechnology' is not nanotechnology in the original meaning of the word. Nanotechnology, in its traditional sense, means building things from the bottom up, with atomic precision. This theoretical capability was envisioned as early as 1959 by the renowned physicist Richard Feynman. I want to build a billion tiny factories, models of each other, which are manufacturing simultaneously. . . The principles of physics, as far as I can see, do not speak against the possibility of maneuvering things atom by atom. It is not an attempt to violate any laws; it is something, in principle, that can be done; but in practice, it has not been done because we are too big. — Richard Feynman, Nobel Prize winner in physics Based on Feynman's vision of miniature factories using nanomachines to build complex products, advanced nanotechnology (sometimes referred to as molecular manufacturing) will make use of positionally-controlled mechanochemistry guided by molecular machine systems. Formulating a roadmap for development of this kind of nanotechnology is now an objective of a broadly basedtechnology roadmap project led by Battelle (the manager of several U.S. National Laboratories) and the Foresight Nanotech Institute. Shortly after this envisioned molecular machinery is created, it will result in a manufacturing revolution, probably causing severe disruption. It also has serious economic, social, environmental, and military implications.

TECHNIQUES OF POLYMERISATION
There are four types of mehods are used forplymerisationreactions.They are BULK POYMERISATION SOLUTION POYMERISATION SUSPENTION POLYMERISATION EMULSION POLYMERISATION

	Bulk polymerisation It the simplest method polymerization.The monomer is taken ii flask as a liquid and initiator,chain transfer agent are dissolved in it.The flask is placed in a thermostat under constant agitation and heated.After a known time the content is dissolved in methonal.And polymer precipitated out. Monomer+initiator+chain transfer agent→polymer (liquid)                   (mixed with                                    Monomer) 	ADVANTAGES: 	It is quite simple and requires simple equpements. 	Polymers are of high-purity obtained. Disadvantages: 	Mixing and control of heat is difficult. 	Polymerization is highly exothermic.

	Suspentionpolymerization The water insoluble monomer is suspended in wateras tiny droplet and a initiator is dissolved in itby continuous agitation.The droplets is prevented fromcoagulationby using suspending agents. Like gelatin etc.each droplets of monomer containsdissolvedinitiator.The whole cotent is taken in a flask and heated at constant temperature with vigorous agitation in a thermostate wit nitrogen atmosphere.after the end of 8 hrs,pearl like polymer are obtained.which is fillterd and washed by water. Monomer+initiator +suspending agent→polymer (suspension in           (dissolved in          (suspended as water in      Water)                        monomer)                             beads) Advantages: 	Products obtained is highly pure. 	Isolation of product is very easy. Disadvantages: 	This is applicable only for water insoluble monomer. 	Control of particle size is difficult.

In this the monomer,intiator and chain transfer agents are taken in a flask and dissolved in an inert solvent.The whole mixture is kept under constant agitation.Afterreqired time the polimer produced is precipitate by pouring in a sutable non-solvent.The helps to controlheat and reduce viscosity builb up. Monomer+initiator+chain transfer agent→polymer (dissolved in           (dissolved in            (in solution) Innert solvent)       inert solvent)

	Heat control is easy. 	Viscosity build up is neglected. 	Mixture can be agitated easily.

	The removelof last traces of solvent is difficult. 	The polymerization requires solventrecovery and recycling.

	Emulsion polymerization It is used for water insoluble monomer andwater solubleintiator like potassium persulphate.The monomer is dispersed in a large amount of water and emulsified by addition of soap.the initiator is added.The whole cotent is taken in a flask and heated at constant temperature with vigorous agitation in a thermostate wit nitrogen atmosphere.after 4 to 6 hrs the pure polymer is isolated from the emulsion by addition of de-emulsifier like 3% solution of Al(SO4)3 MONOMER+INTIATOR+SURFACTANT→POLYMER (dissolved in inert          (water soluble)                                                                (emulsion in water)   Solvent) Advantages: 	The rate of polymerization is high. 	High molecular weight polymer is obtained. Disadvantages: 	Polymer needs purification. 	It requires rapid agitation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Acetamilnadu (talk • contribs) 03:21, 20 September 2013 (UTC)

LET WE DISCUS ABOUT THE USE OF POLYMER IN COAL MINING
Introduction In February 2010 a survey was sent to the Site Senior Executives (SSE) of all Queensland underground coal mines in order to obtain information about the extent of use and the control measures in place for the use of polymeric injection chemicals during the period of 2009. A copy of this survey is included as Appendix 1. Eleven (11) responses were received accounting for a 100% return rate. Capcoal provided one survey that covered both Grasstree and Bundoora mines. Cook Colliery indicated that they had not used any polymeric chemicals during the period of 2009 and hence do not contribute to the quantities provided in this report. This report summarises the responses provided by all mines. 1.1 What are Polymeric Chemicals? Polymeric chemicals refer to a group of products used throughout the mining and construction (tunnelling) industries for various applications including strata stabilization and sealing. The majority of use in mining occurs in underground coal mines although there have been recent applications in metaliferous mines. Polymeric products are often incorrectly referred to in general as PURs. The term PUR actually refers to just one type of polymeric chemical. The more commonly used polymeric injection chemicals in the mining industry fall into three (3) categories; Polyurethane resins (PUR) (eg. Bevedan, Marithan, silent seal, micon seal) Phenolic resins (eg. Fenoflex, Rocsil, Carbofill, Carbomine) Urea silica based resins (eg. Geoflex, Meyco 367) Common application and use in underground coal mines The following list represents the most common uses of polymeric chemicals in underground mining; Strata binding of fractured or unstable roof. Void or cavity filling (usually following LW roof collapse) Formation of temporary plug seals (including rapid sealing of mine roadways) Sealing around ventilation devices Sealing cable bolt holes prior to grouting Pumpable resins for roof and cable bolting application (self drilling bolts) In addition polymeric chemicals are used for the flat-proofing of tyres. Typically a polyurethane foam is pumped into the tyre cavity to form a solid core in order to make it resistant to puncturing. This process is carried out in tyre fitting work shops offsite.

Seal Construction. On occasions phenolic resins may be used to form temporary seals in a roadway by pumping foam between two stands of mesh or boarding. This can be performed relatively quickly prior to the construction of a more robust seal. In a similar fashion polyurethane resins are sometimes used to construct seals of a more permanent capability.

THE USE OF POLYMER IS FAVOURABLE NOT ONLY IN MINING IN ALL OUR DAILY NEEDS AND USES — Preceding unsigned comment added by Acetamilnadu (talk • contribs) 03:23, 20 September 2013 (UTC)