User talk:Aguilarv

=Publication Ethics= I plan to define publication ethics. The guidelines given will be on what authors should avoid in their publication. The three key aspects of this section are plagiarism, publication bias and misconduct in research.

2/25/15
1. http://jme.bmj.com/content/35/6/348.short

-Search Date: Feb. 25th 2015

-Searched on: JSTOR

-Key words: publication ethics

-Material Found: Medical Journals

-Reasoning: looking for explaniation and defintion

Wagner,E.,et al. J Med Ethics. 2009;35:348-353

Definition: The authors of the medical journal define publication ethics “such as plagiarism, data fabrication and redundant publication are recognized as forms of research misconduct”.

Summary: A questionnaire was sent to multiple editors to get data on the ethical issues they find when reviewing a new journal before it is approved to be published. A few questions on the questionnaire asked editors about the “severity and frequency of ethical issues at their journals”. According to the E. Wagner, and the other authors the editors of journals “believe misconduct occurs very rarely in scientific journals.”

The article gives data of a questionnaire sent to numerous editors, to get information on publication ethics. Before journal articles can be published, there are editors who try to ensure the authenticity of the work and make sure there is no plagiarism being used. The findings show, "misconduct" in the articles do not happen very often.

I can use some of the information from the Medical Journal, to define publication ethics in scientific journals (for example the use of plagiarism in the articles).

2. http://www.ijdvl.com/article.asp?issn=0378-6323;year=2008;volume=74;issue=4;spage=301;epage=303;aulast=Handa

-Search Date: Feb. 25th 2015

-Searched on: Google Scholar

-Key words: publication ethics

-Material Found: Medical Journals

-Reasoning: how it pertains to new articles wishing to be published

Handa,Sanjeev. IJDVL. 2008; 74:301-303.

Definition: The definition of plagiarism “is the failure to acknowledge other colleagues' scientific work-their ideas, language, or data”.

Summary: Scientist and editors both need to be aware of “ethical issues pertaining to scientific publications.” If plagiarism is suspected, it needs to be “investigated thoroughly with the help of systematic reviews and special software”. If an article which has been published, has been proven to contain plagiarism, the article may than be ‘retracted’. The Journal gives a definition of plagiarism, how it can be detected, as well as how it can "harm". The article contains a list of " Do's and Don't" to give guidance to someone trying to avoid committing plagiarism. There is also guidelines from the Committee of Publication Ethics, on what to do if plagiarism is found.

I can use the guidelines listed from the Committee of Publication Ethics, on the sequence of steps to take if plagiarism has been detected. The article's definitions can be used to publication ethics in a scientific article.

2/27/15
3. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2009.03086.x/full

-Search Date: Feb. 27th 2015

-Searched on: Google Scholar

-Key words: publication ethics

-Material Found: Medical Journals

-Reasoning: looking for more information to add to definition

Neil S. Morton MD. Pediatric Anesthesia.2009: 19: 1011-1013.

Summary: There is an “ethical and legal framework” in the manner of how the research is conducted and the how the founding’s are published. According to the Pediatrics Anesthesia article authors who are wishing to publish their work should “be explicit about who carried out the work and who funded the study”, as well as “declare whether the work has been published before and is not being considered for publication elsewhere”. It is also important for the authors to “protect the rights of research participants including their anonymity” in order to properly practice these ethical rights.

The Pediatric Anesthesia journal on publication ethics gives an overview of "Duties and Responsibilities" for each the author, the editor, and the publishers. It gives examples of the types of way you can break the ethical practice when publishing new work, and solutions on how to go about solving the problem, if any are detected.

I can use some of the information of the "Duties and Responsibilities" for each person involved when publishing new work. I can use the information provided, to inform others the ethical practices scientist have to take not only when conducting the research but when publishing their work, in order to protect the patient. I can also used the advice given to scientist who want to publish their research.

3/15/15
4. http://www.jstor.org.summit.csuci.edu:2048/stable/25175246?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=publication&searchText=AND&searchText=ethics&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dpublication%2BAND%2Bethics%26amp%3Bacc%3Don%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff%26amp%3Bgroup%3Dnone&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

-Search Date: March 15th

-Searched on: JSTOR

-Key Words: publication ethics AND guidelines

-Material found: ethics and plagiarism

-Reasoning: looking for more information, and history about topic

Smith, Richard. British Medical Journal. 1997. 351: 201-202.

Examples of misconduct given in the British Medical Journal were of: Malcolm Pearce (an OBGYN) found "to have forged a series of papers," as well as a physician named, John Anderton, guilty of "faking data in a clinical trial." This "misconduct" in medical research has become a "growing issue" which resulted in the Committee of Publication ethics, in order to try to regulate the "misconduct used in the medical research".

The article gives the brief history of how the Committee of Publication Ethics began. The committee is essential in "investigating misconduct done in medical research." The committee also provides a list of work the committee does.

I can use the list of work the committee does, to prevent "misconduct" in research.

=reviewed: 4/1/15= 5. http://www.jstor.org.summit.csuci.edu:2048/stable/25161166?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=publication&searchText=ethics&searchText=AND&searchText=guidelines&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dpublication%2Bethics%2BAND%2Bguidelines%26amp%3Bacc%3Don%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff%26amp%3Bgroup%3Dnone&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

-Date researched: 3/27/15

-Reviewed article: 4/1/15

-Database used: JSTOR

-Key words: publication ethics AND guidelines

-Material found: British medical journal : publication bias

-Reasoning: The article mentioned "publication bias" in results. In future, would like to gather more information on publication bias.

The sentence which grabbed my attention in the article was: “Only studies conducted in the Middle East and Japan seem to suggest the causal relationship, but this could also be a result of publication bias.”

Found this article which mentioned publication bias, while I was looking for guidelines for publication ethics. I am not going to use this article in my research, but will continue to search for other articles which contain more detail.

6. http://www.jstor.org.summit.csuci.edu:2048/stable/25791607?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=publication&searchText=AND&searchText=bias*&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dpublication%2BAND%2Bbias%2A%26amp%3Bprq%3Dpublication%2Bethics%2BAND%2Bguidelines%26amp%3Bgroup%3Dnone%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff%26amp%3Bhp%3D25%26amp%3Bso%3Drel%26amp%3Bacc%3Don&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

-Date Research: 3/27/15

-Reviewed: 4/1/15

-Database used:JSTOR

-Key words: publication AND bias*

-Material found: Political Analysis

-Gathering information on publication bias to get a definition and how it is important to publication ethics.

Sigelman, Lee. Political Analysis. 2000. 8: 201-210

“Such publication bias is generally seen as a consequence of a widespread prejudice against statistically nonsignificant results. I argue that evidence of such prejudice is in surprisingly short supply and the publication bias can occur even in the absence of such a prejudice and even if the review process is functioning perfectly. More importantly, publication bias may stem from dutiful application of standards of scientific inquiry rather than from irrational prejudice.”

Th article contained information on rejecting null hypothesis in all disciplines. I can use the information about publication bias, as an ethical misconduct in publication ethics.

3/27/15
=reviewed: 4/11/15=

7. http://www.jstor.org.summit.csuci.edu:2048/stable/40666276?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=publication&searchText=AND&searchText=bias*&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dpublication%2BAND%2Bbias%2A%26amp%3Bprq%3Dpublication%2Bethics%2BAND%2Bguidelines%26amp%3Bgroup%3Dnone%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff%26amp%3Bhp%3D25%26amp%3Bso%3Drel%26amp%3Bacc%3Don&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

-Date researched: 3/27/15

-Date reviewed: 4/11/15

-Database used:JSTOR

-Key words: publication AND bias*

-Material found: bias in meta-analysis

-Looking for more information on publication ethics, which lead me to publication ethics in meta-analysis. Next step, gather information on meta-analyses.

The article gives information of the possibility of publication bias jeopardizing the results of a meta-analysis. This can occur because they information used to conduct the meta-analysis was incorrect, causing the results to also be insufficient.

I can use the information gathered to add to the section of publication ethics. When conducting research it is important to use the actual results from the experiment, because altering the results is misconduct in research. “Meta-analysis is a commonly used tool for the synthesis and evaluation of evidence on a particular area of interest... Undetected publication bias can lead to erroneous conclusions being drawn from a meta-analysis.”

3/27/15
4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3049418/ -Date researched: 3/27/15

-Database used: Google

- Key words: meta-analysis

-material found: meta-analysis in research

-Looking for a definition of meta-analyses, to understand what it is.

Abstract: "Meta-analysis is a quantitative, formal, epidemiological study design used to systematically assess previous research studies to derive conclusions about that body of research. Outcomes from a meta-analysis may include a more precise estimate of the effect of treatment or risk factor for disease, or other outcomes, than any individual study contributing to the pooled analysis. The examination of variability or heterogeneity in study results is also a critical outcome. The benefits of meta-analysis include a consolidated and quantitative review of a large, and often complex, sometimes apparently conflicting, body of literature. The specification of the outcome and hypotheses that are tested is critical to the conduct of meta-analyses, as is a sensitive literature search. A failure to identify the majority of existing studies can lead to erroneous conclusions; however, there are methods of examining data to identify the potential for studies to be missing; for example, by the use of funnel plots. Rigorously conducted meta-analyses are useful tools in evidence-based medicine. The need to integrate findings from many studies ensures that meta-analytic research is desirable and the large body of research now generated makes the conduct of this research feasible."

First Draft
Publication ethics is essential to publishing new journal articles in all disciplines. Authors should avoid plagiarism when publishing articles, by acknowledging the work of others, such as “their ideas and data.” (Handa,Sanjeev. IJDVL. 2008; 74:301-303.) Before the journal article is published, it should be reviewed by peers, and editors to check for any “misconduct” in the work such as plagiarism or bias (Wagner,E.,et al. J Med Ethics. 2009;35:348-353). According to the IJDVL if an article which has already been published is later found to contain plagiarism, it can be retracted. (Handa,Sanjeev. IJDVL. 2008; 74:301-303). According to the Medical Journal from Pediatric Anesthesia, there is a “ethical and legal framework on how the research is conducted” and how the results and patient information is published. (Neil S. Morton MD. Pediatric Anesthesia.2009: 19: 1011-1013.) As part of the “ethical and legal framework” it is also important for the authors to “protect the rights of research participants including their anonymity” in order to protect and honor the patients’ healthcare rights.(Neil S. Morton MD. Pediatric Anesthesia.2009: 19: 1011-1013).

Second Draft

 * Originally posted in Sandbox

Publication ethics can be applied to all authors in all disciplines who are in the process of publishing their work. There is an “ethical and legal framework” in which the work of the author, should be published. Plagiarisms, misconduct in research, as well as publication bias are ethical concerns in publication.

Plagiarism is the failure to give credit to another author’s work or ideas when referred, or referenced which you used. The best ethical practice to avoid plagiarism would be to review the work with peers and editors, to identify if there were any places which plagiarism may have occurred. If work which has already been published, is proven to contain plagiarism there is a process which the article, can go through to be retracted.

Publication bias occurs when there publication is one-sided. The best way would be to include all information from different culture which the work can affect. “Undetected publication bias can lead to erroneous conclusions being drawn from a meta-analysis.” (Journal of Royal Statistical society)

Misconduct in research can occur when experiments are falsely recorded, or exaggerated the information, altering the actual results found (BITISH JOURNAL). In medical research, it is important for researchers to honor the patients’ healthcare rights by hiding their identity to readers.


 * note: citations need to still be added correctly, as well as improvements in the text.

Jump up ^ Morton, Neil (October 2009). "Publication ethics". Pediatric Anesthesia 19 (10): 1011–1013. Retrieved February 2015. Jump up ^ Sanjeev, Handa (2008). "Plagiarism and publication ethics: Dos and don'ts". Indian Journal of Dermatology Venereology and Leprology 74 (4): 301-303. Jump up ^ Wager, E; Fiack, S; Graf, C; Robinson, A; Rowlands, I (31 March 2009). "Science journal editors’ views on publication ethics: results of an international survey". Journal of Medical Ethics 35: 348–353. Jump up ^ Sanjeev, Handa (2008). "Plagiarism and publication ethics: Dos and don'ts". Indian Journal of Dermatology Venereology and Leprology 74 (4): 301-303. Jump up ^ Morton, Neil (October 2009). "Publication ethics". Pediatric Anesthesia 19 (10): 1011–1013. Retrieved February 2015.

4/15/15
http://www.jstor.org.summit.csuci.edu:2048/stable/23034717?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=retracting&searchText=articles&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dretracting%2Barticles%26amp%3Bacc%3Don%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff%26amp%3Bgroup%3Dnone&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

-Date researched: 4/15/15

-Database used: JSTOR

-Key words: retract* articles

-Material found: articles on why journals are retracted and the process

-Gaining more information on the process of how articles are retracted, if misconducted or plagiarism is found. This will be added to the third draft.

The article provides information about the number of articles which have been retracted since 1980. The information has a list of all possibilities why an article may be retracted from a journal. The article also provided statics for the increasing number of articles which have been found with "misconduct".

I can used the information to include into Draft 3, in order to explain who is in responsible for retracting articles.

Third Draft
ethics : Under- Applied Ethics

Publication ethics can be adopted by all authors, in any disciplines who are in the process of publishing their work. Plagiarisms, misconduct in research, as well as publication bias are ethical concerns in publication. In order to follow the “ethical and legal framework” of publication ethics, the author needs ensure the concerns of plagiarisms, misconduct in research, as well as publication bias are not in their work.

Plagiarism is the failure to give credit to another author’s work or ideas when referred, or referenced which was used. It is the obligation of the editor of the Journal to ensure the article does not contain any misconduct before it is published. If work which has already been published, is proven to contain plagiarism the editor of the journal, which published the article can proceed to have the article retracted from the journal.

Publication bias occurs when there publication is one-sided. The best way would be to include all information from different culture which the work can affect. “Undetected publication bias can lead to erroneous conclusions being drawn from a meta-analysis.” Misconduct in research can occur when experiments are falsely recorded, or exaggerated the information, altering the actual results found. In medical research, it is important for researchers to honor the patients’ healthcare rights by hiding their identity to readers.

A kitten for you!
It took me a little while to understand hiding the identity of the patients and publishing ethics, but I got it now. You did a really great job!

Kristenowens354 (talk) 06:11, 20 April 2015 (UTC) 

Fourth Draft
Publication ethics is the set of principles that guide the writing and publishing process for all professional publications. In order to follow the set of principles, authors should verify that the publication does not contain plagiarism or publication bias. . As a way to avoid misconduct in research these principles can also be applied to experiments which are referenced or analyzed in publications by ensuring the data is recorded, honestly and accurately. .

Plagiarism is the failure to give credit to another author’s work or ideas, when it is used in the publication. It is the obligation of the editor of the journal to ensure the article does not contain any plagarism before it is published. If a publication which has already been published is proven to contain plagiarism, then the editor of the journal can proceed to have the article retracted.

Publication bias occurs when the publication is one-sided or "prejudiced against results". In best practice, an author should try to include information from all parties involved, or affected by the topic. If an author is prejudiced against certain results, than it can "lead to erroneous conclusions being drawn.”

Misconduct in research can occur when information from an experiment is falsely recorded or altered. . Falsely recorded information occurs when the researcher "fakes" information or data, which was not used when conducting the actual experiment. . By faking the data, the researcher can alter the results from the experiment to better fit the hypothesis they originally predicted. When conducting medical research, it is important to honor the healthcare rights of a patient by protecting their anonymity in the publication.

Reference errors on 30 April
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