User talk:Ahmed Abdı Yusuf

Name= Ahmed Abdi and Bella Mohamed. Topic=  ethnic diversity and conflict. Contents; 1.	Introduction. 2.	Definition of ethnic diversity and ethnic conflict. 3.	Difference between race and ethnic. 4.	Does ethnic diversity itself causes conflict and is mono ethnic society more stable than ethnically diverse society. 5.	Ethnic diversity and concept of living together. 6.	Conclusion. Introduction. This paper shortly discuss the topic of ethnic diversity and conflict, to understand the real relationship between these two concepts, and the aim is to know if ethnic diversity itself causes conflict and if mono ethnic society is more stable than ethnically diverse society. The reason that we choose this topic is many people links today’s conflicts which are going on different places of this world to ethnic diversity, if so this will really damage “to live together”. So in our topic we explicitly try to understand some basic concepts relates to ethnic diversity and conflicts such as; Definitions of ethnic diversity and ethnic conflict, Difference between race and ethnic, Majority versus minority, and then we will try to answer the question of “Does ethnic diversity itself causes conflict and is mono ethnic society more stable than ethnically diverse society”, after this discussion shortly we will try to relate this topic to our main concept which is “living together” and lastly this paper will make conclusion. Definitions of ethnic diversity and ethnic conflict. Ethnic diversity shows combination of different and variety of ethnic groups, in positive view it is something good to live together because there are multiculturalism, the people are understanding one and another they can share their ideas their cultures and it facilitate the people to understand each other, and can make strong people to link each other with humanity. while in negatively view Ethnic diversity also can be something which the degree of danger that people to be divided is very high, because there are different ethnic groups with different cultures, different ideas and with different explanation towards what is wrong and what is Wright, if there is difference in the ethnic there can be also difference in the religion and because of this Many scholars links conflicts going in this world to ethnic diversity, if so this will really damage to live together. Ethnic diversity is one of the biggest threats to international security and peace as many people believe. A conflict between ethnic groups is an ethnic conflict Ethnic conflict can be armed conflict and none armed conflict for instance where there is democratic government and where freedom of speech is good. In healthy multiethnic democracies, these conflicts are usually institutionalized and "channeled through parliaments, assemblies and bureaucracies or through non­violent demonstrations and strikes." While democracy cannot always prevent ethnic conflict flaring up into violence, institutionalized ethnic conflict does ensure that ethnic groups can articulate their demands in a peaceful manner, which reduces the likelihood of violence. On the other hand, in authoritarian systems, ethnic minorities are often unable to express their grievances. Grievances are instead allowed to fester which might lead to long phases of ethnic silence followed by a violent outburst. Difference between race and ethnic. Race is a group of people who share common transmitted biological traits, which is skin color and some other traits that go with it, like certain facial features [hair color, the color of your eyes] and height. A race is a biological construct, of a more or less distinct population with anatomical traits that distinguish it clearly from other races. The anatomical traits usually refer to the color of the skin, shape of the eyes or the nose. For example, in India the people in the southern parts are quite different anatomically from the people in the northern parts, because the people from the south belong to the Dravidian race and the people from the north belong to the Aryan race. The three major races of the world are the Caucasian, the Mongoloid and the Negroid. Ethnicity is a shared of heritage in culture, like being Egyptian, Mexican, The ethnicity of 'Jewish' is interesting because it refers to a particular group of people from a biological, genetic perspective, but it also refers to a religion and all of the cultural richness that comes from that religious tradition. Many other ethnicities share both genetic traits and, often, religious or cultural holidays or traditions that tie the group together. Ethnicity refers to the cultural factors of the racial group, especially religion, food habits, dressing and life style and occupations. Ethnicity refers to a subset within race. For example not all the Caucasians of the world follow the same religious or cultural practices. While it is confusing the difference between ethnicity and race, the important distinction between them is in ethnicity it is culturally determined and race is biologically determined. Difference between race and ethnic. Majority are people who have biggest number in statistical calculations, other definition argued that being majority can be define having biggest power in special region for example in the United States, white or Caucasian people are considered to be the racial majority group because white people have historically been the most powerful race in terms of representation in the media, business positions (like owning companies), or representation in politics but this definition can be false, about gender, men are considered to be the majority group in the United States because they have more social power than women. However, from a pure numbers perspective, there are a slightly higher number of women than men. So even though there are technically more women in the United States, women are still considered a minority group because they are a group with less social resources and power. Socially minority means a group of people different physically or culturally which that society has particularly. They have distinctive identity that means people need to be able to spot them or categorize them easily; Minorities could be based on skin color, like race, or by biological sex, like men versus women. Minorities can also be based on religion, which is often distinguished by the way someone dresses or from accessories they wear, such as a Star of David necklace, indicating Judaism. Or a minority could be based on choices, such as vegetarians who don't believe in eating meat and who take an active role in demonstrations and other activities to promote the wrongs of eating meat to others. 	Does ethnic diversity itself cause conflict? And is mono ethnic society is more stable than ethnically diverse society? After understanding above sections our research will discuss about if ethnic diversity itself causes conflict and if mono ethnic society is more stable than ethnically diverse society. A conflict between ethnic groups is an ethnic conflict, it is a kind of conflict which is not happen because of ethnic diversity it’s self but instead of economical political territorial cultural and even social matter. for example Syria is a country with different ethnic groups in this country today suffered worst intra conflict or civil war where different ethnics have clashes and supporting different sides of the conflict, for instance Sunni majority are supporting to the oppositions while Shia Alawite supporting to the government of Asad. So in this country some people argue that the cause of the conflict is the diversity of ethnics itself. In our argument the cause of the conflict is not the diversity of ethnics itself; it is about the bad economic situation is. this is true when we compare to the Bahrain another country in the region of middle east where Arab demonstration begun as Syria and where there is diversity in ethnic and this country Bahrain not went to wars where Syria went to war, this is when you look the Pre war GDP per capita of Bahrain was better than in Syria. In Syria, on average of life expectancy approximately was less than the one In Bahrain’s average life expectancy. In Syria unemployment rate of people was bigger than the one in Bahrain unemployment rate it is about something related to interest of people not their ethnic. When the protests started in Bahrain the government used a lot of oil money to spend to the people to stop the people to take gun against the government like in Syria. This is also true in Saudi Arabia the richest oil country in the region the kingdom spent a lot of money to young people to make them happy and not go to wars. And this is why gulf countries which economically better than other Arab states their people are not enjoying going wars but in on the other hand Egypt, Yemen economically they were very bad and because of that horrible situation people went to protest. So as conclusion ethnic conflict fuels the conflict but it is not the cause of wars. There are countries which are the best in economical and in political situation, like USA there different ethnics there are different races but it is the richest, most developed most peaceful and the most powerful country in today’s world. On other hand there some countries who are monotonic nation where the people have same race same religion same ethnic but it is one worst places. There are some countries like Somalia where the people are homogenous but there is civil war since 1992, so ethnicity is not a source of instability. It real if there is ethnic diversity the risk of conflict is very high, but it in positively because of multiculturalism the country can develop more like US and people will combine their knowledge and values and they can produce something valuable, multiculturalism allows us to become more peaceful people as our interactions with our fellow human beings helps us appreciate life and discover new exciting cultures and traditions, most cultures adopt and assimilate traditions as their own. Multiculturalism may have its negatives such as racism, Discrimination which is a major source of instability, the reason for this is where Mono-ethnic societies are prone to class struggle (see the terrorists RAF, Red Brigade etc. before 1990), ethnically diverse societies are prone to culture struggles (see the new terrorist attacking producers of meaning like Charly Hebdo). If ethnic diversity is not well managed there can be clashes and conflicts and the regime which can manage better is democratic regime. Healthy multiethnic democracies, these conflicts are usually institutionalized and "channeled through parliaments, assemblies and bureaucracies or through non­violent demonstrations and strikes." While democracy cannot always prevent ethnic conflict flaring up into violence, institutionalized ethnic conflict does ensure that ethnic groups can articulate their demands in a peaceful manner, which reduces the likelihood of violence. Ethnic diversity and concept of living together. After discussion it is clear that ethnic diversity is not the cause of conflicts and people to live together, but on other hand it something good and help people of world to live together understand each other. And some one live with a society with different in ethnic that person will really increased its experience and its knowledge, different ethnic groups living together allows us to become more peaceful people as our interactions with our fellow human beings helps us appreciate life and discover new exciting cultures and traditions, most cultures adopt and assimilate traditions as their own, but the only thing that we need to better manage our ethnic difference is to have healthy multiethnic democracies where freedom of speech is good. Conclusion. One of the topics which mainly under discussion is the topic of the relation between ethnic diversity and conflicts because many people links today’s conflicts which are going on different places of this world to ethnic diversity, if so this will really damage “to live together”, and because of that our research paper discussed some basic concepts relates to ethnic diversity and conflicts such as; Definitions of ethnic diversity and ethnic conflict, Difference between race and ethnic, Majority versus minority, and then answered the question of “Does ethnic diversity itself causes conflict and is mono ethnic society more stable than ethnically diverse society”, and lastly related this to our main concept which is “living together”. This final project both primary source like official documents related to theme and also secondary sources such as articles and books was used to investigate our topic of ethnic diversity and conflicts. Bibliography. 1. debatingeurope, (19/01/20150), Does ethnic diversity cause conflict? http://www.debatingeurope.eu/2015/01/19/does-ethnic-diversity-cause-conflict/#.Vyyy0oR97IU.

2. M. STEVEN FISH and MATTHEW KROENIG, (December 2006), Diversity, Conflict and Democracy: Some Evidence from Eurasia and East Europe, pp.828–842. Vol.13, No.5. 3. Collier, Paul, and Anke Hoeffler(1998) “On Economic Causes of Civil War,” Oxford Economic Papers, October, 50(4), 563-573 4. Hitchensblog(24 August 2012), Syria and Bahrain – what’s the difference. http://hitchensblog.mailonsunday.co.uk/2012/08/syria-and-bahrain-whats-the-difference.html. 5. Peace Research Institute Oslo, “Armed Conflict Dataset: Version 4-2007”, www.prio.no/CSCW/Datasets/Armed-Conflict/UCDP-Prio/