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McDonnell was born at his home on Anthony Street in Manhattan, New York on November 18, 1841. He attended the local Sixth Ward public school and later went to work as a newsboy and later employed as a folder in the pressroom of a morning newspaper. He eventually joined the New York City Police Department and was officially appointed a patrolman on January 21, 1863. Assigned to the Sixth Precinct, he was still a rookie when the New York Draft Riots broke out months later and was on constant duty in the Fourth and Sixth Precincts.[1] On the evening of July 15, 1863, McDonnell was badly wounded while battling an estimated 400 rioters looting a building at the corner of Mott and Centre Streets. During the fighting, he was "smashed in the face and terribly cut" then knocked down but ignored his injuries and rejoined the squad. He was later commended for his actions.[2]

On December 2, 1864, McDonnell won promotion to roundsman for his brave conduct in arresting a negro burglar. He slowly rose through the ranks after being promoted to sergeant on November 11, 1867 and finally captain on February 25, 1870. His first command was the old Twenty-Eighth precinct and, during the next four years, served as precinct captain of the Twentieth, Twenty-First and Thirty-First Precincts. On November 11, 1874, McDonnell was transferred to the Eighth Precinct where he remained for the rest of his career. In 1875, during the "grabber scandal", he captured notorious kidnapper-procuress Jane the Grabber.[3][4] On the day of the last-ever police parade, he arrested negro gambler Samuel S. Brewster for the murder of rival gambler Eibo Williams on July 16, 1887.[1]

In the winter of that year, McDonnell suffered a severe attack of inflammatory rheumatism but had apparently recovered while vacationing with his wife and sister at their summer home in Derby, Connecticut. He had been suffering from dyspepsia, aggravated by bronchial trouble, in previous years. McDonnell returned to the city on August 13, 1888, reportedly "looking well and hearty", but intended to arrange to extend his leave of absence and return to Derby the following evening. He was on duty at the stationhouse that day and, leaving orders for a morning wake up call at 9 am, went to bed in the sergeants' room on the second floor at around 10:00 pm. He was seen "sleeping peacefully" by a Sergeant Reilly at 6 am, however he was found dead three hours later when a doorman came to wake him up. A doctor was summoned, but physicians found that he had been dead for several hours. McDonnell's body was moved to his home on King Street home while his wife was informed by telegraph and requested to return to the city.[1]

His funeral was to be held the next morning at St. Anthony's Roman Catholic Church on Sullivan Street and then taken to Birmingham, Connecticut for burial. Then acting Superintendent Thomas F. Byrnes called a meeting of police captains in order to make arraignments for the funeral services. Inspector Thomas S. Steers, Captains Josiah A. Westervelt, Thomas Reilly, William H. Clinchy and Henry D. Hooker all contributed to the eulogy, Westervelt, Reilly and Clinchy being selected as pall bearers along with Captains Ira S. Garland, John J. Brogan and Gorman. A floral cross was provided by the department and laid on the coffin and crape was worn on the sleeves of all officers above the rank of roundsman for a month.[5]

A police battalion numbering 350 policemen, accompanied by the Sixty-Ninth Regiment music band, escorted the hearse from King Street to Grand Central Station [6] and com