User talk:Anita saunshi

KANNADA GRAMMAR
Nouns (ನಾಮಪದ) Gender (ಲಿಂಗ) According to Keshiraja's Shabdamanidarpana, there are nine gender forms in Kannada. However, in modern Kannada literature only three gender forms are used in practice: masculine, feminine, and neuter.[6] All Kannada nouns code for gender.[7] Biological sex tends to correspond with the grammatical gender category. However, certain concepts personified by deities, such as sūrya, meaning 'the sun', share the grammatical gender of the deity, which in this case is masculine.[7]

masculine gender (ಪುಲ್ಲಿಂಗ) Examples: arasa ('king'), dore ('master, lord'), vāyu ('wind') feminine gender (ಸ್ತ್ರೀಲಿಂಗ) Examples: Parvati, Lakshmi, Saraswati, amma ('mother') neuter gender (ನಪುಂಸಕಲಿಂಗ) Nouns that do not belong to either of the above two classes are considered to have neuter gender.

Examples: love (ಪ್ರೀತಿ), world (ಲೋಕ), tree (ಮರ), bear (ಕರಡಿ), river (ನದಿ) Case (ವಿಭಕ್ತಿ) Kannada has seven cases:[8]

nominative case	(ಕರ್ತೃ, kartr̥) accusative case	(ಕರ್ಮ ವಿಭಕ್ತಿ, karma vibhakti) instrumental-ablative case	(ಕರಣ ವಿಭಕ್ತಿ, karaṇa vibhakti) dative case	(ಸಂಪ್ರದಾನ ವಿಭಕ್ತಿ) genitive case	(ಸಂಬಂಧ ವಿಭಕ್ತಿ) locative case	(ಅಧಿಕರಣ ವಿಭಕ್ತಿ) vocative case	(ಸಂಬೋಧನಾ ವಿಭಕ್ತಿ) Because the traditional study of Kannada grammar is based on Sanskrit grammar, a fifth case (since the dative case is the fourth case and the genitive case is the sixth in the traditional order of the cases) is sometimes considered: the ablative case	(ಅಪಾದಾನವಿಭಕ್ತಿ). This case is formed periphrastically by combining the genitive case of the noun supposedly in the ablative with the instrumental-case form of the noun 'ದೆಸೆ', meaning 'cause, vicinity, place, point'. Thus the Kannada ablative literally translates to 'from/by the cause/point of the {noun}'. However, this 'ablative' form is not commonly used colloquially, and exists only for propriety—it is not a true case, serving only to provide a parallel to the Sanskrit ablative.[9] In its place, the third case, the instrumental-ablative case, is normally used.

Example: Maradiṁda allige hōdenu. (literally: 'From the tree to there I went.'; idiomatically: 'I went there from the tree.') Of course, Marada deseyiṁda allige hōdenu. would also be correct. Note that the nominative-case and accusative-case forms of a noun are often in the colloquial dialect substituted by the crude base.

Number (ವಚನ) There are, as in English, two grammatical numbers: the singular number (ಏಕವಚನ) and the plural number (ಬಹುವಚನ).[10] In declension, the plural form of a masculine or feminine noun is made by suffixing 'ಅರ್' to the crude base, and then the case-termination, and the plural form of a neuter noun is made by suffixing 'ಗಳ್' to the crude base, and then the case-termination. However, nouns of relationship, such as 'mother', 'great-grandfather', 'son-in-law', and 'younger brother', which are always masculine or feminine, have the plural number marker "ಅಂದಿರ್'.[7]