User talk:Annabecker234/sandbox


 * All three species (of) Hawaiian Vaccinium show the opposite pattern
 * While very successful in V. calycinum, V. reticulatum, <- take out this comma? Think you’re trying to say V. r and V. d have less seed viability than V. c and V. dentatum show much poorer (62%) seed viability on average
 * Researchers well versed in the subject hypothesize that the self-compatible gene is not yet fixed in entire populations of V. calycinum and V. reticulatum.ref name=":4" /> Issue with referencing and I don’t follow the purpose of this statement. In the last sentence you talked about how V. c is more successful than the others in selfing but here it seems like your trying to explain low seed viability with a trait shared by successful and unsuccessful selfer, maybe remove or go into more detail? Or I’m just misunderstanding
 * species that have been found to be genetically related to do instead of to typo? not fall into groups traditionally described by morphological similarity
 * Foliage tends to be chartaceous pappery -> papery in V. reticulatum
 * while is coriaceous (leathery) in V. dentatum and V. calycinum maybe change to ‘as opposed to coriaceous in V. dentatum and V. calycinum’ or something similar. It’s been a while since I took a writing course but something doesn’t feel right about “while is” in the original.

As for the question of Separate pages for the three species or not. I think for the scope of this project what you have is great, and I doubt anyone will knock you for not doing 4 pages. But if this is something you're interested in doing for the sake of passion outside the project, it would probably be good to give each of those their own page, considering how 2 are red links and V. reticulatum doesnt have any info connecting it to your own topic on its page. This way you could be building connections between information that people might not know exist without (any of the individual species to this clade for example).

Overall awesome article! Dtadelhelm (talk) 22:26, 17 February 2019 (UTC)

Comments from Emily
'''[There are lots of issues throughout with how citations, italics, and section headings/subheadings are formatted, please clean this up. I like the inclusion of a key, just fix the formatting a bit to make sure its scalable. Also, what about adding pictures? Are there any on Wikimedia commons that you could include?]'''

'''Hawaiian Vaccinium

General [All these headings need to be formatted properly, they are not, currently]'''

Hawaiian Vaccinium [please format correctly, these Latin names need to be italicized throughout] (blueberries) is a monophyletic [link to its wiki page] group (a clade including all extant species and their common ancestor) comprised of three species endemic to the archipelago of Hawaii: Vaccinium reticulatum, Vaccinium dentatum and Vaccinium calycinum, commonly known in Hawaii as O’helo. [1][2][3] While Vaccinium as a larger group is characterized by an inferior ovary, indehiscent [indehiscent what??], andbrightly colored berries, [2] this clade has been uniquely described as having well-developed calyx lobes and longer calyx tube depth, more cylindrical corolla shape (as compared to urceolate-globose), reduced or absent staminal awns (as opposed to well-developed), longer pedicel length, and, compared with temperate relatives, much longer leaf persistence. [3] They are terrestrial or epiphytic shrubs, typically 1 - 6 feet in height, occasionally up to10 feet, ranging widely throughout the Hawaiian islands over relatively high elevation (500 - 3,700 m) in many plant communities except for [this is now a run-on sentence and it needs to be broken up] V. reticulatum, which tends to thrive around lava flows, yet is not limited to them [1][4]. Within the group, distinct taxa vary morphologically [take this word out, it's not necessary] in berry color (red, yellow, black, blue), bloom color (white, red, pink and green), foliage shape and size, and pedicel length [5] [4]. V. reticulatum and V. dentatum are evergreen, while V. calycinum is deciduous [1][5]. All three species tend to fruit and flower throughout the year, but maximum flower and fruit production generally occurs during May - July [5]. Outcrossing between all three species has been successful '''(Vander Kloet) [what is this? If it's a citation it needs to be formatted properly], and many hybrids have been described [citation needed]'''. All three species are also capable of selfing, but resulting seed viability differs throughout the species complex [citation needed, again].

Evolutionary History, Taxonomy

This group is thought to be derived from within section Myrtillus of Vaccinium proper, and is hypothesized with moderate confidence to have a North American origin of dispersal, but the sister group to the Hawaiian clade is unknown. [6] Hawaii is known as a historical hotspot for adaptive radiation because of the immense biological opportunity in relatively small area sizes [rephrase this], especially for plants that colonized the islands when they were young [what does this mean?] [7][8]. Lineages that have undergone adaptive radiation exhibit population patterns associated with a loss of dispersal capacity: small populations, isolated usually to one island, if not one small area of one island, exhibiting explosive diversity in a small space [1]. All three species ofHawaiian Vaccinium show the opposite pattern: they are widespread throughout the Hawaiian islands, and have retained their dispersal capacity [7][1], thus suggesting a relatively recent dispersal to the archipelago. However, the extent of Hawaiian Vaccinium’s diversification at population levels is not well known. Another characteristic typical of lineages that have undergone adaptive radiation is the ability to self fertilize [1][7]. Selfing is said to be rare elsewhere in Vaccinium (Vander Kloet) [again, citation issue], but is well established in Hawaiian Vaccinium. Seed viability among self fertilized individuals varies, however, between the three species. While very successful in V. calycinum, V. reticulatum and V. dentatum show much poorer (62%) '''seed viability on average [how is it known that this is self-fertilization? need to be clear here on what the source of these data is]''', probably due to morphological conditions in the calyx [5]. Researchers well versed in the subject [take these words out, not necessary] hypothesize that the self-compatible gene is not yet fixed in entire populations of V. calycinum and V. reticulatum [5].

The evolutionary history of the larger group Vaccinium has long been a point of confusion for plant systematists and evolutionary biologists: species that have been found to be genetically related do not fall into groups traditionally described by morphological similarity, nor do they follow geographic pattern [6]. Given this information, it is difficult to speculate with confidence upon the evolutionary history of Hawaiian Vaccinium, though confidence is high that there is a single common ancestor of the group, and they therefore form a monophyly [fix this].

Section Macropelma fix italics throughout

Hawaiian Vaccinium was originally placed in a section named Macropelma, which traditionally included the three Hawaiian species and a mysterious South Pacific species known as Vaccinium cereum [9]. V. [genus names at the beginning of sentences always need to be spelled out, even if you've already mentioned the genus previously] cereum was originally described by Sleumer as the type specimen for section Macropelma. There is much ongoing debate as to the taxonomic placement of these four species as more information about their genetic relationships becomes available [need citations here to substantiate the statement that "there is much ongoing debate"]. It was long believed by many that V. cereum held the plesiomorphic condition of the Hawaiian Vaccinium '''[in terms of what? they could be plesiomorphic in any number of characters, which are you referring to?]''', and the three Hawaiian taxa proliferated from it. However, as noted above, the Hawaiian taxa are hypothesized with confidence to belong in the Myrtillus section, which is primarily North American. Combined evidence including molecular work done by Kron and Powell[citation needed], together with Sam Vander Kloet’s [citation needed]detailed examination of morphological variation throughout the four species has concluded that V. cereum is probably a hybrid in between V. calycinum, a member of the Hawaiian taxa and V. fragile, a taxon of East Asian origin in section Eococcus. If Hawaiian Vaccinium is confirmed to belong in section Myrtillus, this may mean that V. cereum represents an entity of union between new world and old world Vaccinium. However, some taxonomic treatments of Myrtillus include Japanese species Vaccinium yatabei, and it is not yet confirmed that the origin of dispersal for Hawaiian taxa is North American[6]. [I strongly recommend that you draw a little tree diagram illustrating these relationships, to make it easier to follow the scenario you're describing]

Vaccinium cereum: A South Pacific Hybrid

It should be noted first that V. cereum is not Hawaiian. It ranges throughout islands in the South Pacific including the Cook Islands, Tahiti, the Marquesas Islands, the Society Islands, at high elevations 838 - 1430 feet [6][10] [there needs to be a period in here somewhere to end one sentence and start the next]Vander Kloet noted that V. cereum has a pseudo-10-locular ovary and a complex floriferous shoot, both characters associated with East Asian species of Vaccinium and not Hawaiian Vaccinium, which is strictly 5-locular, along with members in section Myrtillus [this is a sentence fragment and I'm not sure what it's supposed to be modifying; rephrase] [5]. Morphological variation throughout V. cereum’s range is enormous: pubescence, glaucescence, fruit and flower color all vary widely from island to island, but become more uniform on larger islands where populations are more stable (Vander Kloet) [as above, this needs to be cited correctly]. Vander Kloet, a researcher very experienced with Vaccinium, once found a specimen that exhibited all types of inflorescences he had ever seen on any Vaccinium throughout the world, all on a single plant [5]. V. cereum is, on average, more similar to Hawaiian taxa in other reproductive and vegetative characters than Eastern Asian species (besides the pseudo-10-locular character)[6].

Individual species descriptions [it seems to me like the logical place for the V. cereum section above is below here, with the other individual species descriptions]

Vaccinium reticulatum is a rhizomatous, evergreen shrub, characterized by stiffly erect aerial shoots, often pubescent throughout. [1] Leaves ovate at 1-3 cm long and wide and typically exhibit pubescent and/or serrate margins, but not always. Berries (9-14 mm in diameter) range in color from bright red, yellow, orange, purple or blue (Vander Kloet), while flower color ranges from red, yellow, yellow with red stripes, greenish yellow and varying in shape from urceolate to cylindrical. Flowers are typically 8-12 mm long. There is much variation in these characters, but they are not ubiquitous: specific morphotypes characterized by leaf anatomy are restricted to specific islands. [1] '''[this reads to me very much like a direct excerpt from the description in the book; please make sure that it's not! This needs to be modified by you to avoid plagiarizing the original source]'''

Addition to the original page?

Vaccinium reticulatum differs from V. dentatum and V. calycinum in several ways.

In general, all vegetative and reproductive anatomy tends to be smaller and more compact than the other two species. Foliage tends to be chartaceous (pappery) in V. reticulatum, while is coriaceous (leathery) in V. dentatum and V. calycinum. [1]

It is much less common in diverse plant communities, and is often described as an early successional plant [10], thriving primarily on exposed sites: lava flows, ash dunes, cinder beds, which may be a reflection of it’s [should be its, not it's, no apostrophe] morphological differences. It’s [ditto] range is more commonly alpine, with specimens found at 3,700m, and restricted [to.... what??]. Vaccinium reticulatum is primarily found on Maui, Hawaii, rarely on Kauai, Oahu and Molokai, as compared to the other two species found more commonly across all of these islands. [1] In V. reticulatum, the transition from juvinile to mature foliage is much more gradual than the other two species. Flowering occurs 5 years after germination (a much longer time period than the other two species) and occurs throughout the year but primarily twice per year. [5]

Physically, the primary character of distinguishability of this species, denoted in Vander Kloet’s keys, is stout pedicels: .5-1.5cm long. All other characters described in this section vary too much to be treated as strictly distinguishing characters, yet are often treated as such in a collective manner for identification purposes. V. reticulatum is very morphologically diverse, and has been suggested as a “hybrid swarm of dubious parentage [11].” [1], [fix this, the placement of 1 is wrong] and while hybrids have been described as separate species, the current consensus seems to agree that V. reticulatum is it’s [see above] own entity.

Vaccinium dentatum

Vaccinium dentatum is typically found decumbant to sprawling, .3 to 3 m tall, mostly on terrestrial edges and open areas: bogs, swamps, or windy exposed ridges. V. dentatum tends to occur at lower elevations than V. reticulatum: 700 - 1,200m and with a wider range across '''all main islands [are you talking just about Hawaii here? The species above was broader across the Pacific, so be specific here about which islands you're talking about]'''. Leaf anatomy is more or less uniquely elliptic (4-9 cm long by 1-3 cm wide), with serrate margins and usually glabrous. Flower variation is less than that in V. reticulatum: corolla red or pink with greenish lobes, 9-12 mm long. Berry variation is also more characterized [this is not an appropriate word to use here, check what you mean to say and rephrase] in this species: usually bright red, 8-10mm in diameter. Flowering and fruiting occur throughout the year. [1] [again, wrong placement of this citation] V. dentatum requires 2-3 years after germination to bloom. [5]

The distinguishing character denoted in Vander Kloet’s keys is pedicle length: 1-3cm long. [5] V. dentatum can generally be identified by its characteristic red berries and typical leaf anatomy, as well as it’s habitat, but because these same morphologies and behaviors can be found in V. reticulatum, care must be taken in distinguishing between the species, hence the emphasis of thepedicle length character.

Vaccinium calycinum

Vaccninium calycinum is a stiffly errect deciduous shrub, 1-5 m tall. It’s elevational and geographical range mirrors that of V. dentatum: 500-1,800m, on all main islands, though it is not well known whether these taxa occur together. Leaves are more like V.dentatum than V.reticulatum [always need to include the genus!]: ovate, glabrous, with serrate margins, but largest out of the three: 5-8cm long by 2-4cm wide. [1] Carolla [please correct spelling, it's corolla, not carolla] color varies from solid green, yellowish green to reddish green, at 9-12mm long, while berries are always bright red and 9-15 mm in diameter. Flowering and fruiting can occur year round, but more abundantly in the summer months.

The defining characteristic unique to V. calycinum is perhaps its deciduousness, but the degree of this character is relatively weak: plants are found without leaves for 1-3 weeks from October to February. [1] V. calycinum can bloom 9 months after germination, the fastest maturity rate out of the three species.

As in V. dentatum, some morphological characters that define calycinum (red berries, serrate leaf margins), can also be found on variations of V. reticulatum, so care must be taken in distinguishing between these species. The designated distinguishing character is again the calyx, which in V. calycinum is foliaceous and overlapping in bud and 2-3 mm wide at base, longer than the tube at antethesis [spelling].

Key to species of Hawaiian Vaccinium, excerpted from Wagner's Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii [1]

1.[remove these tabs at the beginning]Leaves deciduous, chartaceous, blades 2-4 cm wide; calyx lobes foliaceous, overlapping in bud; HI ex. Ni & Ka '''……………………………………. [make this shorter, it will format really weirdly like this, especially on phone/tablet screens]'''. 1. V. calycinum

1. Leaves persistent, coriaceous, blades 1-3 cm wide; calyx lobes neither foliaceous nor overlapping in bud (2) [format this differently, it should be the same as in 1].

2.	Plants green, glabrous or glandular; leaves 4-9 cm long, elliptic to narrowly elliptic; calyx lobes lanceolate and longer than the tube at anthesis; HI exc, Ni & Ka ………….2. V. dentatum

2.	Plants pubescent or glaucous, or both; leaves 1-3cm long, ovate to obovate or rarely elliptic; calyx lobes deltate, usually not as long as the tube at tnthesis; K, O, Mo, M, H ………….3. V. reticulatum.