User talk:Asaelee0438/sandbox

Peer Review by Kelly Bodeman
(Would be nice to add a picture nice the main Wikipedia page doesn't have one) A Biorefinery is a facility that processes raw biomass to produce an assortment of new consumable commercial products. Various processes used in biorefinery stems from research and technologies used in various fields, including but not limited to bioengineering, agriculture, chemistry, forestry, environmental science and food science.[2][3]. The biorefinery industry can be simplified into two categories: energy production and chemical or material production. Energy production aims to produces(produce) fuels, heat, and energy(aims to produce fuel, heat, and energy). Chemical/material production mainly produces commercial bio-based products such as solvents, adhesives, and surfactants. In either case, byproducts from the main production are used to further increase the efficiency and profitability of each industy.( Industry)[1] Biorefinery sourcing(what is the difference between biorefinery sourcing and the facility?) can be divided into two forms: biomass refinery, and waste-utilization refinery. Biomass refinery uses raw biomass, typically grown and harvested through commercial agriculture, whereas waste-utilization refinery uses waste bio-materials3(?) that would otherwise have been discarded in landfills or used in compost. The collective term for the materials from either source, is feedstock[1].

Methods of biorefinery[edit] (Maybe add sub-heading for the different types of methods) The majority of the mass of biomass is lignocellulosic material, which compose plant walls and accounts for most of a plant’s rigidity. Lignocellulose is made of three major components, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. Much of the processes in biorefining aim to reduce these compounds into simpler sugars.[1] Pretreatments of these materials, such as the physical milling and grinding are used to increase the efficiency of their conversion.[1] Many of the processes of biorefining require some form of biochemical conversion, such as through the use of various acids, enzymes, and bacterium to breakdown the material.[2] Thermochemical processes are also used, and may even be used in combination with biochemical means, especially for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass.[2] The process for producing second-generation fuels include the fermentation of simple sugars, or by a gasification process. Additionally, another method is derived from the thermochemical hydrolysis of plant cell walls, producing a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen gases, known as synthesis gas.[4] The various methods and processes of gasification heat the biomass in a range of thermal and atmospheric conditions, from as low as 300°C to 1500°C, and from atmospheric pressure to 30ATM.[2] Additionally, second-generation biofuels can also be produced through fast-pyrolysis, turning the organic material into pyrolysis oil (bio-crude), which can be further processed into usable fuel.[2] The fast-pyrolysis method breaks down the polymer chains in organic compounds in a high-temperature, zero oxygen environment. The term “fast-pyrolysis” is noted because of its use of moderate conversion temperatures, typically reaching 500°C, and held for a brief duration of two to three seconds, wherein the cracking of emitted vapours(vapors) into gases is minimized.[2] The vapours(vapors) and gases from this heating are then rapidly cooled, mainly into a condensed bio-crude oil.

Biorefinery products[edit]Bold text Biofuels represent the majority of biorefinery production.[4] The most commercially available liquid fuel products of biorefinery, is ethanol. The United States and Brazil are major producers of ethanol fuel(what is it mainly used for?), refined from corn and sugar cane(sugarcane), respectively.[2] Ethanol biofuel made from these materials are referred to as first generation biofuels.[2] “Green” diesel fuels made from second generation syngas fuels are being proposed for use in Europe.4 Hydrocarbon fuels that use plant lignin are also being researched as a possibility.[4] Additionally, bioproducts(bio-products) such as adhesives, surfactants, solvents, dieletric(dielectric)fluids(what are dielectric fluids?), lubricants, plastics, and papers are made and have become commercially available.[4] Typically, these forms of goods are considered as value-added products. Biorefinery is also used to extract phytochemicals from plants(what type of plants?), which can be used for scientific research on an industrial scale. Phytochemicals are difficult to extract from plants, such as corn. Biorefinery allow the extraction of phytochemcials(Phytochemicals) with higher efficiency compared to conventional means,[2] allowing researchers to conduct research on the effects of phytochemicals consumption in relation to health.

Environmental impacts of biorefinery[edit] One of the main points for the advocacy of biorefinery, is the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions through the use of biorefinery products in lieu of petroleum products. The burning of petroleum and fossil fuels is a direct and major contributor[3] to carbon dioxide emissions, a greenhouse gas. Additionally, many plastics are derived from petroleum bi-products, and present a two-fold problem: most of these consumer plastics are non-biodegradable, becoming a pollution hazard when improperly disposed of, or contributes additional emissions when incinerated for disposal.[3] Biorefineries, in comparison to oil refineries, recycle the carbon input and output, and can even reduce the net carbon-footprint, such as when unused biomass grown in fields is recycled for use as fertilizer and mitigating soil erosion.[5]Biorefineries are also cleaner, since they do not produce environmentally toxic wastewater and oils, emissions, and compounds from oil refining.[5] However, as of first quarter 2018,the biorefinery processes are not yet efficient enough to produce sufficient amounts of liquid fuels to meet global demand. In the United States alone(what about other countries? if you mention a country you should add some other statistic in other places so it isn't just about the US), it is estimated that one billion dry tons of biomass materials would need to be converted to meet only 30% of liquid fuel demands.[2] Roughly the same amount of biomass would need to be converted to supply 21% of the energy consumed by the US.[4] Additionally, waste-utilization refinery cuts down on the growth of landfills as it uses discarded biomass products such as wood, paper, food and animal wastes as the main material source of producing new products.[3]

(Overall, thought this was a good draft for the Wikipedia assignment. It gave lots of good information but has some spelling errors that I bold and put the proper spelling int parathesis right next to it. You have good sources and remain very neutral on the topic and provided very helpful statistics. I would fix the very beginning because I was a little confused on the difference between refineries and the industry categories, or is there not a difference? Maybe I just read it wrong though)

'''Things to fix: 1) spelling errors

2) Clarity at the beginning. industry categories & refineries

3) The statistic just on the United States

Things to add:

1) pictures are optional but would be nice

2)Add some background history when did Biorefinery start where was the first one build'''

Citations:

1. Aresta, M., Dibenedetto, A., Dumeignil, F. (2012). Biorefinery: From Biomass to Chemical Fuels. Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. Source: book Published: by Walter de Gruyter; not self-published 2. Bergeron, C., Carrier, D., Ramaswamy, S. (2012). Biorefinery Co-Products: Phytochemicals, Primary Metabolites and Value-Added Biomass Processing. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. Source: book Published: John Wiley and Sons, not self-published 3. Ohara, Hitomi (Oct 2003). "Biorefinery". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 62(5-6): 474–477 – via EBSCOhost. Source: Journal Article Published: Kyoto Institute of Technology, not self-published 4. Brown, R. (2007). The Future of Biorefining for Fuels and Chemicals Production. Janick, J., Whipkey, A. Issues in New Crops and New Uses. Alexandria, VA. ASHS Press. Source: book Published: ASHS Press, not self-published 5.Gravitis, J. (2018). A Biochemical Approach to Attributing Value to Biodiversity - The Concept of the Zero Emissions Biorefinery. Source: Journal Article Published: Journal of Cleaner Production