User talk:Ashot Tsatryan

Your submission at Articles for creation: Armenian Baku (March 22)
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CommanderWaterford (talk) 09:43, 22 March 2021 (UTC)

Your submission at Articles for creation: Armenian Baku (March 25)
 Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Bkissin was:

The comment the reviewer left was:

Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit when they have been resolved.


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Bkissin (talk) 20:22, 25 March 2021 (UTC)

Armenian Baku

Baku, is the capital of modern day Azerbaijan. It is located in the southern part of the Absheron Peninsula. Baku is the largest city in the Caucasus and it has the largest port of the Caspian Sea. Armenians are considered to be the founders of modern day Baku. In 500 B.C. the Armenian king Vachagan Barepasht built the first Armenian church in the city. Armenians continued living in Baku until the end of 20th century when Azerbaijani nationalists forced the Armenian population to abandon their ancestral lands. Between 11th and 14th centuries A.D., Turkic tribes started migrating in to this region. Turkic tribes gradually started populating South Caucasus and pushing out the native population. For centuries, this region changed hands between Persian and Russian empires. Baku maintained its economic and strategic importance during this period. A major consolidation of Turkic people in this region occurred during the Bolshevik revolution in 1917-1918 when a new country of Azerbaijan was created and a new Azerbaijani identity was established for Turkic people. Prior to creation of Azerbaijan, the Turkic people of this region were identified as Tatars. A Russian explorer N. Seidlits in 1870 wrote: "The Tatars of the Baku province come from various Turkish tribes who moved to this region during the raids of the Seljuks, Mongols, black and white sheep, Turkmens and Safavids and the possession of land. " In 1851. Baku had 7,431 inhabitants, a significant part of whom were Armenians. The population rapidly started increasing with economic growth. In 1886, the city was home to 37,530 Muslims, 24,490 Armenians, and 21,390 Russians. In 1915 the Armenian population of Baku was 86,500, and by 1918, the number of Armenians exceeded 100 thousand. Considering that the city had only 200 thousand inhabitants at that time, half of the city's population was Armenian. Gradual increase of trade and commerce by Armenians, caused population explosion in Baku. For example, in 1846 all trade in Transcaucasia with Russia was in the hands of the Armenians and amounted to 5,534,600 rubles. In 1883 there were only 6 trading houses in Baku. One of these trading posts was owned by a Georgian businessman, and five were owned by Armenian businessman (Chitakhyan and Eminyan, Pridonyan and Shahnazaryan, Tsovianyan "Bekkhanyan and Co.," "Ghazumyan and Co."). It should be noted that thanks to successful business practices of Armenian population, in the 19th and 20th centuries, Baku became one of the world's largest oil producing centers.

The foundation of the oil industry in Baku was laid by Armenian entrepreneurs. 13 largest oil-producing enterprises in Baku belonged to Armenian businessman such as Alexander Mantashyants, Pavel Gukasov, Stepan Lianozov and many others. In addition to oil production, Armenian businessman successfully created refineries to produce kerosine. The records show that following kerosine refineries were created in Baku during that period: in 1862 a kerosene factory was founded by A. Vermishyan; in 1863 a kerosene factory was founded by J. Melikyan; in 1865 a kerosene factory was founded by Tatosyan; in 1869 a kerosene factory was founded by Ter-Hakobyan and Sharabandyan; in 1870 a kerosene factory was founded by Kalantaryan, in 1871 a kerosene factory was founded by Dildaryan and Tarayan. In 1868 a kerosene factory was founded Hovhannes Mirzoyan. Due to its ingenuity and creativity, Hovhannes Mirzoyan was able to improve the kerosine refining technology in Baku and was producing 160,000 pounds of kerosene which was equivalent to 260 thousand rubles' in 1868. This was a great achievement since all other 21 refineries in Baku were able to produce only 60 thousand pounds of kerosine at that time. Hovhannes Mirzoyan also found an oil trading company in Baku that was called "Mirzoyan Brothers Co.". This company became one of the most stable, efficient oil companies, producing an average of about 15 million pound of oil per year. The company owned an oil pipeline in Balakhan, oil fields in Balakhan and Sabunchi, factory buildings in Surakhan, a kerosene and lubricating oil plant in Baku, as well as various workshops and a chemical laboratory, a pier on the shores of the Caspian Sea. "Mirzoyan Brothers and Co." company remained one of the best Armenian-owned enterprises until 1918s when Bolsheviks and newly created Soviet Azerbaijani government destroyed these enterprises. In 1878, Samvel Baghiryan and Harutyun (Artem) Madatyan founded the "Caspian Association" oil-industrial-trading firm. In 1897 P. Ghukasyan created the Caspian Pipeline with a founding capital of 1 million rubles. A famous Armenian businessman and philanthropist Alexander Mantashyants was also one of the first who was engaged in the export of oil in Baku and received the nickname " King of Oil”. Alexander Mantashyants financed the construction of the Baku-Batumi oil pipeline. Another well-known Armenian entrepreneur, Stepan Lianozov, was the founder of the oil company "Lianozov and sons" in 1900s in Baku. "Lianozov and sons" owned oil plants, an oil pipeline on the shore of the Caspian Sea and an Oilman. "Lianozov and sons" also owned large oil storage reservoirs in Batumi. Armenians were also actively involved in tobacco industry in Baku. In 1904 there were only two tobacco factories in Baku “Mirzabekyants” & "S.M. Karakoz", and both of them were owned by Armenian businessman Sargis M. Karagyozyan's and Avet A. Arakelyant's. In 1908, there were 15 small wholesale cigarette stores in Baku, one of which was owned by an Azerbaijani, one by a Jew, and the other 13 by Armenians. Some of these Armenian cigarette store owners were "Kh.H.Rushanyan and Co.", "A. Ter - Grigoryan, A. Melkumyan and Co. "Mir" (owners N.J. IS Tarayanner), A. Abrahamyan, B. Barutchyan, M. Mirzabekyants, Kh. Sahakyan, Sanamyants brothers, Sahakyan and Poghosyan, Grigoryan. In addition to the tobacco industry, Armenian businessman built factories and expanded manufacturing in Baku. In 1891, Piliposyants brothers founded the first chocolate factory in Baku. It was the only chocolate factory in the entire Caucasus, their products were awarded 3 gold medals at various international exhibitions. Armenians were also widely involved in administrative and political life of Baku. The Baku Public Assembly, consisted of 1,300 members, and was led by the Council of Elders. 13 of the 17 Elders were Armenians. The president of Baku Public Assembly was an Armenian by nationality, G. Tsovianyan . The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia created a completely new situation in Transcaucasus. Territorial and ethnic issues started flaring. On March 17, 1918, ethnic clashes between Muslim Tatars (Azerbaijanis) and Russian Bolsheviks took place in the city of Baku, which lasted for about two days and ended with the defeat of the Tatars. It is noteworthy that during these clashes, the Armenians of Baku, led by the Armenian National Council, saved more than 20,000 Azerbaijanis, providing them with shelter in their apartments. In response to this humanitarian act, a few months later, the Azerbaijanis, together with the Turks who infiltrated in to Transcaucasia, organized a mass massacre of Armenians. Prior to September 1918, more than 100,000 Armenians lived in Baku; on September 15,1918 only 1/4 of the Armenian population managed to be evacuated. Rest of the Armenian population of Baku was handed over to the Turkish forces. Turkish and Tatar forces organized pogroms. These pogroms and persecutions of Armenian population in Baku by Turkish-Tatar troops continued until November 1918. Some of these Armenians were refugees who fled from the Armenian Genocide in Western Armenia of 1915 that was perpetrated by Ottoman Turks. The number of these Armenian refugees was 31,293 people. Most of these Armenian refugees were massacred by Turkish-Tatar troops in Baku during pogroms of 1918.

A representative of Austria-Hungary, Baron Frankenstein, writes in his report "...After the capture, Baku left a completely dead impression, the streets were empty, the shops were closed, the port was devastated, the large Armenian quarter that I visited was completely robbed and completely empty. I have received numerous proofs of brutal atrocities-the massacre of Armenian doctors, patients and children in hospitals ". It is estimated that more than 30,000 Armenians were killed during the massacres/pogroms of 1918 in Baku that was organized by local Tatars and Ottoman Turks. Important information about the Armenian pogroms in Baku is also reported by the chief of staff of the "East" group of the Turkish army, Lieutenant Colonel Paraken from Germany on 26.09.1918. Report on Lieutenant-General von Seeckt: "There were almost no people on the streets. Shops and houses were looted without exception. There were two dead children lying on the road, right next to us. At that time, there was already a general belief that there was no order in the city and that the Christian population had been looted, raped and killed. The atrocities mostly took place inside homes. Therefore, there were relatively few corpses. They were mostly in the corners, so you often only knew about the smell. In one place, I saw seven corpses stacked on top of each other, including several children.

In 1920-1921, Transcaucasia was completely Sovietized and ethnic clashes stopped. However, with the collapse of Soviet Union, the anti-Armenian policies were brought back in Baku. On January 13-19 1990, the Nationalist and Fascist movement of People's Front of Azerbaijan organized and sponsored the pogroms of Armenians in Baku. The wave of anti-Armenian hysteria started in late December 1988 and early January 1989. On January 13, 1990, after a hate rally by Azeri people against Armenians in Baku, a crowd of Azeries broke into the apartments where Armenians were residing and began throwing people out of windows, killing them with iron bars and knives, raping women, and burning many alive. The pogroms were facilitated by Azerbaijani law enforcement and other governmental agencies. Later, the Azerbaijani government falsified the medical records of killed Armenians by saying that they died from natural causes.

The pogroms continued for six days. On January 19,1990 Soviet leader Mr. Gorbachev signed a decree on the introduction of a state of emergency in Baku to prevent further violence against Armenian population. On January 17, 1990, the European Parliament adopted a resolution calling on the Committee of Foreign Ministers and the Council of Europe to protect the Armenians from the illegal actions of the Soviet government. The American and European television news bulletins provided numerous reports about the inhumane violence against Armenians in Baku. On January 18, 1990, a group of US senators sent a joint letter to Mikhail Gorbachev, expressing concern about the pogroms of Armenians in Baku. After the pogroms of January 13-19, 1990, Azerbaijan deported over 250,000 Armenians from Baku. Thousands of Armenians were killed and went missing during deportations. Azerbaijani government continues denying the pogroms. At the present time, Armenian Baku remains under occupation by Azeri extremist and nationalist forces who continue threatening any Armenian who considers to go back to their ancestorial city and reclaim the property which was forcefully taken from them.

References:

The Armenian Diaspora. encyclopedia, E., 2003, p. 19 List of localities of the Russian Empire in the Caucasus Region. Baku province, Tiflis, 1870, p. 85, 87. Caucasian calendar for 1852, p. 305, 307 B. Ishkhanyan, Statistical study of the peoples of Transcaucasia, Baku, 1919, p. 183 B. Ishkhanyan, The great horrors of Baku, Tbilisi, 1920 Proceedings of the Caucasus p. 80. E. Topchian, Light Illustrated Calendar Magazine 1904, Tbilisi (Georgia), 1903, p. 195. Yearbook of Baku and its region -1912, Baku, 1912, p. 140. Charter of the oil industry and trade partnership "Brothers Mirzoyev and K0", Tiflis, 1901. Khachatur Dadayan, Armenians and Baku (to the 1850s of 1920) p. 11 Caucasian calendar for 1884, Tiflis, 1883, p. 199. D. Anonymous, Social Development of Russian Armenians (1870-1900), KT. B, Etchmiadzin, 1922, p. 59 Yearbook of Baku ... pp. 215-245. Khachatur Dadayan, Armenians and Baku (to the 1850s of 1920) p. 55 Caucasian calendar for 1882, Tbilisi, 1881, p. 51 The massacre of Armenians in Baku and Elizabethpol provinces 1918-1920. Collection of documents and materials, D., 2003, pp. 260-263

April 2021
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Concern regarding Draft:Armenian Baku
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Your draft article, Draft:Armenian Baku


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Your draft article, Draft:Armenian Baku


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Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. Liz Read! Talk! 21:52, 25 September 2021 (UTC)

Your draft article, Draft:History of oil industry in South Caucasus


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