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PAE 1909
1 HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL EDUCATORS - THE PHI ALPHA EPSILON FRATERNITY (1909) BY: DR. JUANITO PIO L. LLEDO PAE BATCH 1976, ARANETA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION, GRAND EPSILON 1977-79 FOUNDER, PHI ALPHA EPSILON, PALAWAN CHAPTER

THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL EDUCATORS (AGRICULTURIST), ALSO KNOWN AS PHI ALPHA EPSILON (PAE) FRATERNITY, Whose original FOUNDATION, TRACED BACK FROM OLD AND NEW RECORDS AS REFERENCES DRAWS BACK BOTH THE WELL KNOWN AS WELL AS PREVIOUSLY UNKNOWN HISTORICAL EVENTS AND INTERESTING STORIES ABOUT PAE AND THE PEOPLE BEHIND THEM SINCE TIME IMMEMORIAL BELIEVED TO HAVE ROOTED ITS ESTABLISHMENT BACK FROM THE HISTORY  WHEN THE BUREAU OF EDUCATION CONCEIVED THE SCHOOL, UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES. UP’s FIRST BORN: COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE ESTABLISHED ON 1909. AS WE TURN THE PAGES OF OUR LIVES, WE GET GLIMPSES AND SNIPPETS OF THE CHALLENGES THAT FACED OUR PIONEERS; PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL EDUCATORS -LADY AGRICULTURAL EDUCATORS AND HOW THE BLAZED TRIALS, PREPARED AND CULTIVATED THE GROUNDS UPON WHICH PAE -LAE NOW EXIST WITH STRONG FOUNDATION WHICH WE CONTINUE TO BUILD.WE SEE MORE VIVIDLY THE MANY FACES OF OUR RICH, COLORFUL AND EXCITING HISTORY. IT HELPS US APPRECIATE WHAT IT HAS TAKEN TO RAISE THE PAE DOMINANCE FROM ITS LOWLY BIRTH AND NURTURE IT TO MATURITY AND GRANDEUR TO ITS 106TH YEARS OF EXISTENCE TO DATE.WHAT WE NEED TO DO NOW IS UNITE into 1PAE 1909. THE FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR (1889-1902) WAS MORE VIOLENT AND LASTED LONGER THAN THE FILIPINO REVOLUTION AGAISNT SPAIN (1896-1898), WITH MORE LOSSES OF HUMAN LIFE AND DESTRUCTION OF AGRICULTURE. THE NUMBER OF CASUALTIES PROBABLY EXCEEDED 400,000. A COMPARISON OF CENSUS DATA IN 1887 AND IN 1903 SHOWED LARGE DECREASES OF POPULATIONS IN THE PROVINCES OF BATANGAS,CAVITE ,LAGUNA ,RIZAL,BATAAN,BULACAN ,ZAMBALES,NUEVA ECIJA,PAMPANGA, AND ILOILO. GREATLY DECIMATED WERE THE MALE POPULATIONS, MOST OF WHOME WERE FARMERS. AFTER THE WAR, THE CULTIVATED AREAS, PARTICULARLY RICE FIELDS DECREASED BY ABOUT 303,500 HECTARES. THE ABRUPT DECLINE WAS ATTRIBUTED TO DEATHS OF FARMER-SOLDIERS AND OF 75 TO 90 PERCENT CARABAOS IN THE DIFFERENT PROVINCES. RICE STORAGE WAS VERY SERIOUS. AND THERE WAS FAMINE IN 1901. IMPORTATION OF CARABAOS FROM CHINA WAS ARRANGED BUT THE PRICE OF 200 PESOS OR MORE FOR EACH CARABAO WAS BEYOND THE CAPACITY OF THE POOR FARMERS. TO COMPLICATE MATTERS, THE GREATLY REDUCED RICE CROPS WERE THREATENED BY SWARMS OF LOCUST THAT RAVAGED THE VISAYAS PROVINCES IN 1901 AND SWEPT THE LUZON PROVINCES THE FOLLOWING YEAR. IN 1903, THE LOCUST PLAGUE DEVASTATED CROPS IN 23 TO 30 PROVINCES. UNITED STATES WAR SECREATARY HAD TO RECOMMEND TO THE U.S CONGRESS THAT 5, OOO, OOO USD IN EMERGENCY RELIEF FUND BE APPROPRIATED TO EASE THE DISTRESS IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. THE CONGRESS VOTED FOR APPROVAL OF THE RELIEF FUND. AS IT TURNED OUT, THE COST OF RICE IMPORTATION WAS 8,250,000 USD, REPRESENTING 26.4 PERCENT OF ALL IMPORTS IN 1903. THE BAD SITUATION TURNED TO WORST BECAUSE MALNUTRITION LOWERED THE PEOPLES RESISTANCE TO DISEASES. A CHOLERA EPIDEMIC BROKE OUT IN 1902 AND CONTINUED IN 1903, WHICH CAUSED AN ESTIMATED LOSS OF OVER 100,000 LIVES. SUCH WAS THE SITUATION WHEN THE AMERICAN GOVERNMENT TOOK POSSESSION OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AS ITS COLONY. AS EARLY AS 1901, THE AMERICAN COLONIAL GOVERNMENT FELT THE NEED TO EDUCATE FILIPINO FARMERS IN BETTER FARMING METHODS AS THERE IS FAMINE IN THE PHILIPPINES. ACT 74 OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION PROVIDED FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF A SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE IN THE ISLAND OF NEGROS .BUT NOTHING HAPPENED UNTIL 1907, WHEN THE SECRETARY OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION REPORTED,PLANS HAVE NOW BEEN ADOPTED FOR THE ESTABLISMENT OF A LARGE INSULAR AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL IN THE VICINITY OF MANILA. DR.DAVID P.BARROWS, DIRECTOR OF THE BUREAU OF EDUCATION, COMMISSIONED DR.EDWIN BIINGHAM COPELAND, INSTRUCTOR OF BOTANY IN THE PHILIPPINE NORMAL SCHOOL, TO LOOK FOR AN APPROPRIATE SITE FOR A SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE. SEVERAL PROSPECTIVE SITES IN THE PROVINCES OF RIZAL, NUEVA ECIJA, CAVITE, NEGROS OCCIDENTAL AS WELL AS THE TOWNS OF MAJAYJAY, NAGCARLAN AND LOS BANOS IN LAGUNA, WERE CONSIDERED. COPELAND THEN RECOMMENDED LOS BANOS BECAUSE OF ITS RELATIVE ACCESSIBILITY TO ATTRACT MORE STUDENTS AND ITS SUITABILITY FOR AN INSULAR AGRICULTURAL EXPIREMENT STATION .HE SURMISSED THAT THE PROPOSED SCHOOL AND EXPERIMENT STATION WOULD NEED ABOUT 100 HECTARES OF FLAT,TILLABLE LAND,ASIDE FROM THE UPLAND AND FORESTED AREA. IN 1908, THE BUREAU OF EDUCATION APPOINTED COPELAND AS SUPERINTENDENT OF THE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE IN LOS BANOS WITH THE REPONSIBILITY OF DEVELOPING THE SCHOOL. UPON HIS APPOINTMENT, COPELAN SOUGHT THE ASSISTANCE OF LAGUNA GOVERNOR JUAN CAILLES AND BEGAN IN EARNEST TO NEGOTIATE FOR THE PURCHASE OF LAND AT THE FOOT OF MOUNT MAKILING FROM SEVERAL FARMERS AND “KAINGEROS” AND OTHER CLAIMERS OF LAND OWNERSHIP.BY YEAREND, HE SUCCESSFULLY NEGOTIATED FOR THE PURCHASE OF72.63 HECTARES. . MILESTONE ON JUNE 18,1908 WHEN THE PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY BILL OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION ACT NO.1870 WAS SIGNED BY THE GOVERNOR GENERAL CREATING THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES (NO PRESIDENT TILL 1911)., MARCH 6, 1909, THE BOARD OF REGENTS PRESIDED BY SECRETARY GILBERT, UNANIMOUSLY DECIDED THE IMMEDIATE ESTABLISMENT OF SCHOOL OF FINE ARTS AND THE U.P COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE. (UPCA), NOW, THE PRIMIER UNIVERSITY OF THE COUNTRY. 1909: DR.EDWIN BINGHAM COPELAND IS APPOINTED FIRST DEAN OF THE U.P COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND SUPERINTEDENT OF THE CENTRAL EXPIREMENT STATION. ON JUNE 11, 1909-THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE IS THE FIRST IN UP TO HOLD CLASSES, WITH 12 STUDENTS THE CLASSES WERE HELD IN THE HOUSE OF MR.EDGAR M. LEDYARD (AB), INSTRUCTOR IN ZOOLOGY AND SECRETARY OF THE FACULTY. FROM THIS YEAR 1909 (September 23,) MARKED THE BEGINNING OF THE PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL EDUCATORS, ORGANIZED AND FOUNDED BY TWO (2) AMERICAN EDUCATORS BY THE NAME OF DR.EDWIN BINGHAM COPELAND (THE FOUNDER) PhD (BOTANY), THE FIRST DEAN COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND SUPERINTENDENT 0F AGRICULTURAL EXPIREMENT STATION, SIRED THE FIRSTBORN CHILD OF UP: UPCA, AND EDGAR MADISON LEDYARD (AB)PROFESSOR IN ZOOLOGY AND THE GROUP OF THE KNOWN FIRST BATCH OF TWELVE (12) FILIPINO STUDENTS KNOWN AS THE “TEACHER PENSIONADOS” OF THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE RECRUITED BY DR. COPELAND WITH THE SUPPORT OF THE BUREAU AND THE PHILIPPINE NORMAL SCHOOL, TO ENROL IN THE U.P COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, AS FOLLOWS: (Founders of PAE) 1. SILVESTRE ASUNCION-BATANGAS 2. AMADO LAPARAN-BATANGAS 3. BALDOMERO VELASQUEZ-RIZAL 4. ANTONIO LEJANO-BATANGAS 5. FLORENDO BAGUI-BATANGA 6. FELIPE O.CEVALLOS-ALBAY 7. ANDRES F.NABARRO-ALBAY 8. VICENTE F.ALVAREZ-TAYABAS 9. ELADIO SABLAN-LAGUNA 10. VALENTE E. VILLEGAS-LAGUNA 11. JOSE F.ZAMORA –MANILA 12. CLODOALDO TEMPONGCO-MANILA TWO (2) AMERICAN EDUCATORS 13. EDWIN BINGHAM COPELAND (THE FOUNDER) 14. EDGAR MADISON LEDYARD THE FIRST CLASSES AND LECTURES IN AGRICULTURE THAT BEGAN ON JUNE 11, 1909 AT THE FIRST OFFICE AND CLASSROOM THAT WAS THE HOUSE OF EDGAR M. LEDYARD IN DOWN TOWN LOS BANOS. LAGUNA. ON THIS DATE, THE U.P COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE WAS FORMALLY OPENED. ALL PRIMARY ORGANIZATION WAS UNDER THE BUREAU OF EDUCATION. PRACTICALLY ALL OF THE FIRST FACULTY AS WELL AS MOST OF THE STUDENTS, WERE RECRUITED FROM THE TEACHING FORCE OF BUREAU OF EDUCATION. TEACHER PENSIONADOS (FOUNDERS)-THOSE WHO HAD TAUGHT FOR TWO (2) YEARS IN PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS BEFORE APPOINTMENT TO THE GOVERNMENT PENSION PROGRAM TO STUDY IN PHILIPPINE NORMAL SCHOOL.(MOST OF THEM WERE NOT HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATES). FOR FOUR MONTHS CLASSES WERE HELD UNDER THE TENTS LENT BT THE BUREAU OF EDUCATION TO DR.COPEL AND WERE RAISED BY STUDENTS (TEACHER PENSIONADOS) AND SOME FACULTY MEMBERS IN THE NORTH WESTERN PART OF CAMP ELDRIDGE (NOW THE BPI LOS BANOS BOTANICAL GARDEN. THERE WERE NO BLACK BOARDS, TABLES, DESK, NOR A PIECE OF APPARATUS AND NOT EVEN A BOOK. THE STUDENTS HAD TO BRING THEIR STOOLS TO SCHOOL.THEIR DESK WERE THEIR THIGHS. THERE WERE TIMES THE TENTS WERE BLOWN DOWN BY STORMS AND THE STUDENTS HAD TO RAISE THEM ANEW. IN THE MORNING CLASSES WERE HELD IN THE TENTS, IN THE AFTERNOON, STUDENTS AND THE INSTRUCTORS HAD TO HIKE TO THE COLLEGE FARM FOUR KILOMETERS AWAY. IT WAS A FORTY MINUTES WALK FROM TOWN ALONG OBSCURE FOOT TRAILS TO THE ABANDONED FARM AND SECOND GROWTH FOREST AT THE FOOT OF MOUNTH MAKILING.THE STUDENTS HAD TO CLEAR THE AREA OF SHRUBS, TREES, COGON AND TALAHIB. THEY ALSO HAD TO DIG OUT BIG STUMPS AND MOVE STONES,THUS LITERALLY CARVING THE COLLEGE OUT OF THE WILDERNESS. THE COLLEGE SITE WAS LITERALLY A DESERTED WILDERNESS.THE CRIES OF THE KALAWS (FOREST BIRDS)IN THE THICK FOREST OF MOUNT MAKILING AT FIVE OCLOCK IN THE AFTERNOON SIGNALED THE GROUPS RETURN TO TOWN AFTER A HARD DAYS WORK. ON WEEKENDS, STUDENTS HAD TO CLEAR A DESIGNATED AREA FOR A STUDENT BARRIO ACCROSS MOLAWIN CREEK AND THEN BUILD A STUDENT BAMBOO AND NIPA SHACKS AND CULTIVATE VEGETABLE GARDENS. AFTER FOUR MONTHS OF HIKING FROM TOWN AND COLLEGE FARM AND BACK, A TEMPORARY BUILDING WAS COMPLETED ON OCTOBER 3, 1909. IT PROVIDED SPACE FOR TWO RECITATION ROOMS, TWO LABORATORY ROOMS SOME OFFICE PLUS SPACE FOR LIBRUARY, POST OFFICE AND STORE ROOM. JOSE ZAMORA RECALLED,”WE BROKE THE CAMP AND PROCEEDED TO TRANSFER THE WHOLE COLLEGE FROM CAMP ELDRIDGE TO A NEW LOCATION WITH THE HELP OF THE CARABAO-DRAWN CART, WHICH PROVED UNABLE TO NEGOTIATE THE IMPASSABLE NARROW AND MUDDY MOUNTAIN TRAILS WITHOUT HUMAN HELP. THE NEW LOCATION WAS A WILD COUNTRY INFESTED WITH SWARMS OF MOSQUITO AND THERE WAS A TIME WHEN ALL MEMBERS OF THE GROUP WERE STRICKEN WITH MALARIA.” IN 1909, VERY FEW COLLEGE STUDENTS WERE HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATES, BUT MANY GRADUATES OF INTERMEDIATE SCHOOLS WERE ALREADY BIG AND STRONG ENOUGH TO DO FIELD WORK IN AGRICULTURE. THE ARGUMENT FOR THIS: MANY BELONGED TO POOR FAMILIES, THEY SHOULD BE GIVEN OPPORTUNITIES TO COMPETE FOR SUPPORT AS “PENSIONADOS” OR BE ASSURED OF SUPPORT FOR WORKING STUDENTS. THAT WOULD IMPART IDEAS, KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS SUCH AN INVESTMENT WOULD PAY OFF IF THE WOULD STUDY, THEN RETURN TO THEIR RESPECTIVE COMMUNITIES AS APOSTLES OF BETTER FARMING METHODS. THAT THEY WOULD IMPART IDEAS, KNOWLEDGE ,SKILLS OR EXPERTISE TO THE COMMUNITY THROUGH SLOGAN /MOTTO: BETTER LIVING THROUGH BETTER FARMING, TO UPLIFT COMMUNITY LEAVING THROUGH INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY IN CROPS AND LIVESTOCK,CONTOL PEST AND DISEASES AND EVENTUALY COMBAT MALNUTRITRION IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS BROUGHT ABOUT BY THE AFTERMAT OF THE FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR. The Lady Agricultural Educators (LAE) now better known as Lambda Alpha Epsilon, believed to have started and evolved in 1923 when Ms. Arsenia Goco dared to enroll in college of agriculture with more than 400 male students and she wrote the article “Women as managers of Philippine Farms”. In 1924 Ms. Mamerta Manahan enrolled as a graduate student assistant in Chemistry, she is popular and as the Business manager of Aggie Green and Gold and was elected president of student body in 1925 (Ripley’s believe it or not: Election of a female student body president in a predominantly male college). It was on June 1925 when Victoria B. Mendiola was admitted as freshman thus began her test of survival in a school of men besides being very determined; she was a very independent person. During the greater part of her student life, she was self-supporting as a student assistant. Five years after admission to college, she was awarded the BSA degree, thus she holds the distinct honor of being the first woman to graduate from the college of agriculture where, historically, only about 38 percent of students in the BSA course graduate. Upon graduation, she was appointed Graduate assistant in the department of plant pathology. Two years after, On March 2, 1932, three additional women graduated with BSA degree: Leonisa J. Villegas, Purification M. Caguila and Elena M. Caguila. It appeared that women’s fight for freedom and equality in the world was beginning to gain momentum in Los Banos. On 1929, year of the creation of the Department of Agricultural Education that highlighted a new dimension in the role and responsibilities of the College of Agriculture. Vocational Act No.3377 had a provision requiring the College to train teachers for lower agricultural schools. Funds appropriated under the Act No.3377 enabled the college to construct an agricultural education building. The college initially designed a one year course over and above the Bachelor of Science in Agriculture for a Certificate in Agricultural Education. The course was designed to turn out first class graduate to be teachers in farm schools or vocational agricultural Schools. As a related policy, the BAgric program was abolished and only high school graduates could now qualify for admission in the college. As a teacher training department, the Department of Agricultural Education organized the rural high school whose classes opened June 1, 1929, On June 10, 1929 about 190 enrolled in the first and second years of the Rural High school that Mr. Merle A. Foster served as the first head of the Department of Agricultural Education. When his term ended in 1931, Dr. Francisco Sacay took over the headship. The first graduates in 1932 were: Hilario J. Santos (Valedictorian), Prudencio O. Pacumbaba (Salutatorian), Mariano S.Aban (d), and N.Victoriano G. Rivera. Since its establishment, the Department of Agricultural Education had graduated over 500 undergraduate and over 200 graduate students; most of whom became teachers and administrators of agricultural schools and colleges of the country. ON DECEMBER 8, 1941: WORLD WAR 11 REACHEd THE PHILIPPINES.ON CHRISTMAS DAY, 3 JAPANESE BOMBERS ATTACK THE CAMPUS AROUND MEALTIME; ONE BOMB HIT THE MOLAWIN HALL AND COMPLETELY DESTROYED IT. ON AUGUST 25, 1941, THE JAPANESE ADMINISTRATION AUTHORIZED THE CONTINUATION OF EDUCATION AND RESEARCH IN THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY INTERMENT CAMP FOR OVER 2,000 ALLIED NATIONALS IS ESTABLISHED IN THE CAMPUS OF THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE. ON JULY, 1943,  ALL MALE MEMBERS OF THE FACULTY, EMPLOYEES AND STUDENTS WERE ROUNDED UP AND “CONCENTRATED IN THE CHEMISTRY HALL .THEY STARVE FOR 4 DAYS. ON FEBRUARY 23, 1945, FILIPINO AND AMERICAN GUERILLAS LIBERATED THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AT LOS BANOS FROM THE JAPANESE IMPERIAL ARMY. 1948: REHABILITATION OF UPCA WITH THE RELEASE OF PHILIPPINE US WAR DAMAGE FUNDS. 1956: THE TOTAL ENROLMENT IN THE U.P COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE REACHES 3,453. FROM A HYPOCHONDRIACT CIVILIZATION OF PAE TO DATE: IT WAS TAUGHT THAT PAE 1909 -FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE (UPCA), to some accounts, WAS BROUGHT TO THE CENTRAL LUZON when War broke up and classes stopped at UPCA and later established in Central Luzon STATE UNIVERSITY (CLSU) MUNOZ, NUEVA ECIJA ON 1953, BY THE ZARAGOSA BROTHERS AND STARTED ITS (PAE) PLORIFERATION EXCLUSIVELY IN SEVERAL AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLS IN THE COUNTRY, with PAE LOCAL CHAPTERS, SUCH AS: 1. ARANETA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION (AUF) - (NOW DE LASALLE ARANETA UNIVERSITY). 2. TARLAC COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE (TCA)-CAMILING, TARLAC. 3. MOUNTAIN STATE COLLEGE-BENGUET, BAGUIO. 4. ISABELA STATE COLLEGE. 5. CENTRAL LUZON EDUCATION CENTER. 6. AKLAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. BUT NOT UNTIL THE EARLY YEAR OF 1979, THAT PAE WAS ESTABLISHED IN OTHER SCHOOLS IN THE COUNTRY WHICH WERE NOT AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLS Recently, the proliferation and existence of PAE-LAE chapters and members is not limited to the 10 public Agricultural Colleges in the Philippines. In addition to  private Agricultural colleges (as of 1962, ACAP stat. of Agri-Schools), the  memberships existence is everywhere, in the academe, sectors in the society and profession ; religion, belief and faith, brave Men and Women who joined this mighty noble organization with humble beginning, Bonded in unity, solidarity and with pride, aspiring for themselves as “ THE EDUCATORS or THE GRAND EPSILON”. REFERENCES CENTENNIAL PANORAMA Pictorial History of UPLB by Fernando A. Bernardo, PhD UPLB: A Century of Challenges and Achievements by Fernando A. Bernardo, PhD SYMBOLS/MARKINGS OF PAE: CARABAO, HARROW, SUN, ROSE, TORCH, BIBLE, BLUE AND GOLD COLOR, K (MALAYAN), GOLDEN LEAVES, RICE FIELD (PADDY), MOUNTAIN, EAGLE, BIOSYSTEM, ECOSYSTEM (ENVIRONMENT), tree, Pencil. MOTTO: “BETTER LIVING THROUGH BETTER FARMING, Never Say No, Yes I Understand.” Password: (Confidential)... Constitution and By-Laws: (Provided).Soil, Stallion. COLOR: Sky Blue and Gold FLOWER: Rose (Secrecy) PLEDGE RIBBON: Combination of Sky Blue and Gold KEYS: Copy righted Coat of Arms: Copy righted Seal: Copy righted Pen Names: Agriculturist, Carabao, Kid(s), Gentleman, knights of the Brown soil, Stallion, KAPATID, KUYANG, ATENG Pledgee: Seed (s), Maverick -Unbranded (no ritual) PAE-LAE OFFSPRING(S)-PAE GOLD PAE-LAE SURVIVED-GOLDEN HARVEST SLOGAN: “Wither your Brother /Sister is right or wrong he/she still your brother/sister”. HQ Coordinates: (186 S) 9 44’2”N 118 44’ 38”E 30 m Elevation “FRIENDSHIP TRANSCENDS BROTHERHOOD AMONG NATIONS”
 * 1950: CONTINOUS RISE IN ENROLLMENT AT THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE BEGINS.

BaktinSurf (talk) 05:28, 27 October 2015 (UTC)