User talk:Bilal1022

Politic in pakistan
«««START»»»                                Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman 1969 - 1977, 1969 – 1971 PERSONALITIES, FRONT PAGE, PERSONALITIES Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman was born on March 22, 1922, at Faridpur, now in Bangladesh. He was an active member of the Muslim League in pre-Independence India. After Independence, Mujib-ur-Rahman remained active in politics. As a law student in March 1948, he was arrested for leading a black-flag demonstration against Jinnah on the issue of making Urdu as the State language. Along with H. S. Suhrawardy, he organized the Awami League in 1949. The same year he was elected as a member of the Provincial Assembly and later as a member of the National Parliament. Twice he became a Minister in the East Pakistan Government. He also led a parliamentary delegation to the Peoples Republic of China. He was arrested on October 12, 1958, and imprisoned for a year and a half, and later again in 1962 on the eve of the proclamation of the Constitution, and imprisoned for six months.

After the death of Suhrawardy, Mujib-ur-Rahman revived the Awami League as a political party in January 1965. This time to contest the presidential elections as a component of the Combined Opposition Party, which nominated Miss Fatima Jinnah as the opposition candidate for the presidential post against the candidature of Ayub Khan.

During the 1965 War he condemned the Indian aggression; he and his party gave full support to the Government’s war efforts. It was in 1966, at an all-party national meeting convention in Lahore, that he presented his Six-Points Program as the constitutional solution of East Pakistan’s problems in relation to West Pakistan. He was arrested a number of times in 1966 and was kept under detention for 21 months. He was tried in the Agartala Conspiracy case on June 18, 1968.

After the end of Martial Law by Yahya Khan, elections were held on December 7, 1970, to transfer power to elected representatives. Two major regional parties emerged on the scene, the Awami League and the Pakistan Peoples Party. Awami League contested the elections on the Six-Points Program. This Program meant that both the Wings of Pakistan would be united in a loose federation. As time went by, the speeches of the Awami League leaders became more and more anti-West Pakistan.

Awami League returned with a clear majority in East Pakistan, winning 160 out of the total of 300 seats in the National Assembly. In East Bengal, the Awami League won all but two seats, taking 160 out of the 162 seats contested. In West Pakistan, Pakistan’s Peoples Party secured the majority of seats. Differences arose between the Government and the Awami League on transfer of power on the basis of the Six-Points Program. Both Bhutto and Mujib disagreed on this Program concerning taxation and foreign trade. There was a political deadlock that led to the postponement of the first session of the National Assembly. A military operation was launched and Mujib-ur-Rahman announced a parallel government on March 7, 1971. With the help of Indian intervention, a new country named Bangladesh was born out of Indo-Pak war on December 17, 1971.

The newborn country’s initial Government was formed in January 1972, under the leadership of Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman, who became the Prime Minister. In early 1975, Mujib-ur-Rahman became the President under a remodeled Constitution that virtually granted him dictatorial powers. He was, however, unable to stabilize the political situation, and was assassinated in a military coup on August 15, 1975, at his residence. Khandaker Mushtaq Ahmad was made the new President of Bangladesh. Bilal1022 (talk) 10:22, 26 May 2018 (UTC)

Politic in pakistan
Muhammad Ayub Khan 1958 - 1969, 1958 - 1969 PERSONALITIES, FRONT PAGE, PERSONALITIES Muhammad Ayub Khan was born on May 14, 1907, in the village of Rehana near Haripur, in Hazara District. He was the first child of the second wife of Mir Dad Khan, who was a Risaldar Major in Hodson’s Horse. According to Ayub, his father had the greatest influence on his character, outlook, and attitude towards life. For his basic education, he was enrolled in a school in Sarai Saleh, which was about 4 miles from his village. He used to go to school on a mule’s back. Later he was shifted to a school in Haripur, where he started living with his grandmother. As a child he was interested in playing kabaddi, gulli danda, marbles and hockey. After passing his Matriculation Examination in 1922, Ayub was sent to Aligarh University where he spent four years. However, before appearing in his B. A. exams, he was selected for the Royal Military College at Sandhurst. He sailed for England in 1926.

Ayub’s performance in Sandhurst was exemplary and he won several scholarships. After the completion of training, he got commissioned in the Indian Army in 1928. He fought at different fronts during World War II, first as a Major and then Colonel. During the communal riots of 1947, he was assigned to assist General Pete Rees in the Punjab Boundary Force. At the time of Independence, Ayub Khan opted to join the Pakistan Army, where as a Brigadier, he was the senior-most Muslim officer. In 1951, he was raised to the status of a four-star General and was appointed as the first local Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army.

The first time military was directly involved in politics of the country was when Ayub Khan, a serving Commander-in-Chief, was inducted into Muhammad Ali Bogra’s Federal Cabinet in 1954, and was given the portfolio of Defense. As Commander-in-Chief and Defense Minister, Ayub Khan played a key role in negotiations concerning Pakistan’s entry into United States’ sponsored military alliances, C. E. N. T. O. and S. E. A. T. O. On October 7, 1958, Iskander Mirza enforced the first Martial Law in Pakistan with the help of Ayub Khan. Ayub Khan was designated as the Chief Martial Law Administrator. However, the two leaders couldn’t work together for long. Ayub Khan snatched away Mirzas’ powers and assumed charge as the President of Pakistan, in addition to his role as Chief Martial Law Administrator. Later on he gave himself the rank of Field Marshal.

Most people in Pakistan welcomed Ayub Khan’s takeover because they were sick and tired of the political instability that had racked the country since its birth in 1947. Immediately after assuming his new responsibilities, Ayub tried to wipeout corruption and get rid of several social problems the country was facing. All these steps enhanced Ayub’s popularity among the masses. However, he was conscious of the fact that he could not rule under military cover for long and thus appointed a Constitutional Commission headed by Justice Shahab-ud-din. On Ayub’s instructions, the report presented by the Commission on May 6, 1961, was examined by many committees, modified, and was finally given the shape of a Constitution.

On June 8, 1962, Martial Law was lifted from Pakistan and the new Constitution was introduced. According to this new Constitution, Presidential form of government and the principle of Basic Democracy were introduced. The imposition of the Constitution made no change in the powers of Ayub Khan and he remained President even under the new setup. Presidential elections were held in 1965. The Combined Opposition Party nominated Fatima Jinnah as their candidate in the election but Ayub Khan managed to sweep the polls. His critics consider rigging as the chief cause of his victory as they believe that Fatima Jinnah secured fewer votes than her popularity, which was quite visible during her public meetings before the election. However, another factor considered for her defeat was that the franchise was limited in the election. Masses only had a chance to turn up in the public meetings but had no right to vote.

Ayub Khan’s era is known for the industrialization in the country. He created an environment where the private sector was encouraged to establish medium and small-scale industries in Pakistan. This opened up avenues for new job opportunities and thus the economic graph of the country started rising. He also tried to raise the education standards of the country by introducing educational reforms. He was the first Pakistani ruler who attempted to bring in land reforms but the idea was not implemented properly. Labor, law and administrative reforms were also introduced during his regime. Ayub Khan also initiated Family Laws in the country. He planned a new city and moved the capital from Karachi to Islamabad in 1962.

Every thing was moving in the right direction for Ayub Khan till the start of the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965. The performance of the Pakistani army was good but the war caused a rapid decline of the country’s economy. He is also criticized his role at the Tashkent Declaration. Many believe that he negated the victory on the battlefield with a defeat at the negotiating table. His right-hand man, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, also turned against him and launched his own party, the Pakistan Peoples Party, with the aim to remove Ayub from power. The Awami League under Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman started propagating his rule as pro West Pakistan and claimed that his policies had snatched away the Bengali’s rights. The rest of the political parties formed an alliance, the Democratic Action Committee, with a one-point agenda, i.e. the removal of Ayub Khan’s government.

In addition, Ayub’s policies of concentrating political power in his own hands, his control over the press and media, imposing state of emergency in the country, and his interference in religion were also responsible for his downfall. Adding insult to injury, Ayub Khan decided to celebrate a decade of his rule in 1968 and made exaggerated claims about the development in the country.

By the end of 1968, the public resentment against the Ayub’s regime touched a boiling point and an anti-Ayub movement was launched by the urban-middle class; including students, teachers, lawyers, doctors, and engineers. The Joint Labor Council called for a labor strike. Demonstrations and agitation swept the whole country. Law and order broke down and Ayub was left with no other option but to step down.

On March 25, 1969, he resigned and handed over the power to the Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Army, General Muhammad Yahya Khan. Bilal1022 (talk) 10:30, 26 May 2018 (UTC)