User talk:Binnayas52

T’ang + Sung China

Prelude to the Modern and Eurasian Interconnection

•	World Check-in 	Population: 2000 BCE 30 million; 1000 BCE, 50 million; 500 BCE, 100 million; 100 CE, 200 million; 1000 CE, 265 million 	After 100 CE population slows 	9 of 10 people work as farmers, and most others directly connected to farming 	Average lifespan is very short, only 25% survive to more than 40 years 	Trade is slowly expanding and producing new sources of wealth 	Government is generally small and family based 	Peasants tied to land through slavery or serfdom

•	Sui Dynasty -580 Sui Wendi Unifies China ( not since Han 300+ years before!) How? 1. Uses brute force, (military conquest +w/ advisors) 2. Breaks away from old institutions. Forms a centralized govt. w/ ministries: Military, Justice, Public Works, Relg. Rites, Personnel + Revenues. Innovative rationalization of tasks. (Bureaucracy VS. Nobles) 3. Land redistribution create solid tax base. (VS. Nobles) 4. Great Public Works: 5 million conscripted to build Grand Canal (1200 mile south-north canal), unifies country. Completed 611 CE. Also builds road and more Great Wall. 5. Institutes Buddhism as State Relg. -Eventually pace of reform too great. Perhaps half people conscripted in projects die. Persecution of court and heavy taxes 617 CE overthrow

•	T’ang China “Golden Age of China” -Continue Sui Policy but slow the pace - Open, diverse, affluent society. -Splendid art, culture, beg. interest in archaeology (Han) -T’ang China is Magnet for all Eurasia. - Commercial expansion settle in Indonesia and Phillipines  pepper trade - 626-683CE greatest territorial expansion in Chinese history. (Allied w/ Turks) -Further open Silk Road. -Population increase. Capital Chang’an has 1 million people from all over Eurasia. Rome, the largest European city has only 50 thousand! -Technological innovation: Gunpowder, paper + paper money, compass, blast furnace

•	Sung China, Early Growth 	Fall of T’ang brought disunity from ~880s-951 	960 military coup under General Chao K’uang-yin starts massive military conquests and founds Sung Dynasty 	Expansion checked by surrounding empires, but great internal development. Constant problem posed by Northern Nomadic tribes. 	 Second Emperor T’ai-tsung increases bureaucracy and centralizes government- 3 main departments: Economy and Finance, Army, and Secretariat

•	Sung Economy 	Strong agricultural technology: equipment and produce 	Massive internal trade: 30,000 miles of canal (120,000 tons of grain transported yearly to north). 	1st time in human history taxes collected in cash not kind 	Development of 1st market economy! 	Increased diversity of products and jobs 	Very complex economic relationships: partnerships, investments, intermediaries, charters, separation of investment and management, contracts standardized and printed 	Extensive credit economy and use of paper money since 1024 	Taxes primarily raised through tariffs, 10-15% of revenue taken by state. Public welfare institutions: orphanages, hospices, cemeteries granaries. (compare to 5% in 19th century Europe weak state+ few services)

Marco Polo comments on Yangtze Trade: “In the amount of shipping it carries and the total volume and value of traffic, it exceeds all the rivers of the Christians put together and their seas into the bargain.”

•	Sung China Technology and Industry 	Massive centralization of labor 	Huge steel factories with thousands of workers: in 1076 producing 125,000 tons of steel (compare to England in 1788: 76,000 tons) Driven mainly by demand for currency and weapons. 	Increasing use of machinery in textile production 	Increase in ship technology development of “Junk”. 	Three big technologies: Paper, Printing and Gunpowder 	Paper, developed 105 CE, allows cheap and durable information storage- compare with other options: stone, ceramic, papyrus, vellum 	Printing, useless without paper, first book 868- Diamond Sutra, literacy expands, improving information transmission 	Gunpowder, obvious military significance- though greater impact outside of China

•	Sung Society 	Wealth produces massive inequalities in lifestyle 	Social mobility does increase with increasing number of jobs 	Cities grow, become commercial and trading centers 	Hangchou in 1200 has population of 2 million! Total Population 145 million. (Detailed census taken). 	Under Southern Sung nearly 20% of population lives in cities 	Literacy provides population with ideas for opportunity

•	Sung Collapse 	Despite enormous military: 1.25 million by mid 11th century and novel technology, consistent military losses 	Early pay tribute to Khitan and Western Hsia 	Jürchen conquer Khitan and N. China by 1127, establish government through Chinese bureaucracy 	Not thoroughly defeated until the Mongols rampage across Asia

China under the Tang dynasty (yellow) and its allies and vassals (beige), c. 660 CE.