User talk:CJLappano

Windows 2000 and Windows.NET Servers

	Windows 2000 NOS (Network Operating System) has many advanced features that makes is easy for network administrators to manage and for users to work with. o	1988- Microsoft began working on a N.O.S. that would provide a broad range of capabilities to its users. o	1993- Two different versions of this software were released: Windows NT 3.1/ Advanced Server. o	1994- Microsoft invented Windows NT 3.5 Workstation o	1996- Windows NT 4.0 was released. Its user interface was modeled after the graphical Windows 95. o	Feb of 2000- Released four versions of Windows 2000. 	 Windows 2000 Professional- OS for clients in a business environment. Limited NOS functions. 	Windows 2000 Server- is a print, file, and application server as well as a platform for a web server. Designed for small- to medium sized businesses. 	Windows 2000 Advanced Server- more powerful applications server and provides internet services as well. 	Windows 2000 Datacenter Server- The most powerful of the Windows 2000 line. For applications that require processing very large amounts of data such as economic data analysis and large-scale simulations for science and engineering. 	Windows 2000 provides a broad range of features that make it a popular NOS. Several of these features are not available in other network operating systems. o	Has increased scalability because it’s designed to easily meat increased demand by adding additional hardware resources. o	Can both scale up and scale out. o	This revolution in computing technology was fueled by tremendous advances in the CPU. o	Windows 2000 can take advantage of a server with multiple CPUs installed. This is happens with a process called symmetric multiprocessing (SMP). o	SMP distributes the processing load among the different CPUs in a server 	Win 2000- supports 4 processors 	Win 2000 Advanced Server- supports 8 	Win 2000 Datacenter- supports 32 o	Scaling out means to add more servers instead of adding more processors. o	Windows 2000 provides a service known as Network Load Balancing (NLB) - Automatically spreads Internet traffic across multiple servers. o	Component Load Balancing (CLB) distributes the load across application (non-internet) servers. 	Windows 2000 uses two techniques to reduce the risk of malfunctioning servers. o	Win 2000 is divided into different subsystems. That helps prevent the system from locking up and quit functioning. 	Executive services- perform basic tasks such as managing memory and security in the server. Talks to the kernel subsystem. 	Kernel- Includes the software drivers for the hardware. Afterward the kernel talks to the hardware abstraction layer. 	Hardware Abstraction Layer(HAL) – Subsystem that consists of virtual hardware objects that represent the actual hardware devices that are part of the server. If a hard drive needs to be accessed, the kernel will send a signal to the HAL and in turn the HAL translates that signal into a direct command for the hardware. o	A second technique used to increase stability is the use of rings in the executive subsystem. 	Each process running on a Windows 2000 server is confined to a specific ring. 	The processes do have the ability to communicate with other rings. 	Only the processes run by the executive services on Ring 0 	All regular applications are run on Ring 3.

	Microsoft thinks that Windows 2000 Datacenter will run 99.999% of the time. This translates for the server being down no more than six minutes a year. 	It is essential that any NOS contain the necessary security features to ceap out intruders. 	The first security category is known as authentication, or verifying the identity of the user. Can be identified in three ways. o	By what the user knows- Making a user prove his or her identity with a valid password. Kerberos supports faster authentications and requires only one password. o	By what the user has- Devices such as smart cards can be used to make sure that the user is real. Requires a card instead of keying in a password. o	By what the user is- because passwords can be guessed and smart cards can be lost or stolen Windows 2000 supports biometric authentication which includes finger print or retinal scans. 	Every item or device on a Windows 2000 network has an access control list (ACL). ACL defines the permissions of what users can and cannot do. 	For sensitive data stored on a file server it is sometimes necessary to encrypt or scramble the data so it is very hard to read. 	Windows 2000 supports public key infrastructure, which allows data to be encrypted and then read without storing the key on a server. 	Win 2000 also supports Internet Protocol Security (IPSec), which encrypts IP packets so packet sniffers cannot be used. 	The directory service for Win 2000 is called the Active directory. The building block is called the domain. Every domain must have at least one Windows 2000 server contained within it. 	The active directory is stored in the Security Accounts Manager (SAM) database. 	 The Primary domain controller (PDC) is the name of the server that houses the SAM database. 	Domain can have multiple backup domain controllers, which are on other servers in the domain. 	An Object in and active directory represents the network resource. 	An organizational unit (OU) can contain multiple objects. OUs are used to organize objects. 	A tree is a set of domains that are joined together, while a forest is a collection of trees that share a common Active Directory. 	Basic things that Windows 2000 can do o	Create a New User Account o	Adding Users to a Group- a group is a collection of user accounts. Domain local group is made up of users from any domain, but they have permissions in the domain in which the group was created for. A global group is the opposite, it contains only members of the domain in which it was created but those members have privileges to resources in any domain. 	Windows.NET is the latest version of Microsoft’s network operating systems. 	.NET framework is a set of software technologies is a set of software technologies for connecting information between people, systems, and devices. It acts as a “go between” for information being transported from one piece of software to another. 	A new standard known as eXtensible Markup Language (XML) was introduced and it outlines how data elements are structured. XML provides a standard way of transmitting data independent of how it is to be formatted. 	Four versions of .NET servers. o	Windows.NET Web Server- hosting and delivering Web Pages and applications. o	Windows.NET Standard Server- The “everyday business server for small and medium businesses and offices. o	Windows.NET Enterprise server- for business applications and Web services. o	Windows.NET Datacenter Server- A high-end server for businesses that handle large amounts of data.

	Windows.NET servers have these advantages: o	Improved security in Active Directory. o	New Load- balancing techniques o	Enhanced encryption tools o	IPv6 support o	Improved IPSec support o	Support for Wireless LANs Insert non-formatted text here Insert non-formatted text here