User talk:Carl Carroll Atteniese

How do we know the Doppler shift of galaxies is not caused by star revolutions round the center of those galaxies--in relation to a fixed point, or us--and not by the recession of their parent galaxies from that fixed point (thereby proving an expanding universe and thus disproving a static universe); can we detect the motion toward a fixed point and away from it, of those stars round their galactic hubs, independent of their general motion in and with their parent galaxies? Or, more simply put, can we determine separate from each other, the motion of a star round its galactic hub independent of its parent galaxy's motion as a whole? Is it that we can measure the Doppler shift of an entire galaxy, independent of that Doppler shift that would occur in relation to its children stars' rotation away from the fixed point?

I think I know part of the answer of my own question; We measure a galaxy as a whole, singular object with one red shift.... Carl Carroll Atteniese (talk) 07:41, 9 January 2014 (UTC)