User talk:Christo Jenson

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a technique that combines the use of endoscopy and fluoroscopy to diagnose and treat certain problems of the biliary or pancreatic ductal systems. Through the endoscope, the physician can see the inside of the stomach and duodenum, and inject radiographic contrast into the ducts in the biliary tree and pancreas so they can be seen on X-rays.

ERCP is used primarily to diagnose and treat conditions of the bile ducts and main pancreatic duct,[1] including gallstones, inflammatory strictures (scars), leaks (from trauma and surgery), and cancer. ERCP can be performed for diagnostic and therapeutic reasons, although the development of safer and relatively non-invasive investigations such as magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and endoscopic ultrasound has meant that ERCP is now rarely performed without therapeutic intent. Contents [hide]

* 1 Diagnostic * 2 Therapeutic * 3 Contraindications * 4 Procedure * 5 Risks * 6 See also * 7 References * 8 External links

Diagnostic[edit source | editbeta] Fluoroscopic image of common bile duct stone seen at the time of ERCP. The stone is impacted in the distal common bile duct. A nasobiliary tube has been inserted. Fluoroscopic image showing dilatation of the pancreatic duct during ERCP investigation. Endoscope is visible.

* Obstructive jaundice - This may be due to several causes * Chronic pancreatitis - a now controversial indication due to widespread availability of safer diagnostic modalities including endoscopic ultrasound, high-resolution CT, and MRI/MRCP * Gallstones with dilated bile ducts on ultrasonography * Bile duct tumors * Suspected injury to bile ducts either as a result of trauma or iatrogenic * Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction * Pancreatic tumors no longer represent a valid diagnostic indication for ERCP unless they cause bile duct obstruction and jaundice. Endoscopic ultrasound represents a safer and more accurate diagnostic alternative

Therapeutic[edit source | editbeta]

* Any of the above when the following may become necessary o Endoscopic sphincterotomy (both of the biliary and the pancreatic sphincters) o Removal of stones o Insertion of stent(s) o Dilation of strictures (e.g. primary sclerosing cholangitis, anastomotic strictures after liver transplantation)

Contraindications[edit source | editbeta]

* Acute pancreatitis (unless persistently raised or worsening bilirubin suggests ongoing obstruction) * Pancreatic pseudocyst * Previous pancreatoduodenectomy * Coagulation disorder * Recent myocardial infarction * Inadequate surgical back-up * History of contrast dye anaphylaxis * Poor health condition for surgery * Severe cardiopulmonary disease

Procedure[edit source | editbeta]

The patient is sedated or anaesthetized. Then a flexible camera (endoscope) is inserted through the mouth, down the esophagus, into the stomach, through the pylorus into the duodenum where the ampulla of Vater (the opening of the common bile duct and pancreatic duct) exists. The sphincter of Oddi is a muscular valve that controls the opening of the ampulla. The region can be directly visualized with the endoscopic camera while various procedures are performed. A plastic catheter or cannula is inserted through the ampulla, and radiocontrast is injected into the bile ducts and/or pancreatic duct. Fluoroscopy is used to look for blockages, or other lesions such as stones.

When needed, the opening of the ampulla can be enlarged (sphincterotomy) with an electrified wire (sphincterotome) and access into the bile duct obtained so that gallstones may be removed or other therapy performed.

Other procedures associated with ERCP include the trawling of the common bile duct with a basket or balloon to remove gallstones and the insertion of a plastic stent to assist the drainage of bile. Also, the pancreatic duct can be cannulated and stents be inserted. The pancreatic duct requires visualisation in cases of pancreatitis.

In specific cases, a second camera can be inserted through the channel of the first endoscope. This is termed duodenoscope-assisted cholangiopancreatoscopy (DACP) or mother-daughter ERCP. The daughter scope can be used to administer direct electrohydraulic lithotripsy to break up stones, or to help in diagnosis by directly visualizing the duct (as opposed to obtaining X-ray images).[2]

The gallbladder should be surgically removed (cholecystectomy) following successful removal of gallstones from the bile ducts.[3] Risks[edit source | editbeta]

The major risk of an ERCP is the development of pancreatitis, which can occur in up to 5% of all procedures. This may be self limited and mild, but may require hospitalization, and rarely, may be life-threatening. Patients at additional risk for pancreatitis are younger patients, patients with previous post-ERCP pancreatitis, females, procedures that involve cannulation or injection of the pancreatic duct, and patients with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction.[4]

Gut perforation is a risk of any endoscopic procedure, and is an additional risk if a sphincterotomy is performed. As the second part of the duodenum is anatomically in a retroperitoneal location (that is, behind the peritoneal structures of the abdomen), perforations due to sphincterotomies are also retroperitoneal. Sphincterotomy is also associated with a risk of bleeding.[4]

Oversedation can result in dangerously low blood pressure, respiratory depression, nausea, and vomiting.

There is also a risk associated with the contrast dye in patients who are allergic to compounds containing iodine.

Other complications (less than 1 per 100) may include; heart and lung problems, bleeding after sphincterotomy, infection in the bile duct (cholangitis) and perforation (a tear in the intestine). In some rare cases, ERCP can even cause fatal complications.[5] See also[edit source | editbeta]

* Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography

References[edit source | editbeta]

1. ^ Adler DG, Baron TH, Davila RE, Egan J, Hirota WK, Leighton JA, Qureshi W, Rajan E, Zuckerman MJ, Fanelli R, Wheeler-Harbaugh J, Faigel DO; Standards of Practice Committee of American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. ASGE guideline: the role of ERCP in diseases of the biliary tract and the pancreas.Gastrointest Endosc. 2005 Jul;62(1):1-8. 2. ^ Farrell JJ, Bounds BC, Al-Shalabi S, Jacobson BC, Brugge WR, Schapiro RH, Kelsey PB (2005). "Single-operator duodenoscope-assisted cholangioscopy is an effective alternative in the management of choledocholithiasis not removed by conventional methods, including mechanical lithotripsy". Endoscopy 37 (6): 542–7. doi:10.1055/s-2005-861306. PMID 15933927. 3. ^ McAlister VC, Davenport E, Renouf E (2007). "Cholecystectomy deferral in patients with endoscopic sphincterotomy". In McAlister, Vivian. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4): CD006233. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006233.pub2. PMID 17943900. 4. ^ a b Andriulli A, Loperfido S, Napolitano G, Niro G, Valvano MR, Spirito F, Pilotto A, Forlano R (2007). "Incidence rates of post-ERCP complications: a systematic survey of prospective studies". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 102 (8): 1781–8. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01279.x. PMID 17509029. 5. ^ Cotton, Peter B. (2013-05-31). "ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography) | MUSC Digestive Disease Center". Ddc.musc.edu. Retrieved 2013-06-09.

External links[edit source | editbeta]

* MedlinePlus Encyclopedia ERCP * National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse

[show]

* v   * t    * e

Digestive system surgical and other procedures / Digestive system surgery (ICD-9-CM V3 42–54, ICD-10-PCS 0D) Digestive tract Upper GI tract SGs / Esophagus

* Esophagectomy * Heller myotomy * Sialography * Impedance–pH monitoring * Esophageal pH monitoring * Esophageal motility study

Stomach

* Bariatric surgery o Adjustable gastric band o Gastric bypass surgery o Sleeve gastrectomy o Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery * Collis gastroplasty * Gastrectomy o Billroth I         o Billroth II          o Roux-en-Y * Gastroenterostomy * Gastropexy * Gastrostomy o Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy * Hill repair * Nissen fundoplication * Pyloromyotomy

Medical imaging

* Endoscopy: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy * Barium swallow * Upper gastrointestinal series

Lower GI tract Small bowel

* Bariatric surgery o Duodenal switch o Jejunoileal bypass * Ileostomy * Jejunostomy * Partial ileal bypass surgery

Large bowel

* Appendicectomy * Colectomy * Colonic polypectomy * Colostomy * Hartmann's operation

Rectum

* Abdominoperineal resection / Miles operation * Lower anterior resection * Total mesorectal excision

Anal canal

* Anal sphincterotomy * Anorectal manometry * Lateral internal sphincterotomy * Rubber band ligation * Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization

Medical imaging

* Endoscopy: Colonoscopy * Anoscopy * Capsule endoscopy * Enteroscopy * Proctoscopy * Sigmoidoscopy

* Abdominal ultrasonography * Defecography * Double-contrast barium enema * Endoanal ultrasound * Enteroclysis * Lower gastrointestinal series * Small-bowel follow-through * Transrectal ultrasonography * Virtual colonoscopy

Stool tests

* Fecal fat test * Fecal pH test * Stool guaiac test

Accessory Liver

* Artificial extracorporeal liver support o Bioartificial liver devices o Liver dialysis * Hepatectomy * Liver biopsy * Liver transplantation

Gallbladder, bile duct

* Cholecystectomy * Cholecystostomy * ERCP * Hepatoportoenterostomy

* Medical imaging: Cholangiography o IV         o MRCP o PTC * Cholecystography * Cholescintigraphy

Pancreas

* Frey's procedure * Pancreas transplantation * Pancreatectomy * Pancreaticoduodenectomy * Puestow procedure

Abdominopelvic Peritoneum

* Diagnostic peritoneal lavage * Intraperitoneal injection * Laparoscopy * Omentopexy * Paracentesis * Peritoneal dialysis

Hernia

* Hernia repair: Inguinal hernia surgery * Femoral hernia repair

Other

* Laparotomy o Exploratory laparotomy * Rapid urease test / Urea breath test

CPRs

* MELD * PELD * UKELD * Child-Pugh score * Ranson criteria

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