User talk:Ciaberde/sandbox

Assignment 2

Evaluate an Article Bartizan

1. Although is an small amount of information on the topic, everything in the article is relevant to the article topic. 2. There is no information out of date. 3. The article only mentions examples in Scotland. Different sections of how Spain, England, Portugal and Scotland had used the same technology in forts could be added to improve the article. Also, a complete section of construction methods and diverse materials used for erecting Bartizans can be added. 4. The article's tone is neutral. 5. The links for citations in the article work and support some of the facts presented in the article. 6. There are some facts that are not supported with references such the Scots Baronial Style architecture and the Scotland example. The sources presented are neutral. 7. Definition of the word guerite, the purpose of this technology and materials are discussed by users in the talk page of this article. Conversations dates are from 2013. 8. The article is rated as a stub in the castle-related and architecture-related categories. The article is not part of any WikiProject. 9. Information available of this article is very basic, without discussing construction methods and the evolution of the technology. This is the main difference between the article and discussion in class.

--Ciaberde (talk) 16:01, 8 November 2018 (UTC)

Bibliography for Improvement Article - Vigas
Bibliography for Improvement Article - Vigas

Cameron, Catherine M. “Architectural change at a Southwestern Pueblo.” PhD. Diss., University of Arizona, 1991. Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (303961634). Accessed on November 9th, 2018. https://proxy.library.upenn.edu/login?url=https://proxy.library.upenn.edu:2072/docview/303961634?accountid=14707

Dickey, Roland F., and Faris, Tom. "Earth Is Lifted: Domestic Architecture in New Mexico." Southwest Review33, no. 1 (Winter 1948): 31-37. Accessed November 09, 2018. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43463318.

Frederick Gritzner, Charles. “Spanish Log Construction in New Mexico.” PhD. Diss., Louisiana State University, 1969, 63. Accessed on November 9th, 2018. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2657&context=gradschool_disstheses

Gleye, Paul. "Santa Fe without Adobe: Lessons for the Indentity Place." Journal of Architectural and Planning Research11, no. 3 (Autumn 1994): 181-96. Accessed November 09, 2018. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43029123.

Harris, Cyril M. Dictionary of Architecture & Construction. 4th ed, 1045-1046. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006.

Hunter, Kaki, and Donald Kiffmeyer. "Roof Systems." In Earthbag Building: The Tools, Tricks and Techniques, 115-18. Gabriola Island: New Society, 2004. ProQuest Ebook Central. Accessed on November 9th, 2018. https://proxy.library.upenn.edu:2457/lib/upenn-ebooks/reader.action?docID=256395&ppg=122

Knox Wetherington, Ronald. “Early Occupations in the Taos District in the Context of Northern Rio Grande Culture History.” PhD. Diss., University of Michigan, 1964. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (302263190). Accessed on November 9th, 2018. https://proxy.library.upenn.edu/login?url=https://proxy.library.upenn.edu:2072/docview/302263190?accountid=14707

McAlester, Virginia, Suzanne Patton. Matty, and Steve Clicque. A Field Guide to American Houses: The Definitive Guide to Identifying and Understanding Americas Domestic Architecture, 542-545. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2017. Mountain Zamora, Luis, and Mary Kay Judy. "Taos Pueblo Preservation Program." APT Bulletin: The Journal of Preservation Technology46, no. 4 (2015): 38-45. Accessed November 09, 2018. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43659962.

Treib, Marc. "Church Design and Construction in Spanish New Mexico." In American Architectural History: A Contemporary Reader, edited by Keith L. Eggener, 64-66. London: Routledge, 2006.

Phillips, Charles, and Alan Axelrod, eds. "Architecture: Adobe Architecture." In Encyclopedia of the American West. USA, 1996. Accessed November 09, 2018. http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/BT2330500053/UHIC?u=upenn_main&sid=UHIC&xid=f2b74201

Riley Bartholomew, Philip. “The Hacienda: Its Evolvement and Architecture in Colonial New Mexico 1598-1821.” PhD. Diss., University of Missouri-Columbia, 1983. Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (303164788). Accessed on November 9th, 2018. Retrieved from https://proxy.library.upenn.edu/login?url=https://proxy.library.upenn.edu:2072/docview/303164788?accountid=14707

Robinson, William J. "Tree-Ring Studies of the Pueblo De Acoma." Historical Archaeology24, no. 3 (1990): 99-106. Accessed November 09, 2018. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25615797.

Whalen, Michael A., A.C. MacWilliams, and Todd Pitezel. "Reconsidering The Size and Structure of Casas Grandes, Chiuahua, Mexico." American Antiquity75, no. 3 (July 2010): 527-50. Accessed November 09, 2018. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25766214

Windes, Thomas C. "Dendrochronology and Structural Wood Use at Pueblo Del Arroyo, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico." Journal of Field Archaeology35, no. 1 (March 2010): 78-98. Accessed November 09, 2018. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24406839.

Ciaberde (talk) 02:34, 10 November 2018 (UTC)

DRAFT - Viga (Architecture) Wikipedia Article Improvement
DRAFT FOR VIGA (ARCHITECTURE) WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE IMPROVEMENT

Vigas are wooden beams used in the traditional adobe architecture of the American Southwest, especially New Mexico. In this type of construction, the vigas are the main structural members carrying the weight of the roof to the load-bearing exterior walls, and the exposed beam ends projecting from the outside of the wall are a defining characteristic of Spanish Colonial Architecture in New Mexico and often replicated in modern Pueblo Revival architecture. Usually, the vigas are simply peeled logs with a minimum of woodworking. In traditional buildings, the vigas support latillas (laths) which are placed crosswise and upon which the adobe roof is laid, often with intermediate layers of brush or soil. The latillas may be hewn boards, or in more rustic buildings, simply peeled branches.[1] These building techniques date back to the Ancestral Puebloan peoples, and vigas (or holes left where the vigas have deteriorated) are visible in many of their surviving buildings.

Since the modern Pueblo Revival style was popularized in the 1920s and 1930s, vigas are typically used for ornamental rather than structural purposes. Noted architect John Gaw Meem incorporated ornamental vigas into many of his designs. Contemporary construction in Santa Fe, New Mexico, which is controlled by stringent building codes, typically incorporates ornamental vigas, although the latest revision of the residential building code gives credit for structural vigas.[2] Older structures that have been reconstructed (e.g. the Palace of the Governors in Santa Fe) may contain both structural and ornamental vigas.

COMPOSITION

Vigas are typically about 6 to 10 inches in diameter and average 15 feet long and are commonly used in interior spaces. Pinyon (Pinus edulis) and Ponderosa Pine were the most common wood species used in Viga construction during the 17th century. Engelmann spruce is the preferred wood "for the wood character and lack of cracking," but Ponderosa pine (Pinus Ponderosa) is more commonly used. Wood characteristics, availability of trees, and transportation issues defined room depths that were mostly no longer than 15 feet. A layer of smaller branches or saplings known as latillas or Latias covers the top of the Vigas with Adobe for insulation and water repeal. Although in prehistoric times Vigas were reused from old constructions to new buildings, this practice depended on the history of some sites since some Spanish settlement reused them such as the Walpi. In the 19th century, the traditional craftmanship of Vigas changed with the arrival of the railroad in the 1880s and immigrants from the east coast. New dimensioned 2’ X 4’ lumber was introduced in the area.

MATERIALS

Cutting trees for Vigas was usually done in Winter because of the good temperatures. “Dead and down” trees were the preferred source for Vigas in the adjacent forests. Traditional Vigas were usually cut to length with metal axes. Latillas were also collected, along with other construction materials at the same time. To make transportation easier wood preparation usually was done before shipment. Large labor crews were involved and Vigas were transported by teams of Oxen from the mountains. Some construction historians have mentioned the use of latillas under the vigas used for carrying poles. Cutting was important an important aspect of material production because if it was done shorter than needed it was a problem for the builders since they had to wait until one year later to get the same material. These led to some structural and designing decisions in constructions like building second walls inside the proposed building so the shorter materials can be used. Large diameter Vigas were cut first so they can dry or cury for a longer period. As lighter elements for transportation, Latillas or Latias were cut last of various types of wood. In buildings, these were also laid in different patterns to the Vigas and painted in a different color than Vigas. After 1846, American immigration brought notions of New England architecture and new technologies that substituted the use of Vigas for Machine-sewed beams, among other construction technologies that followed to the 20th century. This practice did not interfere with the use of Vigas mostly for decorative purposes in the Pueblo Revival Style architecture between the 1920s and 1930s.

STRUCTURAL ASSEMBLY

Traditional Vigas were mostly used for structural purposes in buildings. Vigas were spaced among other 3 feet apart, although irregular or unequal spaced was characteristic of Spanish colonial architecture. Forms of Vigas varies from large institutional buildings to small ones. The amount of Vigas used in diverse rooms vary, but the standard is six. Some rooms like in Acoma, are roofed with five to nine Vigas. Also, other structural practices were added to later buildings such as placing horizontal bond beams to transfer structural loads to the adobe roof.

The extension of Vigas some feet outside of the Wall as a standard practice. This was used for the creation of Portals or covered porches. An Umbral or lintel was added to for support of the Viga in these spaces and vertical posts. The portal provided different uses and the roof treatment was the same as interiors.

Vigas were usually installed with the smaller ends to one side of the roof to facilitate good drainage. Also, Vigas usually sat directly on the adobe or stone walls and strapped. Corbels for decorative purposes was used in Portales and in the interiors.

New technologies, especially in the Pueblo Revival Architecture were integrated. The practice of anchoring Vigas with rebar through pre-drilled holes at opposing angles and the designing of parapets for anchoring was ideal for Vigas in low flat roofs and was used to prevent roof uplift.

The vaulted Viga roof is another type of structural system using vigas, were they use parapets on the two side and eaves on the ends. The vaulted viga roof is left exposed on the interior and latillas are placed parallel with others in a diagonal pattern.

FEATURED BUILDINGS Acoma Pueblo San Esteban del Rey Mission, Acoma Pueblo Pueblo del Arroyo Palace of the Governor, Santa Fe Taos Pueblo Señora de los Ángeles de Porciúncula de los Pecos Pueblo Bonito Chetro Kelt La Fonda on the Plaza Taylor Memorial Chapel Cristo Rey Church New Mexico Museum of Art Painted Desert Inn Cabot’s Pueblo Museum Hodgin Hall Estufa Chaco Culture National Historical Park 24 Graythorn Santa Fe Salinas Pueblo Mission National Monument Santa Clara Church Mission Senora de Asuncion de Zia Mission Santo Domingo Church Mission

Ciaberde (talk) 15:47, 20 November 2018 (UTC)

review
I am excited to see a lot of good information in this article, however, there are not enough citations that I can see, and I think it is better to add more citations it would be great to link a few more of the terms used which give people more context. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Chongkeke (talk • contribs) 17:32, 29 November 2018 (UTC)


 * Thank you for your feedback! I will add some necessary links and improve the references.

Ciaberde (talk) 23:27, 5 December 2018 (UTC)

Instructor comments
This will be an impressive contribution to Wikipedia and greatly exceeds expectations for this project! I have only a few mechanical comments for when you finalize: Elizabeth Linden Rahway (talk) 11:45, 3 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Incorporate your references into footnote citations throughout the text, or Further reading at the end
 * Debug citation templates to avoid red text
 * Use Template:Convert to provide SI equivalents for length measurements, e.g., 15 ft
 * Provide wikilinks to other articles


 * Thank You so much for your feedback Professor. I will add some pictures, handmade drawings and will continue to improve the article!

Ciaberde (talk) 23:26, 5 December 2018 (UTC)

DRAFT 2 - Viga (Architecture) Wikipedia Article Improvement
Vigas are wooden beams used in the traditional adobe architecture of the American Southwest, especially New Mexico. In this type of construction, the vigas are the main structural members carrying the weight of the roof to the load-bearing exterior walls. The exposed beam ends projecting from the outside of the wall are a defining characteristic of Spanish Colonial Architecture in New Mexico and often replicated in modern Pueblo Revival architecture. Usually, the vigas are simply peeled logs with a minimum of woodworking. In traditional buildings, the vigas support latillas (laths) which are placed crosswise and upon which the adobe roof is laid, often with intermediate layers of brush or soil. The latillas may be hewn boards, or in more rustic buildings, simply peeled branches. These building techniques date back to the Ancestral Puebloan peoples, and vigas (or holes left where the vigas have deteriorated) are visible in many of their surviving buildings.

Since the modern Pueblo Revival style was popularized in the 1920s and 1930s, vigas are typically used for ornamental rather than structural purposes. Noted architect John Gaw Meem incorporated ornamental vigas into many of his designs. Contemporary construction in Santa Fe, New Mexico, which is controlled by stringent building codes, typically incorporates ornamental vigas, although the latest revision of the residential building code gives credit for structural vigas. Older structures that have been reconstructed (e.g. the Palace of the Governors in Santa Fe) may contain both structural and ornamental vigas.

Composition

Vigas are typically about 6 to 10 inches (15.24 to 25.4 cm) in diameter and average 15 feet (4.6 m) long and are commonly used in interior spaces. Pinyon (Pinus edulis) and Ponderosa Pine were the most common wood species used in Viga construction during the 17th century. Engelmann spruce is the preferred wood "for the wood character and lack of cracking," but Ponderosa pine (Pinus Ponderosa) is more commonly used. Wood characteristics, availability of trees, and transportation issues defined room depths that were mostly no longer than 15 feet (4.6 m). A layer of smaller branches or saplings known as latillas or Latias (laths) covers the top of the Vigas with Adobe for insulation and water repeal.

Although in prehistoric times Vigas were reused from old constructions to new buildings, this practice depended on the history of some sites since some Spanish settlement reused them such as the Walpi. In the 19th century, the traditional craftmanship of Vigas changed with the arrival of the railroad in the 1880s and immigrants from the east coast. New dimensioned 2’ X 4’ (0.61 m x 1.22 m) lumber was introduced in the area.

Materials

Cutting trees for Vigas was usually done in Winter because of the good temperatures. “Dead and down” trees were the preferred source for Vigas in the adjacent forests. Traditional Vigas were usually cut to length with metal axes. Latillas were also collected, along with other construction materials at the same time. To make transportation easier wood preparation usually was done before shipment. Large labor crews were involved and Vigas were transported by teams of Oxen from the mountains. Some construction historians have mentioned the use of latillas under the vigas for carrying poles.

Wood cutting was an important aspect of material production. If cutting was done shorter than needed, the builders had to wait until one year later to get the same material thus representing a problem. These issues led to some structural and designing decisions in constructions like the building of second walls inside the proposed building so shorter materials can be used.

Large diameter Vigas were cut first so they can dry or cury for a longer period. As lighter elements for transportation, Latillas or Latias were cut last of various types of wood. In buildings, these were also laid in different patterns to the Vigas and painted in a different colors. The 1846 American immigration brought notions of New England architecture. New technologies substituted the use of Vigas for Machine-sewed beams, among other construction technologies that followed to the 20th century. This practice did not interfere with the use of Vigas mostly for decorative purposes in the Pueblo Revival Style architecture between the 1920s and 1930s.

Structural Assembly

Traditional Vigas were mostly used for structural purposes in buildings. Vigas were spaced among other 3 feet (0.91 m) apart, although irregular or unequal spaced was characteristic of Spanish colonial architecture. Forms of Vigas varies from large institutional buildings to small ones. The amount of Vigas used in rooms vary, but six was the standard. Some rooms like in Acoma, are roofed with five to nine Vigas. Also, other structural practices were added to later buildings such as placing horizontal bond beams to transfer structural loads to the adobe roof.

The extension of Vigas some feet (meters) outside of the Wall as a standard practice. This was used for the creation of Portals or covered porches. An Umbral or lintel was added for support of the Viga along with vertical posts in these spaces. The portal’s roof treatment was the same as interiors and the space provided for different uses.

Vigas were usually installed with the smaller ends to one side of the roof to facilitate good drainage. Also, Vigas usually sat directly on the adobe or stone walls and strapped. Decorative Corbels were used in Portales and in the interiors.

New technologies, especially in the Pueblo Revival Architecture were integrated. The practice of anchoring Vigas with rebar through pre-drilled holes at opposing angles and the designing of parapets for anchoring, was ideal for Vigas in low flat roofs. This was used to prevent roof uplift.

The vaulted Viga roof is another type of structural system using vigas, using parapets on the two side and eaves on the ends. The roof is left exposed on the interior and latillas are placed parallel with others in a diagonal pattern.

Featured Buildings Acoma Pueblo San Esteban del Rey Mission, Acoma Pueblo Pueblo del Arroyo Palace of the Governors, Santa Fe Taos Pueblo Mission Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles de Porciúncula de los Pecos Pueblo Bonito La Fonda on the Plaza Taylor Memorial Chapel Cristo Rey Church New Mexico Museum of Art Painted Desert Inn Cabot's Pueblo Museum Hodgin Hall Estufa Chaco Culture National Historical Park Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument Santa Clara Pueblo, New Mexico Mission Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Zia Kewa Pueblo, New Mexico Ciaberde (talk) 00:43, 6 December 2018 (UTC)