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Citations for Butanediol Fermentation Page:Italic text

1. R. Van Houdt, P. Moons, M. H. Buj, C. W. Michiels (2006). "N-Acyl-L-Homoserine Lactone Quorum Sensing Controls Butanediol Fermentation in Serratia plymuthica RVH1 and Serratia marcescens MG1." Journal of Bacteriology, June 2006, p. 4570–4572.

2. Z. Xiao, X. Wang, Y. Huang, F. Huo, X. Zhu, et al. (2012). "Thermophilic fermentation of acetoin and 2,3-butanediol by a novel Geobacillus strain." Biotechnology for Biofuels; London. Vol. 5. DOI:10.1186/1754-6834-5-88

Notes on 2:
 * Acetoin and 2,3-butanediol are important biorefinery chemicals that are usually fermented below 40C using mesophilic bacteria
 * This ferm temp causes bacterial contamination
 * A novel aerobic Geobacillus strain XT15 can produce these chemicals at a temp between 45-55C and pH of 8.0
 * This is a naturally occurring thermophile that has the possibility of being used on the industrial scale
 * Acetoin and the reduced form, 2,3-butanediol are used in many industry applications (antifreeze, potential alternatives of non-renewable fossil materials)
 * They can be transformed to each other by 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase in cells
 * They have diff BPs and can be separated from each other using distillation
 * To avoid contamination, the culture media must be sterilized at high temp and P, which requires special sterilization facility, more employees, and consumes energy. The sterilization can also cause serious nutrient loss and can generate harmful chemicals that may undermine normal fermentation.
 * The high temp ferm will avoid contamination because normal environments microorg cannot reproduce above 45C, which reduces the risk of bacterial contamination
 * Thermophilic ferm can operate without sterilization making it more efficient and cost-effective. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ciarajarmain (talk • contribs) 19:04, 30 April 2020 (UTC)

3. S. K. Garg, A. Jain (1994). "Fermentative Production of 2,3-Butanediol: A Review." Bioresource Technology 51, p. 103-109.

Notes on 3: (up to page 104)
 * Bacilluus polymyxa and Klebsiella pneumonia are used on the industrial scale for butanediol fermentation
 * Klebsiella pneumonia is the more studied of the two because it is adaptable, utilises all the major sugars (hexoses, pentoses, certain disaccharides)
 * Butanediol has a high boiling point, which causes problems in recovery of the fermented slurry
 * Butanediol is a colorless, odorless liquid with a high BP (180-184C) and a low freezing point.
 * Used as a fuel additive with a heating value of 27198 J/g, which competes well with ethanol and methanol.
 * Used as an antifreeze agent in the levo isomer due to a -60C freezing point
 * Butanediol can form diacetyl through catalytic dehydrogenation, this is a highly-valued food additive used as a flavoring agent.
 * It has a high octane number and can be used as an octane booster for gasoline or as high-grade aviation fuel.
 * Esterification forms precursors of polyurethane foams, used in drugs, cosmetics, lotions, ointments, and antiperspirants.
 * Has antiseptic properties, 0.1% will kill most pathogenic bacteria
 * Been used as a carrier for pharmaceuticals
 * Producing butanediol from lignocellulosic wastes has been considered as an alternative approach for the conversion of biomass substrates to liquid fuels and chemical feedstocks.

4. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2_3-Butanediol#section=Environmental-Fate-Exposure-Summary

Notes on 4:
 * 2,3 butanediol can be produced in sweet corn, fermented soybean curds, whole and ground grains, rotten mussels, in the fermentation of fruits and grains, in the fruit of sweet pepper plants (capsicum annuum)