User talk:CoffeeBeanJake/sandbox

The incidence of leptospirosis is difficult to quantify since many cases of the disease go unreported. There are many reasons for this, but the biggest issue is determining the disease from other similar cases. "What are some of the similar cases? Can expand on this Dgill952 (talk) 04:10, 20 November 2017 (UTC)dgill952."Laboratory testing is also lacking in the area. Leptospirosis affects people primarily in tropical climates. Environments that are hot and humid have the highest incidences of infection. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there is an estimated incidence of 100 or more per 100,000 people. In milder climates, the incidence is much less. Temperate climate incidence rates are estimated to be 0.1 to 1 per 100,000 people. "Is there a reason for this difference in incidences?Dgill952 (talk) 04:10, 20 November 2017 (UTC)dgill952" Reference – Leptospirosis Burden Epidemiology Reference Group (LERG). (n.d.). Retrieved November 07, 2017, from http://www.who.int/zoonoses/diseases/lerg/en/index2.html CoffeeBeanJake (talk) 20:38, 7 November 2017 (UTC)

Leptospirosis is a huge burden on human health, and is an extremely important neglected tropical disease. The immune system plays an important role in the ability of humans to fight of infections, and micronutrients play a large role in the systemic function of the immune system. A review of a total of 56 studies found that the micronutrients iron, calcium and magnesium represent important areas to be researched further. In context of global epidemiology, the socioeconomic status of many of the world’s population is closely tied to malnutrition; subsequent lack of micronutrients may lead to increased risk of infection and death due to leptospirosis infection. Looking at global poverty and leptospirosis should be an important further step in understanding the global impact of malnutrition on leptospirosis. Hp109

References: Herman, H. S., Mehta, S., Cardenas, W. B., Stewart-Ibarra, A. M., & Finkelstein, J. L. (2016). Micronutrients and Leptospirosis: A Review of the Current Evidence. Plos Neglected Tropical Diseases, 10(7), 20. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004652 Hp109 (talk) 20:46, 7 November 2017 (UTC)

Leptospirosis is a zoonoses diseases, meaning it is transmitted to humans from animals "From animals to humans? Dgill952 (talk) 04:10, 20 November 2017 (UTC)dgill952". In the past it was primarily spread to humans from domestic animals such as cats and dogs. However, the host has now been found to be other animals like cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, and horses. Leptospirosis spreads into the kidneys of the host animals and is excreted in their urine. Outbreaks that occurred after the 1940's happened in the late summer seasons, which happens to be the driest part of the year. The people at the highest risk for leptospirosis are young people whose age ranges from 5-16 years old, and can also range to young adults.

Galton, M. (n.d.). The Epidemiology of Leptospirosis in the United States. Retrieved November 7, 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1929197/pdf/pubhealthreporig00122-0051.pdf Vandenma (talk) 20:56, 7 November 2017 (UTC)

The incidence of leptospirosis has a seasonal variance. The amount of cases increase during the rainy season in the tropics and during the late summer or early fall in Western countries. This happens because leptospires survive best in fresh water, damp alkaline soil, vegetation, and mud with temperatures higher that 22° C. This also leads to increased risk of exposure to populations during flood conditions and leptospire concentrations to peak in isolated pools during drought. There is no evidence of leptospirosis having any effect on sexual and age-related differences. However, a major risk factor for development of the disease is occupational exposure, a disproportionate number of working-aged males are affected. There have been reported outbreaks where more than 40% of patients are younger than 15. “Active surveillance measures have detected leptospire antibodies in as many as 30% of children in some urban American populations.” Potential reasons for such cases include children playing with suspected vectors such as dogs or indiscriminate contact with water.

References: Gompf, S. G. (n.d.). Leptospirosis: Epidemiology. Retrieved November 7, 2017, from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220563-overview#a6 Dz.12 (talk) 01:20, 9 November 2017 (UTC)

Peer Review
Good sources. The last two paragraph contain some similar information that can be combine to make a better statement. Mklivelaughlove (talk) 05:03, 17 November 2017 (UTC)

Peer Review (MB)
In the first paragraph, it may be useful to mention what testing options are currently available. You have a lot of great info and it is very easy to understand how this disease affects our global population currently. If there are any improvements, it might be mentioning which countries are heavily affected and maybe a prevalence map. These are just extra things that would make it easier to understand that there are certain areas that are more likely to be affected. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Markasaurius (talk • contribs) 04:11, 20 November 2017 (UTC)