User talk:Criminology Literacy Forum

THINKING CRIMINOLOGY: Inside and Outside the Box

What does it mean to think outside the box? It is commonplace to encourage students and scholars to think outside the box. One of the most valued skills is to be able to open up new perspectives on an issue, and perhaps the most noble is to be able to find a novel pattern in a material that is familiar for many. However, there is also a strong tendency in academia to criticize findings that are somehow “unusable”, “esoteric”, “irrelevant to policy” or just “speculative”. This is the paradox: we are expected to think out of the box, but the findings must somehow be familiar to us.

What does the box look like in Nigerian crime studies? The most obvious characteristic is perhaps the relatively closed environment for criminal research and education. Generally, crime studies have traditionally been limited to the police, military community, and there is no civilian academic tradition in this area. This does not mean, of course, that the only ones studying crimes have been officers. There are rich academic traditions in peace- and conflict studies, history and international relations with a marked interest in crime. The point is that the military activities in crime, and indeed criminal behaviour itself, has traditionally been separated from studies at the Universities. The fact that the Nigerian Police Force had an internal education system reinforced this separation on a sociological level as well. The logic behind the law enforcement agencies was that they should only be used massively once peace turned to war, so the logic of African crime studies became that of absence in a relatively peaceful society. Thus, the box was and still is relatively isolated.

The core objective of this book therefore, is to enlighten emerging African and Nigeria criminologists as well as the general readers on what criminology as a course of discipline is all about. Authoritatively, it will practically teach how the limitless knowledge, wisdom and experience gained from criminology can be effectively and optimally utilized by the society especially governments at all levels and its relevant agencies such as the military, the Police, law enforcement agencies, Non-Governmental Organisations, policy planners, etc to prevent crime and combat it when it eventually occurs in the society. Central among the objectives of this book is to assist students, researchers, development planners and every member of the society to appreciate what crime is, and to understand different instances in which one may either become a patron or in most cases, detrimentally, patronizing the criminal industry – knowingly and unknowingly.

THE ECHO OF CRIMINOLOGY has highlighted the possible ways in which a person or group of persons may be view criminologically as either a criminal landlord or criminal tenant in the real estate of criminality. Thus, planning and execution of illegal acts or activities in any situation, requires the involvement of people who often serve as stakeholders or facilitators to the successful performance of such act. Similarly, the book is considered to be a reliable barometer of criminal behaviour and voice of change in Africa.

Additionally, the knowledge harvested from this piece, will assist every reader to shield himself against crime and also learn different approaches that could be used to prevent crime and create a better society for all to live happily, compatibly and prosperously! Additionally, the need for students and researchers in the many fields of criminology and criminal justice systems in Nigeria and beyond to offset their accumulated intellectual debts, and free their minds from memory-toggling questions often encountered during the course of their studies and examinations, therefore, necessitated the compilation and publication of Questions & Answers on Criminology (QAC) contained in this book. Anyone who tries to apply solutions to the ailment he or she does not know very well, irrespective of his or her profession is globally referred to as a “quack.” This publication is the first of its kind in the history of criminology in Nigeria; and it is intended to reduce, and if possible, to utterly exorcise the issue of quackery in the intellectual domain of criminology and criminal justice systems particularly in Nigeria. The aim of the author is to complement the efforts of different writers and advocates for criminological revivalism in the continent of Africa, which Nigeria is often addressed as its economic hub! Crimes especially corruption under the auspices of impunity remains the clog in the wheel of both human and economic development in Nigeria in this contemporary time.

The questions featured in this book are the most frequently asked questions by examiners, who are always curious to ascertain students’ level of understanding and comprehension of the fundamental aspects of criminology. It is therefore expected that every student of criminology, peace and conflict studies, law, security, sociology, psychology and so on, will find this handbook extremely useful especially when preparing for promotional examinations. It is also packaged to be a memory-refresher for criminology scholars in order to remain current and intellectually active in the world of criminology. The author in his quest to further enrich the wisdom bank of the teeming African criminologists, therefore, strongly believe that this handbook – THE ECHO OF CRIMINOLOGY will not only quicken students’ memories but will also purge and exonerate every reader from the ‘quack’ community of the unintelligent species among the criminology family. Thus, the book serves as a criminological rejuvenator as well as a dose of intelligence anytime you open and read it.

In the most spirit of esprit de corps, I urge every student of crime to study the Questions and Answers on Criminology in order to show him or herself approved as a workman that needed not to be ashamed, especially during criminology examinations but rightly handling the words of crime and criminal behaviour.

Best wishes and best good luck!

Mathew Nwokwu

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON CRIMINOLOGY
300 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS EVERY CRIMINOLOGIST MUST KNOW MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

IF YOU NEED THE CORRECT ANSWERS TO THESE QUESTIONS, PLEASE CONTACT THE AUTHOR: Mathew Nwokwu +234 703 903 4002 or E-mail Subject "ANSWERS" crimeliteracy101@gmail.com Choose the correct option(s) from the list below 1.	.......................is what each society by its laws says is a conduct which breaches the social, moral or other norms of the society and is therefore resented by the said society? (A). Criminology (B). Criminal Justice (C). Crime (D). Criminal

2.	Criminology is best seen as a social science, which is concerned with the aspects of ............. (A)	Human anatomy (B)	Human Biology (C)	Harmful behaviour (D)	Human behaviour

3.	Criminology has many meanings but the most commonly accepted is the specific ........................... of crime and criminals. (A)	Social understanding (B)	Sociological understanding (C)	Similitude misunderstanding (D)	Scientific understanding 4.	Basically, crime appears to be a sociological concept and does not exist as an autonomous entity but is.......................constructed. (A). Scientifically (A). Non-scientifically (C ). Nonsensically (D). Socially 5.	The criminologist usually focuses more on ‘how’ and ‘why’ crimes are..............rather than ‘who’ did it, and providing proof of guilt. (A)	Omitted (B)	Prosecuted (C)	Committed (D)	Commissioned

6.	Criminology is best seen as a social science concerned with those aspects of human behaviour regarded as criminal because they are prohibited by the................................ (A)	Law enforcement agencies (B)	Criminal law (C)	Common law (D)	Criminal justice systems

7.	The study of Criminology recognises what determines and why individuals commit crime and juvenile delinquency; and as well as the steps necessary in....................................... (A)	Combating crime (B)	Criminal justice revivalism (C)	Community approach to studying criminal mind (D)	Controlling crime

8.	The major branches of criminology are all except one of the following (A)	Penology (B)	Victimology (C)	Criminalistics (D)	Psychoanalysis

9.	In defining criminology as an independent discipline the seventeenth and eighteenth century understanding of crime was regarded as an omnipresent temptation to which all human kind was.................................................................. (A)	 Not vicariously liable (B)	 Vulnerable (C)	 Not vulnerable (D)	 Sometimes vulnerable

10.	The Christian tradition discusses individual wrongdoing in explicitly moral and spiritual terms which contradict the systematically controlled .............evidence. (A)	Empirical (B)	Ecumenical (C)   Punitive (D)  Punishment

11.	Other discourses on crime and criminals are the various writing of ancient and medieval philosophers that made rudimentary versions of an understanding of how one becomes deviant. These writings include all but one of the following.......................................... (A)	Criminal biographies and broadsheets (B)	Accounts of the Renaissance underworld and Tudor vogue pamphlets (C)	Elizabethan dramas and Jacobean city comedies and the utopia of Thomas More and the Famous novels of Daniel Defoe especially “Moll Flanders” published in 1722. (D)	Criminal justice renaissance

12. The Enlightenment writers wrote secular analyses, emphasising the importance of ..........and .........rather than the theological forms of reasoning which are dominated by irrational, superstitious beliefs and prejudices. (A)	Reason and extrovert (B)	Ransom and response (C)	Reason and experience (D)	Resurrection and confession

13. The scientific style of reasoning was the ...................................................thinking about crime. (A)	Experience (B)	Enlightenment (C)	Argument (D)	Enslavement

14. All but one of the following cannot be associated with the scientific style of reasoning about crime among the early French Philosophers..................................... (A)	Voltaire (B)	Carol Smart (C)	Montesquieu (D)	Rousseau

15. In defining criminology as a legal subject,. ...............defines criminology as the study of the social origins of criminal law, the administration of criminal justice, the causes of criminal behaviour, and the prevention and control of crime. (A)	 Smart (B)	 Sykes (C)       Sigmund Freud (D) 	     Emile Durkheim

16. Sutherland and Cressey define criminology as the body of knowledge regarding .........and..........as social phenomena. (A)	Delinquency and crime (B)	Demonology and delinquency (C)	Psychology and physiology (D)	Crime and criminal justice

17. According to Sutherland and Cressey, criminology includes within its scope, the process of making laws, of breaking laws, and the reacting to..................................... (A)	 The pogrom of criminal recidivism (B)	 The breaking of law (C)        The amendment of law (D). The leniency of law

18. Psychoanalysis criminology is the basis of ..................................................analysis of crime. (A)	 Sampson Thompson (B)	 Sigmund Freud (C)	 Robert K. Merton (D)	All of the above

19. According to................., crime and delinquency are a consequence of an imbalance between the three factors of the subconscious mind: the id, the ego, and the superego. (A)	 Durkheim (B)	 Lombroso (C)	 Montesquieu (D)	 Freud

20. The id (instinct gratification) is the component of the subconscious mind that is self-serving, egocentric, and concerned with........................................ (A)	 Self-aggrandizement (B)	 Self-centred (C)	 Self-gratification (D)	 Selfishness 21. Conversely, the superego is the component of the mind that represents morality and............... (A)	 Self-gratification (B)	 Conscience (C)	 Comfort (D)	 Schizophrenia

22. Criminologically, if the id or superego overpowers the mediating force of the ego, crime, delinquency, and other forms of irrational behaviour may...................................... (A)	Not occour (B)	Not always occour (C)	Occour (D)	Sometimes occour

23. ....................and .............coined this sociological terminology “functionalism” from a type of crime which is characterised as a consequence of societal requirements, customs and institutions. (A)	Cesare Beccaria and Cesare Lombroso (B)	Robert K. Merton and Talcott Parsons (C)	Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim (D)	Carol Smart and Jane Addams

24. The concept of functionalism believes that Crime is both functional and dysfunctional. This statement is........ (A)	Not true (B)	True (C)	Partially true (D)	Undecided

25. Crime is said to be functional when its society has a normal characteristics and proper actions of a social organisation. Do you agree? (A)	No (B)	Yes (C)	Not always (D)	Somehow

26. Crime is also said to be dysfunctional when it undermines and impairs society’s capacity to provide for the well- being and safety of its members and to maintain their trust. True or false? (A)	True (B)	False (C)	Not in all cases (D)	Indifferent

27. Interactionalism criminology is the basis of ...........................................analysis of crime.

(A)	Psychoanalysis (B)	Karl Marx (C)	Erving Goffman (D)	Talcott Parsons

28. The concept of interactionalism examines the new ways of looking at behaviour, and what the language used symbolises for the actor, as well as how other people’s behaviour is described and.................................................... (A)	Intentioned (B)	Interpreted (C)	Instigated (D)	Incarcerated

29. Marxism Criminology observed that the economic base or the infrastructure determines the precise nature of the super structure. True or false? (A)	False (B)	Strongly disagreed (C)	Strongly agreed (D)	True

30. The concept of feminism is the radical tradition of the feminist criminology propounded by a British sociologist called...................................................... (A)	Rosaline Smart (B)	Jane Addams (C)	Carol Smart (D)	Celine Dion

31. The main focus of feminism according to her is that ..........................................................is the primary cause of crime. (A)	Environmental disadvantage (B)	 Economic disadvantage (C)	 Ecological advantage (D)	 Economic advantage

32. The feminist crime according to Smart arises out of frustrations, sub-service and.................... (A)	Despondency (B)	Determinism (C)	Desolation (D)	Dependency

33. Crime is a particular form of.......................................................................... (A)	Frustration (B)	Fortification (C)	Deviance (D)	Dependency

34. Deviance relates to the violations of folkways and mores, whereas the term ‘crime’ specifically refers to those behaviours that violate norms encoded in the penal code or........................... (A)	Criminal Justice (B)	Criminology (C)	Condemnation (D)	Criminal laws

35. According to Emile Durkheim (1966), the “universality of deviance” serves three important functions. Pick the odd one. (A). Deviance clarifies rules (B). Deviance unites a group (C). Deviance demotes social change (D). Deviance promotes social change

36. What is a lawful behaviour in the past may constitute a criminal behaviour due to changing social,.. ........................................and...................................factors. (A)	Criminal law and criminological (B)	Economic and political (C)	Common law and civil law (D)	All of the above

37. Crime can be seen as a necessary part of every social order because any social order needs a collectively supported morality. This statement can be attributed to one of the famous sociologists called................... (A)	 Carol Durkheim (B)	 Karl Marx (C)	 Emile Durkheim (D)	 Sigmund Freud

38. Durkheim asserts that “an action does not shock the common conscience because it is criminal; rather it is criminal because it shocks the....................................................... (A)	Uncommon conscience (B)	Common conscience (C)	Cosmopolitan disbelief (D)	None of the above 39. Truly speaking, a violation of criminal law calls for punishment, but a violation of a civil law requires .......................................of the victim by the offender. (A)	Punitive justice (B)	Not restorative justice (C)	Compensation (D)	Only condemnation 40. Durkheim found that the proportion of the two types of law changes as societies move from ........to.......... (A)	Winter to summer (B)	Liquid state to gaseous state (C)	Mechanical to organic solidarity (D)	All of the above

40. A lawyer and sociologist called.............. defined law as an intentional act or omission in violation of criminal law (statutory and case law) committed without defence or justification and sanctioned by the state as a felony or misdemeanour. (A)	Durkheim (B)	Paul Tappan (C)	Carol Smart (D)	Erving Goffman

41. Criminologically, a person may not be punished for his or her thoughts. True or false? (A)	True only in a given context (B)	Not true in a given context (C)	Completely untrue (D)	True

42. Criminologically, Failure to act is not a crime unless there is a duty to act. True or false? (A)	False (B)	Undecided (C)	True (D)	None of the above

43. Social norms are concrete behaviourial rules or guidelines that specify ...........and..........behaviour (A)	True and untrue (B)	Accustomed and unaccustomed (C)	Appropriate and inappropriate (D)	Folkways and Mores

44. Values are the abstract, general concepts, central beliefs or ideas that provide a standard by which norms are judged. Values are thus widely held beliefs for the maintenance of................... (A)	Society (B)	Socialization (C)	Social disorganization (D)	social order

45. Sociologists see the breakdown of social norms as the underlying cause of............................................ (A)	Social order (B)	Social problems (C)	Social harmony (D)	Folkways and Mores 46. Societies with mechanical solidarity – with the solidarity of alikeness – are noted for higher proportion of penal or retributive laws, which stipulate rules of correct behaviour and are backed up by.................................................................. (A)	Oppressive sanctions (B)	Retrogressive sanctions (C)	Organic sanctions (D)	Repressive sanctions

47. Children are frequently abused and molested by adults, and like the elderly, they are disadvantaged in terms of age and the ...............................to defend themselves. (A)	Capacity to quote criminal laws (B)	Acrimony (C)	Ability (D)	All of the above

48. Children, particularly female children, in African societies are ................to all kinds of abuses due to parental exposure to petty trading, thereby enabling them to come in contact with individuals capable of molesting them sexually. (A)	Voracious (B)	Vociferous (C)	Vulnerable (D)	Not vulnerable

49. Children’s victimization according to (Dambazau, 1999) comes in two ways from the: (A)	Weak criminal law and law enforcement agencies that does not condemn child abuse (B)	Weak families and guardians that cannot cater for their children and provide education for them (C)	Parents who make them vulnerable and deny them normal life; and from the outside adults who exploit them while in such a difficult situation. (D)	Parents who do not make them vulnerable and deny them normal life; and the outside adults who rarely exploit them in such a difficult situation. 50. “In general, the goal of criminology is to enable us better to predict, to explain, and in some circumstances, to modify the values and behaviour of those who make, apply, or break criminal laws.” This statement is true according............................................ (A). Emile Durkheim, 2001:5 (B). Ceseare Lombroso (C). Thomas Aquinas, 1870:5 (D). Thomas and Hepburn, 1983:5 51.One of the practices strongly condemned by Cesare Beccaria in his days around 18th Century was............................................................... (A)	Dancing in public places (B)	Deviance (C)	Recidivism (D)	Death penalty 52. In feminist perspective on deviance and crime, three schools of thought have emerged except one of the following................................................... (A). Liberal Feminism (B). Lackadaisical Feminism (C). Radical Feminism (D). Socialist feminism 53 A ................................is the attempt which an analyst of a subject matter (e.g. crime, political instability etc.) makes to explain and/or predict the causes of that subject matter. (A). theology (B). topic (C). Talk show (D). theory

54. Cesare Lombroso believed that there were .................for crime, as well as thinking that physical characteristics might indicate that someone had criminal tendencies. (A)	General predispositions (B)	General disproportion (C)	Genealogical dispositions (D)	Genetic predispositions 55. Lombroso brought the idea that someone could be ........................into public acceptance. (A)	Bone criminal (B)	Intimate criminal (C)	Born criminal (D)	Bourgeoisie

56. The three major goals of criminology are the following except one. (A). Understanding of crime (B). Measuring of crime (C). Consolidation of crime (D). Controlling of crime

57. Italian sociologist Enrico Ferri, though studying under Lombroso, did not focus on physiological factor contributing to criminal behaviour. Instead, he was more interested in the....................... that caused crime. (A)	Ecumenical and solar factors (B)	Endoskeleton and social factors (C)	Ectomorph and social factors (D)	Economic and social factors

58. One of the most famous works of Enrico Ferri was ................., a study of what societal factors contribute to criminal behaviour. (A)	Corrective Sociology (B)	Corrosive Sociology (C)	Criminal Sociology (D)	Campus Sociology 59. Enrico Ferri’s theories formed the basis of the 1921 penal code adopted by ................. (A)	Australia (B)	Nigeria (C)	Ghana (D)	Argentina 60. Alexandre Lacassagne’s main problem with Lombroso was the idea of ..................................... (A)	Biological dexterity (B)	Biological inferiority (C)	Being born criminal (D)	Border dispute 61. As a physician, Lacassagne was suspicious of a purely .........................................cause to criminal behaviour. (A)	Phrenological (B)	Phonological (C)	Physiological (D)	physical 62. According to Schrag (1971), the objectives of criminological theory are the following except one. (A). To establish a foundation of knowledge and method that under abnormal conditions may make the control or regulation of criminal behaviour and societal reaction impossible; and to develop a workable conception of criminal injustice. (B). To provide a conceptual framework for developing and establishing accurate observation and reliable description of crime and the reaction to crime. (C). To systematically formulate propositions by which crime and societal reaction can be explained. (D). To establish a foundation of knowledge and method that under certain conditions may make the control or regulation of criminal behaviour and societal reaction possible; and to develop a workable conception of criminal justice. 63. Hans Eysenck studied ................................., and the genetic factors that influence personality. (A)	Punishment (B)	Punitive justice (C)	Personality (D)	Profligacy 64. Eysenck wrote a book called...................................................... (A)	Criminology and Personality (B)	Crime and Personality (C)	Corrective Justice and Personality (D)	None of the above

65. Robert Hare, one of the most famous criminologists considered questions of ....... and .......... (A)	Psychosomatic disorder and psychology (B)	Psychopathology and psychophysiology (C)	Phrenology and Biology (D)	Anthropology and Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) 66. Hare postulated that sometimes you might not always be able to identify.............. since some are psychopaths and can be quite charming. (A)	Mundane criminals (B)	Monstrous criminals (C)	Murderers (D)	Muddle-headed criminals 67. However, Robert Hare did develop a checklist to help ..........................identify psychopathy. (A)	Phonologists (B)	Psychopaths (C)	Psychologists (D)	Criminologists 68. Jane Addams, a criminologist, born into a prosperous family became interested in the plights of................................................. (A)	The less fortunate (B)	The privileged (C)	The criminals (D)	The incarcerated 69. The Knowledge of the ................................contributes to a sound understanding of criminology because that process determines who is and who is not criminalized. (A). criminal victimization (B). criminal justice (C). criminal reward (D). criminology 70. In an effort to prevent crime, Jane Addams helped found the U.S. Settlement House Movement, believing that .................. could help battle crime. (A)	Egocentrism and secularism (B)	punishment (C)	Economic security (D)	Jungle justice 72. Addams was the second woman in the United States to receive the prestigious award of the ...............Prize (A)	Noble Prison (B)	Noble Penologist (C)	Noble Woman (D)	Noble Peace

73. Edwin Sutherland authored .................................., a textbook about the basics of criminology. (A)	On Crimes and Punishment (B)	Principles of Criminology (C)	Principles of Punishment (D)	Principles of Psychology 74. Sutherland created the term ........................... and postulated about criminal differences between classes. (A)	Criminology (B)	White House Criminal (C)	Black Collar Criminal (D)	White Collar Criminal 75. Edwin Sutherland believed that criminal behaviour developed from associating with those who committed crime, and that.......................... was more likely to result from learned behaviours. (A)	Decriminalization (B)	Dehumanization (C)	Discrimination (D)	Delinquency 76. Motivations and technical knowledge, according to Sutherland, were likely to be ............from those who commit crimes. (A)	Leveraged (B)	Learned (C)	Adumbrated (D)	Lesson 77. Sutherland also suggested that .................................................and conflict contributed to crime. (A)	Social exclusion (B)	Social disorganization (C)	Social integration (D)	All of the above 78. William Julius Wilson, a sociologist, wrote a book called.............................................. (A)	Social disorganization (B)	The Declining Significance of Race (C)	Introduction to Sociology (D)	None of the above 79. The scope of criminology covers the following areas except one. (A). The sociology of law and criminological theory (B). Penology, victimology and juvenile delinquency (C ). Cosmology, eulogy and theory of procrastination (D). Criminal statistics and criminal behaviour systems

80. The theories of James Q. Wilson related to............................................................................. (A)	Publication and crime (B)	Punitive justice and crime (C)	Prolonged justice and crime (D)	Public policy and crime The various major theories of deviant/criminal behaviours which are most frequently discussed in the literature of criminology fall into four major categories. Choose the correct option. (A). Classical criminological theories and Biological criminological theories (B). cosmopolitan criminological theories and barbaric criminological theories (C). Psychological criminological theories, and Sociological criminological theories (D). A and C 82. Vulnerable groups of the victims of crimes can be categorized in term of one of these variables....................... (A)	Ability, capacity, exposure and economic assessment (B)	Age, gender, economic, and social class (C)	Anger, agony, acrimony and solitude (D)	Sociology, psychology, psychoanalysis and environment 83. Corrupt practices like bribery and extortion are....................................................... (A)	Victimless crimes (B)	Criminal victimisation (C)	Criminal vulnerability (D)	All of the above 84. The literature of criminology showed that regions and cities with high concentration of industrial, financial and commercial activities tend to have ......................victimisation rates. (A)	Low (B)	Little (C)	High (D)	Moderate 85. Some researchers have found that younger people are........., especially assault and other types of violence. (A)	More prone to criminal victimisation (B)	Less prone to criminal victimisation (C)	Not always prone to criminal victimisation (D)	A and C 86. Victimology is the branch of criminology which is concerned with the......................................... (A)	Victimless crime (B)	Scientific study of victims (C)	Social study of victims (D)	Anti-social understanding of victims 87. The key topics in criminology are all except one of the following. (A). criminal acts (B). criminal offenders and the victims of crime (C). criminal anthropology, cosmology and recidivism (D). the social contexts within which crime occurs, and the criminal justice system.

88. Criminological literature has demonstrated that rapists and their victims are more likely .............and these are likely to take place in the homes of either the victim or offender. (A)	to be acquaintances (B)	not to be acquaintances (C)	to be accomplices (D)	None of the above

89. It has been argued that different lifestyles imply different probabilities that individuals will be in particular places, at particular times, under particular circumstances, interacting with kinds of persons, lifestyles affect the probability of............................................... (A)	Criminal propensity (B)	Criminal posterity (C)	Victimisation (D)	Victimless crime

90. Socio-Economically Weak Victims are victims that are regarded by the larger society as full-fledged members, but are......................................against. (A)	Not discriminated (B)	Likely to be discriminated (C)	Rarely discriminated (D)	Discriminated

91. Precipitative Victimisation simply refers to situation in which actions of the victim gave way for the conditions of their victimisation. True or false? (A)	False (B)	False but sometimes true (C)	True but sometimes false (D)	True

92. A victim must have suffered from................................................................................loss (A)	Emotional, (B)	Psychological (C)	Economic and social (D)	All of the above

93. Victimless Crimes are referred to as................................................................................................. (A)	Crimes whose victims are yet to be known (B)	Crimes without victims (C)	Crimes with less punishment because victims are well known (D)	Crimes with severe punishment yet many people are ignorant of it

94. Biologically Weak Victims are victims whose physical and mental conditions are..................... (A)	In coma (B)	Not in coma (C)	Impaired (D)	Not impaired

95. The following are examples of victimless crime except one of the following............................................ (A)	Alcoholism (B)	Drug abuse (C)	Prostitution (D)	Rape

96. The attempt to curb delinquency and prevent crime in society called for ..............efforts to ensure conformity to the norms and laws – forms of social control. (A). inducement (B). mass protest (C). investigative (D). collective

97. A female student who is indecently dressed and she is consequently raped by angry male students could be said to be a victim of........................................................... (A)	Victimless crime (B)	Vengeful criminalization (C)	Precipitative Victimisation (D)	Prohibitive victimisation

98. Political Victims are the victims that suffer in the hands of the......................................... (A)	Unruly class (B)	Ruling class (C)	Proletariat (D)	ruining class

99. The scope of victimology includes the scientific analysis of patterns, causal factors explored in the ............of the victimisation. (A)	Entomology (B)	Ethnology (C)	Etiology (D)	Etymology 100. The term “victim” also includes where appropriate, the...................................................... (A)	Immediate family (B)	Dependent of the victim (C)	Persons who have suffered harm in intervening to assist people in distress or to prevent victimisation. (D)	All of the above

101. The United Nations Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power (1985) defined victims as “persons who individually or collectively have suffered harm including mental injury emotional suffering economic loss or substantial impairment of their fundamental rights through acts or omissions that are in violation of criminal laws operative within member states including those laws .................................................................of power “. (A)	Proclaiming acceptance (B)	prohibiting criminal abuse (C)	postulating criminal abuse (D)	pre-emptively prolonging criminal abuse

102. Criminologically, those who have actually committed crimes and have been convicted and punished are called.................................................. (A)	Victims of crime (B)	Conserved criminals (C)	Criminal behaviour (D)	Convicted criminals

103. Those who have been convicted and punished for crimes which they did not commit are often referred to as............................................................. (A)	Innocent criminals (B)	Inordinate criminals (C)	Conserved criminals (D)	vociferous victims 104. Criminals at large are often referred to as those criminals that............................................ (A)	Have been wrongfully punished (B)	Have not been wrongfully punished (C)	Have not been known or detected (D)	Have been known or detected but have not been wrongfully punished

105. Criminologically, ............ is the very essence of justice. (A)	Indolent criminals (B)	Rightfully and wrongfully conviction (C)	Equality (D)	Inequality 106. Other examples of white-collar crimes are.................................................................... (A)	Tax-evasion and business fraud (B)	Tax-evasion and fortified business transaction (C)	A and B (D)	None of the above

107. “Criminal by adjudication” implies persons who........................ ,whether or not the offenders have committed the offences alleged.

(A)	Have been tried and convicted for particular offences by law courts (B)	Have never been tried and convicted for a particular offenses by law courts (C)	Can never be tried and convicted for a particular offenses by law courts (D)	None of the above

108. According to Kork and Mccorkle, “offenders-in-fact” refers to persons who have violated the criminal law by engaging in murder, robbery, arson or car-theft, but eventually escape conviction as a result of the procedural and other legal technicalities of the law courts. This statement is........................................ (A)	Not true (B)	Tue (C)	Partially true (D)	Not always true

109. Mala prohibita are offences that are NOT pronounced illegal because the law of that particular society has declared it so. This statement is................................................................. (A)	Credited to Kork and Mccorkle (B)	Correct according to Emile Durkheim (C)	Only correct in a given context (D)	None of the above

110. Examples of crimes against a property are................................................................................ (A)	Robbery, burglary, and larceny (B)	Robbery, burglary and murder (C)	Larceny, levity and murder (D)	Kidnapping, robbery and larceny

112. Mala in se are offences universally accepted everywhere and every time as an offence. Do you agree? (A)	Yes (B)	No (C)	Yes but not sure (D)	No but yet to be sure 113. The law excuses certain categories of persons from criminal responsibility by virtue of the positions they occupy, such as diplomats serving in Foreign Countries, Governors, and Head of States. This is because they have .....................................against criminal actions. (A)	Impunity (B)	Immunity (C)	Impurity (D)	Inanity

114. Offences such as gay marriage are sometimes pronounced illegal because the law of that particular society has declared it so. This concept in Law is usually referred to as.........................? (A)	Mala in se (B)	Mala prohibita (C)	Aluta continua victoria aceta (D)	Vox populi vox Dei

115. Crimes are likely to occur in some places than others due to certain ...................................conditions and different lifestyles. (A)	Demonic (B)	Descriptive (C)	Demographic (D)	Despotic 116. The crimes against the state include all but one of the following (A)	Coup d’état and mutiny (B)	Sedition (C)	Military offences (D)	Coop d’état and mutiny 117. Some of the most prominent activities of organized crime include except one of the following: (A)	the gambling, illegal drugs and money laundering (B)	human trafficking, cybercrime and online Banking Advance Fee Fraud (419) (C)	kidnapping (D)	Prostitution 118. Sociologists define organised crimes as crimes committed by criminal groups involving the provision of........ (A)	Legitimate goods and services (B)	Illegal goods and services (C)	Legal goods and special services (D)	Blue collar crimes

The two fundamental principles crucial to the application of the adversary criminal justice system are the concepts of...................................................................... (A). due process and equal protection (B). unending argument and prolonged court cases (C). jungle justice and extrajudicial killing (D). lack of due process and equal protection

120. Another way of categorising crimes is to classify the offences between.................and..................... (A)	Mala in se and Mala prohibita (B)	Money-politics and  moral protection (C)	Maladministration and malapropism (D)	Malaria parasites and troublemaker

121. "Crime” according to........................is a human conduct which the state decides to prevent by threat of punishment, liability of which is determined by legal proceedings of a special kind. (A)	Allen Gledhill (B)	Allen Graham Smith (C)	Cesare Lombroso (D)	Cesare Beccaria

122. "In order that an act should be punishable as a crime, it must be morally blame worthy.” This statement is attributed to................................................ (A)	Lord Lugard (B)	Lord Denning (C)	Lombroso (D)	All of the above 123. All but one of the following does not contribute to criminal behaviour. (A)	Psychological, social and economic (B)	political, age and sex, (C)	education and religion (D)	stoicism and ecumenism

124. “Criminality” is used for............................................................................................. (A)	behaviour that violates the mores (B)	behaviour that violates the folkways (C)	behaviour that violates the norms (D)	behaviour that violates laws

125. “Perversion” is assigned to behaviour that................................................................... (A)	does not conform to norms for sexual behaviour (B)	conforms to norms for sexual behaviour (C)	will likely conform to norms for sexual behaviour (D)	violates the Folkways and Mores 126. “Drunkenness” applies to alcohol usage that.................................................................. (A)	makes someone to indulge in sexual perversion (B)	violates the folkways (C)	the society considers excessive (D)	the society considers impressive while the victim considers it excessive

127. There are four principal purposes of punishment. Choose the correct option. (A). Vengeance and Deterrence (B). Rehabilitation and Prevention (C). Retrospective and Retrogressive (D). A and B only

128. Rules generally refer to the social norms and expectations for................................................ (A)	deviant behaviour (B)	social exclusion (C)	acceptable behaviour (D)	improper conduct 129. Labelling came to be a way in which individuals or groups assigned certain types of.............................................................. (A)	relationship (B)	signatures (C)	behaviour (D)	self-control 130. ...............................showed the processes by which a person who breaks the norms of the society becomes an outsider and perceives himself as different? (A)	Emile Durkheim (B)	Lombroso (C)	Carol Smart (D)	Howard S. Becker

131. For someone to be called “deviant” that person must........................................................... (A)	have being an ex-convict (B)	         have been tried but not convicted in the court of law (C)	         have broken a rule (D)	         All of the above Definition of research methods for criminology and criminal justice is a primer that provides students of criminology and criminal justice with a clear and simple approach to understanding.......................................................research (A). social science (B). behaviourial science (C). biological science (D). social solidarity 133. The concept “The New Criminology” is attributed to the following except........................... (A)	Ian Taylor (B)	 Paul Walton (C)	Jock Young (D)	Cesare Lombroso

134. The central tenet of cultural transmission theory is that .....................can be passed down from generation to generation because community traditions and values are either permissive toward or supportive of violating conventional rules of conduct, including criminal laws. (A)	crime (B)	deviance (C)	criminal justice (D)	deception

135. The essentials of the mental elements (mens rea) are whether a crime is committed................ (A). Purposely (B). Knowingly and Recklessly (C). Negligently (D). All of the above 136. “Individuals brought up in a working class environment are likely to desire the general goals of the environment and have less opportunity to achieve them due to educational failure”. This statement is credited to....................................................................................? (A)	Albert k. Cohen (B)	Ambrose Collins (C)	Cosmos Thomas (D)	None of the above 137. The prison is .......................for the custody of the final product in the criminal justice system. (A). sometimes responsible (B). often times not responsible (C). responsible (D). ought to be responsible

138. The prison according to Erving Goffman is a “total institution”. That is, to be locked up in a physical, psychological and the prisoner has.......................................... (A). all the control (B). no control (C). Full freedom (D). no right for prerogative of mercy

139. The Police are said to be the regular customer of the court because................................................. (A). they always appear to request charges be filed against a suspect. (B). they appear sometimes to prosecute and to testify at hearings, (C). they also serve as witness during trial (D). all of the above 140. One of the following is not the duty of a judge or jury during a criminal trial. (A). listening to the charges (B). analysing the facts as they relate to the law (C). demanding bungs from the accused in order to hasten court process (D). determining who is guilty or innocent 141. In an ideal criminal trial, the prosecutor represents the state and carries the burden of proving the case beyond reasonable doubt in order to earn the accused.............................................. (A). victory (B). conviction (C). commendation (D). alibi

142. The word “alibi” connotes............................................................................................. (A). words often used by prosecutors when they represent the state and carry the burden of proving the case beyond reasonable doubt in order to earn the accused conviction. (B). words often used by the accused to prove their case beyond reasonable in the court of law. (C). Words that are not used by prosecutors when they represent the state and carry the burden of proving the case beyond reasonable doubt in order to earn the accused conviction. (D). proof that the accused could not have done something wrong, especially the fact or statement that he or she was in another place at the time the alleged crime was committed.

143. The primary role of the defence counsel in a criminal trial is........................................... (A). to stand as a prosecutor when he or she represents the state and carry the burden of proving the case beyond reasonable doubt in order to earn the accused conviction. (B). not to use the word “alibi” during criminal trial. (C). to make sure that prosecutors who represent the state and carry the burden of proving the case beyond reasonable doubt earn good money for themselves. (D). to represents the accused and rebut the case presented by the prosecution in order to earn the accused discharge and acquittal.

144. ............................has adversely affected the societies of both developed and developing countries by impairing the quality of life, threatening human rights and fundamental freedom and posing a serious challenge to the community. (A). criminal justice (B). criminal (C). crime (D). criminology

145. A court is defined as the agency set up by government to define and apply the law, to order its enforcement and to settle disputed points on which individual or groups......................... (A). have formed a united front (B). will make good money (C). do not agree. (D). all of the above

146. One of the following is not among the job of the police officer as identified by the United State National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals. (A). claiming superiority over the court during criminal proceeding and bringing good returns for the state. (B). preventing and detecting criminal activity. (C). apprehending criminal offenders and participating in court proceeding. (D). Protecting constitutional guarantees and assisting those who cannot care for themselves or who are in danger of physical harm.

147. The police as the largest and most important subsystem of the criminal justice system are often referred to as the..................................................................of the justice system? (A). ringleader (B). buccaneer (C). goalscorer (D). goalkeeper

148. In modern policing, the policemen carry out the arrest of a suspect through...................................... (A). discretion (B). instigation (C). corruption (D). castration 149. The criminal justice agencies are the main actors in the official treatment of............................................ (A). discretion (B). buccaneer (C). crimes (D). cronyism

150. The criminal justice itself is defined as a legal process which involves the procedure of processing the person accused of committing crime from arrest to the................of the case. (A) final dismemberment (B) final disposal (C). initial disposal (D). previous presentation

151. Criminal acts may result when youths conform to norms of the deviant............................. (A). socio-cultural organisations (B). subculture (C). culture (D). all of the above

152. Some youth, especially from poorer areas where opportunities are scarce, might adopt social norms specific to those places which may include .........................and disrespect for.............. (A). truthfulness and authority (B). toughness and authority (C). truthfulness and atrocity (D). toughness and acrimony

153. If the social structure of opportunities is unequal and prevents the majority from realizing the dream, some of them will turn to illegitimate means (crime) in order to realize it. This statement is associated with an American sociologist called..................................................................... (A). Robert Merton (B). Cesare Lombroso (C). Edwin Sutherland (D). Paul Tappan

154. According to........................ (1973) “Crime is any act or omission resulting from human conduct which is considered in itself or in its outcome to be harmful and which the state wishes to prevent, which renders the person responsible liable to some kind of punishment; the result of the proceedings which are usually initiated on behalf of the state and which are designed to ascertain the nature, extent and the legal consequence of that person’s responsibility”. (A). Captain (B). Curzon (C). Crime (D). Calypso 155. To Emile Durkheim, crime is a category which can be defined only by reference to the specific........................... and values of the society in which it occurs. (A). social science (B). social anomaly (C). social work (D). social norms

156. ......................and Cressey (1974) define criminal law as “a list of specific forms of human conduct which has been outlawed by political authority, which applies uniformity to all persons living under the political authority, and which is enforced by punishment administered by the state”. (A). Sovereignty (B). suspect (C). Sutherland (D). social norms

157. The following except ONE are some fundamental characteristics of criminal law according to Sutherland and Cressey. (A). police (B). specificity (C ). Uniformity and policy (D). penal sanction

158. Any law that does not prescribe a punishment for its violation should not be regarded as a criminal law. True or false? (A). true (B). false (C). not sure (D). none of the above

159. The concept of “uniformity” suggests that criminal law is expected to apply to all persons irrespective of class, sex, ethnicity and religious or political.................................... (A)	Affirmation (B)	Acclamation (C)	Inflammation (D)	Affiliation

200. Polity as one of the fundamentals of criminal law implies that criminal laws are.................................. (A). supposed to be enacted by the police officers only and not national or state assemblies (B). usually enacted by religious leaders and not police officer only. (C). usually enacted by the political authority such as national or state assembly. (D). supposed to be enacted by the general public.

201. According to Reid (1996), the ............................are “the agencies responsible for enforcing criminal laws, including legislatures, police, courts, and corrections. (A). criminal Code (B). criminal profiling (C). criminologists (D). criminal justice systems

202. The historical roots of criminal laws came from all but one of the following............................. (A). the Babylonian code of Hammurabi (B). the mosaic (C). the Roman twelve tables- Justinian corpus Juris Civilis (body of civil law) (D). mens rea and actus reus

203. The second source of the historical root of criminal laws was the English ..........law, the source of the present-day legal system. (A). Cannon (B). Communal (C). Civil (D). Common

204. The major difference between adversary and inquisitorial criminal justice systems is the............................................... (A). presumption of guilt versus the presumption of innocence (B). presumption of guiltless versus presumption of innocence (C). Assumption of criminal liability and acknowledgment of mens rea only (D). All of the above 205. ................. reflect a society’s beliefs about correct and incorrect behaviours. (A). normlessness (B). anomalies (C). anarchy (D). norms

206.................. is a body of rules of conduct prescribed by an authority with binding legal force, the violation of which may attract punishment. (A). norms (B). Law (C). Lasciviousness (D). Landlord 207. Law is a term derived from the Anglo- Saxon word ‘lagu’, meaning................................ (A). to determine (B). deteriorate (C). to strongly oppose (D). obliterate

208. ...................defined law as ‘a set of rules imposed and enforced by a society with regard to the attribution and exercise of power over persons and things’. (A). Adolph Hitler (B). Vinogradoff (C). Lombroso (D). None of the above 209. ...........................defined it as ‘a rule laid down for the guidance of individuals by the individuals with power over them. (A). Jane Addams (B). John Austin (C). Jefferson Brown (D). Martin Luther kings, Jr.

210. A person who has violated the criminal law of the land and has been found guilty by a court of law and punished accordingly is called a.................................. (A). criminal suspect (B). comatose (C). connivance (D). criminal 211. The Latin word, maxim nulla poena sine lege, means................................................... (A). criminals (B). actus reus (C). no smoke without fire (D). there is hardly any law without punishment

212. The infliction of pain or suffering or deprivation of something of value in relation to someone who has committed crime, violated a rule, societal norms or regulations is called.................... (A). retaliatory violence (B). punctilious mannerism (C). perverted justice (D). punishment

213. For Emile Durkheim, punishment is the society’s responsibility to punish wrongdoers and it does so through a recognised body which exercises the authority.................................. (A). to punish on behalf of the society. (B). not to punish on behalf of the society. (C). somehow to punish on behalf of the society. (D). only in a given context not to punish on behalf of the society. 214. The crimes against property are all except one of the following.................................. (A). forgery and violent stealing (B). burglary and trespass (C). arson and vandalism (D). murder and affray 215. Drug addicts and narcotics are interpreted as crime against...................................... (A). the police and the public commandant (B). the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). (C). the public order (D). the National Drug Law and Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) 216. A crime that may be punishable by death or imprisonment for three years or more is called............... (A). misdemeanour (B). felony (C). leniency (D). alimony 217. Any crime punishable with imprisonment for less than three years but more than six months is called......... (A). felony (B). alimony (C). acrimony (D). misdemeanour

218. Criminologists stress that the organisation of organised crime is held together by powerful leaders who use coercive techniques including physical violence to enforce...... code of conducts. (A). a world-weary (B). an unorganized (C). an under-world (D). an impressive

219. All gangs are characterised by strict discipline with each member having to................... his personal interest to the group’s interest. (A). exonerate (B). elevate (C). subordinate (D). subjugate

220. All but one of the following is incorrect about characteristics of a criminal syndicate. (A). a criminal syndicate is definitely and primarily a business organisation. (B). a criminal syndicate depends on an apathetic public which not only permit the deviant behaviour but implicitly demand the services. (C). a criminal syndicate develops through ruthless competition which may involve the destruction of other competitors. (D). a criminal syndicate bears arms against the state and are often referred to as        insurgents.

221. Political corruption takes many forms. Pick the incorrect option. (A). rigging of election and political gerrymandering (B). mastering the art of governance and following due process (C). misuse of public funds and subterfuge (D). the performance of free-services for fees and contract kick-backs

222. According to Ferdinand (1966), it is extremely difficult to control political corruption as an organised crime because “the hands of the law are the hands of the corrupt.” In other words, it means that................... (A). politicians are above the law and therefore should not be punished by the law (B). politicians often make empty promises and cannot fulfill it. (C). verbosity, rapacity and voracity are part of politics. (D). the makers and the executors of the law are themselves corrupt.

223. In other to adequately describe the criminological approaches available for the study of criminology, Hermann Mannheim (1965) stated the following approaches except......................................... (A). The descriptive approach (B). The normative approach (C). The nomadic approach (D). The casual approach

224. A case of banker who shoots his wife’s lover, may be criminologically viewed as............................... (A). white-collar crime and not a culpable homicide (B). a culpable homicide (C). assault and battery (D). a victimless crime

225. ........................... are unethical business practices amongst the respectable groups. (A). kidnapping (B). unorganized crimes (C). organised crimes (D). white-collar crimes

226. The two important types of white-collar crimes that may be identified are.................................................. (A). fraudulent activities including such things as false advertisements, short-weights, inferior materials and systematic over-charging. (B). blue-collar crimes and bank robbery. (C). violation of local and federal laws such as patent infringement, illegal labour practices such as using unskilled personnel to do the work of a professionals, price-fixing during shortage period. (D). A and C.

227. A policeman who demands for a bribe at the checkpoint can be said to have committed......................... (A). white-collar crime (B). blue-collar crime (C). Red-collar crime (D). juvenile delinquency

228. Vagrancy means.................................................................. (A). very serious (B). felonious crime (C). white-collar crime (D). running away from home

229. The psychological interest in criminality has been logically linked to psychiatric interest in finding unusual conditions producing ..................................in the make-up of criminals. (A). normal traits (B). abnormal traits (C). enviable traits (D). none of the above

230. ...................view crimes as resulting from tension, stresses and strain within the societies. (A). anthropologists (B) sociologists (C). penologists (D). criminologists

231. ................................................ is well understood through the breakdown of social controls.

(A). sin (B). immorality (C). crime (D). corruption

232. ...........................has no place in social contract as the people have the right to overthrow an unjust government and establish a more equitable contract.

(A). coup d’état (B). authoritarianism (C). self-determination (D). democracy

233. Travis Hirschi (1969), David Matza (1969) and Harriet Wilson (1980) in their modern sociological thinking about crime from the basis of “The Control Theory” believed that men yield to and commit crime as a result of weakening of moral authority in them which could not enable them to.......................................

(A). repent from their abominable acts (B). repent from their waywardness (C). to conform to the moral bonds (D). avoid been boisterous 234. The idea that the state resulted from an agreement among society’s members to submit their individual rights voluntarily to the sovereign to rule in order to stabilise social relationship and safeguard individuals’  liberty and preservation of their lives and property is often referred to as............................. (A). social diplomacy (B). sociology (C). sovereignty (D). social contract

235. The classicists believed that human beings are naturally pleasure loving and would use their free-will (liberty) to choose acts that bring pleasure (hedonism) to them as against those that will bring.......................................................

(A). joy and fulfillment (B). pain and suffering (C). poverty and sickness (D). social contract and conformity

236. Jeremy Bentham, then postulated that laws should have a “spirit” of utilitarianism. This means that the laws should be made for the............................................

(A). greatest suffering of the greatest number in the society. (B). greatest happiness for the greatest number in the society. (C). lowest happiness of the lowest number in the society. (D). for the greatest punishment of the greatest number in the society.

237. ...............................believed that individuals weigh the probabilities of present and future pleasures against those of present and future pains.

(A). Emile Durkheim (B). John Austin (C). Cesare Beccaria (D). Jeremy Bentham

238. If the advantages of criminal acts are greater than the disadvantages, the probability of the crime will.............................................. (A). decrease (B). delay (C). drop drastically (D). increase

239. Bentham believed that ................should be viewed from the perspective of how much pleasure or pains the law generates. (A). utopia (B). utility (C). hedonism (D). none of the above

240. Punishment should be quick, certain, and .....................................with the crime committed. (A). commiserate (B). inconsiderate (C). commensurate (D). commemorate

241. The neo-classical school did not agree with the idea that human beings are naturally...................animals who use their freewill to choose acts that will bring pleasure to them or for the purpose of maximizing pleasure. (A). law-abiding (B). pleasure-loving (C). pain-loving (D). all of the above

242. The point of contention to the neo-classicist is that the classical school erred in the idea of..................................................................... (A). positing that criminals should be treated with respect and not with serious punishment. (B). a blanket punishment for the criminals. (C). sometimes postulating that criminals should be pampered and not treated with serious punishment. (D). believing that there is a ‘born criminal’.

243. The neoclassical school believes that ..................circumstances should be taken into consideration before punishing a criminal. (A). extemporaneous (B). exterminating (C). exacerbating (D). extenuating

244. The historical development of criminology started with the classical school which grew out of a..........against the barbaric nature of the criminal justice system of the eighteenth century Europe. (A). conquest (B). quagmire (C). request (D). protest

245. The central theme of the classical school was the idea of................................................ (A). goodwill (B). protest (C). free-will (D). pain-loving

246. Auguste Comte (1798 – 1857), the father of sociology is associated with the term................................... (A). rationalism (B). socialism (C). positivism (D). hedonism 247. ...................................saw positivism – the use of observation and experimentation to understand natural phenomena – as the key to man’s continued progress.

(A)	Auguste Comte (B)	Karl Marx (C)	Cesare Lombroso (D)	Jeremy Bentham

248. Cesare Lombroso (1836 – 1909) is usually seen as the founder of modern criminology because he.................................................................. (A). strongly believed in the theory of “born criminal.” (B). postulated that criminals should face death penalty. (C). opined that knowledge of science should not be applied to the study of criminology. (D). used a scientific approach to study crime and to develop a ‘positive’, factual knowledge of offenders, based upon observation, measurement, and inductive reasoning.

249. Lombroso wrote a book-L’Uomo Delinquente which is translated to mean................................................. (A). The Deceiving Man (B). The Pleasure-loving Man (C). The Delinquent Man (D). The Dangerous Man

250. William Sheldon (1949) posited that body structure might predict..................................... (A). conformity (B). resistance (C). reasonability (D). criminality

251. Glueck and Glueck (1950) confirmed Sheldon’s conclusion, but cautioned that a powerful build does not necessarily cause or even predict............................................................. (A). conformity (B). criminality (C). reasonability (D). resistance

252. Charles Goring (1972) later explained criminal behaviour as a result of.................................... (A). mental superiority (B). mental inferiority (C). mental perspicacity (D). all of the above

253. Critical criminology was developed in..................................................... (A). Cyprus and India (B). Canada and Nigeria (C). Ghana and Australia (D). America and Britain

254. The critical or new criminology sought to offer a way out and replace the old order, which would automatically bring a.........................................................

(A). new damnation in the history of criminology. (B). new dawn in the history of criminology. (C). controversial argument in the history of criminology (D). none of the above. 255. The critical or radical approach perceives crime as a great feature of ......................and its system of political parameters, which gives more promise to the position of the exploiting elites. (A). criminal society (B). capitalist society (C). conformist society (D). conspicuous society 256. Immorality is fostered in every possible way by the conditions of working class life. This statement is attributed to............................................... (A). Angel Louis (B). Friedrich Engels (C). Enrico Ferri (D). Carol Smart

Criminologists do all of the following except one. (A). Study normal social behaviour and how certain factors influence deviation from norms. (B). Analyse crime and criminal behaviour and attempt to explain it and focus on the study of  crime and criminals to increase the chance of a criminal being apprehended. (C). Procrastinate patterns and motives of criminal behaviours (D). Predict patterns and motives for criminal behaviours

258. Crime of violence, property offences and drug crimes according to Marx are the by-products of this economic oppression and alienation and societies’ contradictions that are apparent in...................... (A)	Socialist economy (B)	Monolithic economy (C)	Capitalist economy (D)	Industrialized economy 259. The Marxist approach believed that ...............will reduce crimes fundamentally as crimes are rooted in social inequality. (A). capitalism (B). totalitarianism (C). oligarchy (D). socialism 260. Young and Matthew (1992) stressed the need for an adequate criminal justice system that works in the interests of all social groups and provides adequate protection for................................ (A). the rich (B). the poor (C). privileged (D). the capitalist

261. Richard Quinney (1977) allying with Bonger argued that under capitalism, the law is used to oppress the working classes. The vital issues of the traditional or orthodox Marxists such as Bonger and Quinney were that.................................................................... (A). crime is the product of inadequate social conditions. (B). crime is the product of adequate social conditions. (C). crime is the product of adequate socialization. (D). crime is a social condition that should be promoted by the society.

262. Williem Adrian Bonger (1876 – 1940) believed that there was a relationship between economic situation and.................................... (A). carnality (B). criminality (C). poverty (D). all of the above 263. An unlawful contract, which compels the employees to make a decision that they will not join any union or participate in the activities of any union, as a precondition for employment is called................................. (A). Yellow Dog Contract (B). White Contract (C). Red Dog Contract (D). None of the above

263. Bonger concluded that crime can only be eliminated through a radical reorganisation of the mode of production and the dethronement of..................................................... (A). criminality (B). social conditions (C). poverty (D). capitalism

In 1885, the term “Criminology” was first coined by an Italian-law-professor called...................................... (A). Emilo Viano (B). Emile Durkheim (C). Raffaele Garofalo (D). Rosa Park 265. ............................was one of the largest contributors to biological positivism and was founder of the Italian school of criminology (A). Emilio Viano (B). Cesare Lombroso (C). Rosa Park (D). John Austin 266. The theory of evolution was propounded by a scientist known as..................................... (A). Desmond Darwin (B). Charles Darwin (C). Desmond Tutu (D). Angel Darwin

267. Émile Durkheim viewed crime as an inevitable aspect of ..................with uneven distribution of wealth and other differences among people. (A). society (B). selected society (C). solitude (D). social stratification

268. Crime is learned through................................................................ (A). assassination (B). assimilation (C). aspersion (D). association

269. When criminal subcultures exist, many individuals can learn associatively to commit crime and crime rates may ...........in those specific locations. (A). not increase (B). increase (C). attenuate (D). not escalate 270. Chicago School sociologists adopted a social ecology approach to studying cities, and postulated that urban neighborhoods with high levels of poverty often experience breakdown in the social structure and institutions such as.................................................... (A). familiarity and schools (B). formality and social order (C). felony and scandal (D). family and schools

271. Theoretical perspectives used in criminology include.......................................................... (A). psychoanalysis, evolutionary psychology and functionalism (B). interactionism, Marxism, neuropsychology and genetics (C). econometrics, systems theory and postmodernism (D). All of the above 272. Social disorganization theory according to Henry McKay and Clifford R. Shaw of the Chicago School postulates that neighborhoods plagued with poverty and economic deprivation tend to experience high rates of..................................................................... (A). population turnover (B). population scarcity (C). Less population explosion (D). death

273. According Travis Hirschi, if the following factors are not present in a person, it is more likely that he or she might become criminal. Choose the correct option. (A). attachment to others and belief in moral validity of rules (B). commitment to achievement and involvement in conventional activities (C). commitment to criminal activities and recidivism (D). A and B only 274. According to Traits Theories, criminologist Lonnie Athens developed a theory about how a process of brutalization by parents or peers that usually occurs in childhood results in violent crimes in.................... (A). infanthood (B). adulthood (C). parenthood (D). falsehood

275. Rational choice theory of Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham is based on the utilitarian, classical school philosophies which argued that punishment, if certain, swift, and proportionate to the crime, was a deterrent for crime, with risks ..................................benefits to the offender. (A). outweighing possible (B). undermining possible (C). assisting possible (D). None of the above

276. Routine activity theory, developed by Marcus Felson and Lawrence Cohen, draws upon control theories and explains crime in terms of crime opportunities that occur in everyday life. A crime opportunity requires that elements converge in time and place including......................

(A). a motivated offender (B). suitable target or victim (C). lack of a capable guardian (D). All of the above 277. Biosocial criminology is an interdisciplinary field that aims to explain crime and antisocial behaviour by exploring both ....................................factors and environmental factors. (A). blue-collar (B). biological (C). bilateral (D). None of the above

278. Natural laws are rooted in core values shared by.................................................... (A). many cultures (B). only criminal subcultures (C). many illiterate and defiant cultures (D). only criminally-minded cultures

279. Comparative criminology is the study of the social phenomenon of crime across cultures, to identify differences and similarities in............................................................ (A). crime punishment (B). crime patterns (C). crime prevention (D). None of the above

280. Offences associated with trafficking in person include all of the following except.............................. (A). Slavery and Slavery-like practiced (B). Involuntary servitude and Forced or compulsory labour (C). Debt bondage, Forced marriage and Forced abortion (D). polling, voting and enfranchisement

281. Traffickers use a series of control mechanism to ensure the success of their criminal objectives; among these mechanisms are the following except........................................ (A). Immediate physical/or sexual abuse; seizure and retention travel and identity documents. (B). Detention and constant supervision in the safe house’s maintained by traffickers without the possibility of normal social contact with others. (C). Ensuring that every human being is entitled to his or her liberty without any hindrance. (D). Placing them in fear of seeking police assistance, threats of exposure and constant moving or locations and personnel to prevent the victims from establishing any form of relationship with other  victims or gaining detailed knowledge of the trafficking operation.

282. Restrictive immigration policies almost invariably force migrants to seek for ................means of migration. (A). legal (B). paralegal (C). illegal (D). legitimate 283. Among the factors reported to be the root causes of trafficking are all but one (A). Ignorance, low level or lack of (formal) education. (B). Irrelevant school curriculum and poor teaching methods leading to lack of interest in school and consequently to school dropout. (C). Encouragement of universal basic education and human capital development. (D). Poverty which has different interpretations-intellectual poverty and material poverty 284. Criminologists have explained and attributed the preponderance and prevalence of child trafficking in Nigeria as a result of........................................................ (A). Bastardization of Nigerian cultures (B). Severe poverty (C). Nigeria’s porous border system (D). All of the above

285. According to the Trafficking in Persons Report of the U.S. State Department, July 2001, Nigerians are trafficked to Europe, the Middle East and other African countries for the purposes of the following except (A). forced labour (B). domestic servitude (C). facilitating Universal Basic Education and scholarship (D). sexual exploitation.

286. In Nigeria, organisations whose activities are relevant to the fight against trafficking in Persons are the following except................................................ (A). Women Trafficking and Child Labour Eradication Foundation (WOTCLEF) Abuja and Idia renaissance, Benin City. (B). Women’s Consortium of Nigeria (WOCON) Lagos and Committee for the support of the Dignity for Women, Abuja. (C). Unscrupulous elements in the Nigeria Immigration and Custom Services and border racketeers who aid and abet trafficking in person. (D). National Agency for Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons (NAPTIP) and Nigeria Immigration Services

287. “Trafficking in person shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the living or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.” Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation, forced labour or service, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.” This statement is true according to...................................................... (A). The Immigration Council of Nigeria (B). Article 3 of UN Protocol to the Convention on Transnational Organized Crimes (C). Arithmetic formula prohibiting trafficking in persons (D). All of the above

288. A victim must have suffered any such things as personal injury, death, loss of or injury to personal or real property, as a result of a........................................................... (A). condemnation and culpability (B). castigation (C). criminality (D). crime

289. According to President Obasanjo in the speech titled “Using the legal profession to create “A Bright Future for Peoples of the Commonwealth.” The President noted that there is need to: (A). Improve the access to disempowered groups to the criminal justice system including women, children and victims in general. (B). Re-design the criminal justice system to empower victims and provide a greater and more meaningful role of victims in the criminal justice system. (C). Improve the service delivered by the criminal justice process to victims of crime and deal with the damage caused by criminal acts by providing remedial intervention for victims. (D). All of the above.

290. The three specific types of characteristics that have been found according to David Finkelhor and Nancy Asigian (1996) that increase the potential for victimization are the following except one. (A). Target Vulnerability (B). Target Gratifiability (C). Target Antagonism (D). Target Criminological Sagacity ...........................is the systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of data to answer a certain question or solve a problem. (A). recidivism (B). reclamation (C). Research (D). statistics 292. The term Actus reus means........................................................... (A). guilty act (B). guilty mind (C). every act is liable to punishment (D). every act referring to criminal resistance is useless 293. Generally, a person must commit some voluntary act before he or she is subject to criminal sanction. True or False? (A). false (B). true (C). indifferent (D). partially true 294. It is a general principle of............................ law that a person may not be convicted of a crime unless the prosecution proves its element beyond reasonable doubt. (A). Civil (B). Tort (C). Municipal (D). Criminal 295. Conventional legal wisdom holds that the essence of crime consists of the following elements except.................................................................... (A). the criminal act – actus reus and culpable mental state – the mens rea (B). harm and legality (C). legality, causations and punishment (D). homogeneity, ubiquity and permissibility 296. Legally speaking, Ex- post facto laws take the following forms. Choose the correct form. (A). Declaring criminal an act or omission that was not illegal when it was committed. (B). Increasing the punishment for a crime after it is committed (C). Altering the rules or evidences in a particular case after the crime is committed. (D). All of the above. 297. In common law from which much of Nigerian legal tradition devolves, offenders were said to have violated the .........................................when they committed a crime? (A). Queen’s peace (B). Legal peace (C). King’s peace (D). Criminals’ peace 298. The three principles which underpin the development of the criminal law are the following except............... (A). In drafting criminal offenses, the state should strive to strike the right balance between the principle of minimum criminalization and social defence. (B). The criminal law should be essentially fair in its content and operation. (C). The criminal law should be essentially bias or prejudicial in its content and operation. (D). Where criminal offences are created, the principle of fair labeling provides that they should distinguish properly between the types of harm prohibited and the elements to be established.

299. A holistic and effective crime prevention package contains the following except one. (A). The people-oriented strategy usually known as “Crime Prevention Through Social Development” (CPSD). (B). Place-oriented strategies also known as “Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design" (CPTED). (C). 	The crime-oriented strategies whereby criminality is encouraged to thrive in the society leading to the      process known as recidivism. (D).	The  Situation-oriented strategies which looks at particular circumstances in which people interact with one another and with the built environment, identifies particularly risk combinations and looks for  solutions specifies to those situations.

300. Crime index is an estimate of crimes committed or record of crimes such as offences known to the police, arrests, convictions or commitments to prison. Criminologically, dark figure of crime refers to.................... (A). offences known to the police, arrests and commitments to prison (B). offences not known to the police and the prison which have been secretly reported to Them. (C). the number of crimes officially recorded by the police especially when there is no light in their station (D). the number of crimes not officially recorded by the police

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