User talk:Crinoline/sandbox

To do list

 * Find sources on relevant UK law.
 * Find sources on relevant UK guidance and policy, e.g. social services / police.
 * Research issue of terminology.
 * Consider how to rejig the structure to incorporate different country information.
 * Update links section (UK).
 * Research recovery advice for survivors of abuse. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Crinoline (talk • contribs) 20:22, 26 October 2014 (UTC)

UK Law

 * Link to Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) factsheet on Sexual Offences: . This page gives details of the Sexual Offences Act 2003.  "Other Offences in the 2003 Sexual Offences Act .... sexual abuse of vulnerable persons with a mental disorder. These include situations where: they are unable to refuse because of a lack of understanding; they are offered inducements, threatened or deceived; and there is a breach of a relationship of care, by a care worker."  The usual situations of rape and other forms of abuse would also apply - these are also listed in the factsheet.
 * There are separate offences against children and adults. Should we make clear that the article deals with adults, or should it incoporate children with learning disabilities too?
 * Should there be a section on or link to a page about perpetrators with learning disabilites? Crinoline (talk) 19:53, 26 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Link to CPS legal guidance on Rape and Sexual Offences: . This is in-depth guidance for prosecutors, giving definitions, advice regarding process, etc.  There are links to information about Special Measures, which are ways for vulnerable people to give evidence involving relaxation of usual court practice (e.g. removal of wigs), pre-recorded evidence, etc.  The Sexual Offences Act 1956 may also have some bearing on this article.  The guidance contains a useful section on consent.
 * There is a difference between law and guidance, but perhaps the headings can reflect this.
 * I heard that people with learning disabilities - or perhaps assault survivors in general? - should not be questioned excessively or given counselling before trial, as this could harm their evidence. It would be good to find a source for this.  I'm not sure whether this has a place in a Wikipedia article, but it would be useful information for anyone using Wikipedia for initial information in a real-life situation.  Could be touched on, with links to further support?
 * Sentencing may be a useful topic for the legal section.
 * There's a section on monitoring rape cases. This is part of a Violence Against Women scheme, so is not yet clear to me whether other sexual offences and offences against men are included.  Case monitoring would be a useful source of statistics, but other sources will be needed to show estimates of unreported crimes.  I have seen such discussion on websites of support organisations, so references should be possible.
 * Contains a section debunking myths. One is about sexual orientation of offender / victim, particularly in case of a male victim.  Article should touch briefly on issues of sexual orientation / sexuality? Crinoline (talk) 20:31, 26 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Link to Ann Craft Trust news article on Forced Marriage: - not necessarily about sexual abuse, but seems relevant.  Crinoline (talk) 22:31, 27 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Mental Capacity Act 2005 - useful links on this page should be followed up. Crinoline (talk) 20:10, 28 October 2014 (UTC)
 * "27 (1) Nothing in this Act permits a decision on any of the following matters to be made on behalf of a person— .... (b)consenting to have sexual relations" Crinoline (talk) 20:28, 28 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Family Planning Association book on PWLD, Sex and the Law - worth looking at at some point: Crinoline (talk) 20:13, 28 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Scotland and Northern Ireland have different laws, and Wales has some different laws, but I'm not sure if these cover sexual offences. Need to investigate further.  Crinoline (talk) 16:23, 3 November 2014 (UTC)

Statistics
Possible sources of statistics around sexual offences, UK:
 * Office of National Statistics
 * Government "Official Statistics Bulletin" Crinoline (talk) 20:53, 26 October 2014 (UTC)

Learning Disability Organisations

 * Mencap
 * British Institute of Learning Disabilities (BILD)
 * Foundation for People with Learning Disabilities
 * Respond UK - specialists in recovery from abuse and trauma.
 * National Forum of People with Learning Disabilities - advises national government.
 * Friendly Resource Company - learning disability friendly resources, including some on abuse.  Crinoline (talk) 21:05, 26 October 2014 (UTC)
 * The Challenging Behaviour Foundation - for people working with severe learning disabilities and challenging behaviour.  Crinoline (talk) 22:06, 27 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Ann Craft Trust - safeguarding of vulnerable adults and disabled children - covers learning disabilities.  Crinoline (talk) 22:26, 27 October 2014 (UTC)
 * People First - self-advocacy organisation.  Crinoline (talk) 16:04, 3 November 2014 (UTC)

Right to a Sex Life

 * Could be mentioned in a section on implications. Some disability advocacy groups are worried about the potential for excessive caution around the sexual activity of people with learning disabilities.  This could lead to PWLD being denied a sex life.  There has also been concern around the possibility of criminalisation of PWLD's sexual lives e.g. between two people lacking capacity to consent - pretty sure the UK guidance is not to prosecute in such cases, however.  Crinoline (talk) 21:10, 26 October 2014 (UTC)


 * An article about sex education in Nigeria, and teachers' reluctance to offer it to people with learning disabilities: []. I have not bought and read this article, but it raises the important questions of education and prevention.  Crinoline (talk) 20:40, 27 October 2014 (UTC)


 * House of Lords / House of Commons Join Committee on Human Rights report, "A Life Like Any Other? Human Rights of Adults with Learning Disabilities" [] - section on relationships, including sexual relationships pg. 33 (37 of PDF).  Recommendation that Valuing People report is updated regarding issues around "right to respect for private and family life (Article 8 ECHR) and participation in the life of the community, as guaranteed by the UN Disability Rights Convention."  Crinoline (talk) 21:59, 27 October 2014 (UTC)


 * Family Planning Association "It's My Right" campaign: . Should also revisit this site, which has loads of info on people with learning disabilities and sex.  Crinoline (talk) 20:08, 28 October 2014 (UTC)

Terminology

 * BILD information on terminology []
 * Learning Disability is most often used in the UK.
 * Learning Difficulty is preferred by some using the social model of disability, but this term also includes dyslexia etc.
 * Intellectual Disability is used in USA, Australia, maybe UK and parts of Europe.
 * This page also has info on severity of learning disability, which may be relevant to this topic.
 * Foundation for People with Learning Disabilities []
 * Developmental Disability mentioned, but not explained in full.
 * Autistic spectrum disorders and cerebral palsy may or may not involve learning disabilities. Are these included in the definition of Developmental Disability?
 * Intellectual Disability also used in Canada.
 * Specific Learning Difficulty may refer to dyslexia, dyspraxia, etc.
 * Bristol University PDF on terminology, with list of useful references: []
 * Gives a detailed explanation of the different usage of Learning Disability in the UK and USA.
 * The USA may use Learning Disability for dyslexia etc. only.
 * Autism is a 'Neurodevelopment Disorder', not a Learning Disability, though a person with autism might also have a Learning Disability.
 * Asperger's Syndrom is not a Learning Disability, as above-average intelligence forms part of its definition.
 * People with brain injuries acquired during adulthood do not have a Learning Disability, though they may have impairments.
 * World Health Organisation factsheet on Mental Disorders: []
 * Developmental Disorders - an umbrella term covering Intellectual Disabilities and Pervasive Developmental Disorders including Autism.
 * Intellectual Disability = lower intelligence with related effects on everyday life.
 * Pervasive Developmental Disorders = impaired social behaviour, narrow range of interests, etc. Sometimes may also involve Intellectual Disabilities.
 * WHO Europe definition of Intellectual Disability: []
 * Includes socially-created developmental delays e.g. following institutionalisation.
 * World Psychiatry paper (2011) on terminology for Intellectual Disabilities: []
 * Intellectual Developmental Disorders is their proposed new term - this is a 'medical model' term.
 * Intellectual Developmental Disorders is a subset of Neurodevelopmental Disorders.
 * Intellectual Developmental Disorders as a category has subsets based on severity.
 * (from a different source []) it looks like the WHO disease categorisation system is under review - the organisation linked to here is leading on the recategorisation of Intellectual Disabilities.
 * Dissertation from 1997 containing section on definitions of Intellectual Disablity in Australia: []. Though old, it lists some possible useful sources:
 * International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps (ICIDH)
 * International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems Ninth Revision (ICD-9) - probably the WHO classifications.
 * American Association on Mental Retardation (AAMR) classifications - used in Australian institutions in 1997.
 * "The mixed use of definitions of developmental disability and intellectual disability has also created inconsistency in data collections and estimates of prevalence."
 * Dementia mentioned as a term for 'mental retardation' that occurs in adulthood (seems too narrow a term to me).
 * AAMR sub-categorises not by severity, but by level of support needed: Intermittent; Limited; Extensive; Pervasive.
 * The American Psychiatric Association definitions and classifications (DSM-III and IV).
 * "Developmental disability has been defined as a broad term which includes mental retardation, cerebral palsy, autism, epilepsy, and other neurological impairments (Summers 1986). The term developmental disability is also used in Australia to refer to severe chronic disabilities attributable to intellectual and/or physical impairment which occur before age 6 years."
 * Learning Disability definition used in Australia is the 'dyslexia etc.' version, not the 'intellectual disability' version.
 * Mental Retardation may be used in some areas, though it is potentially offensive and has been abandoned in USA / UK.
 * Canadian Association for Community Living: []
 * Intellectual Disability and Developmental Disability preferred terms in Canada. Crinoline (talk) 20:37, 27 October 2014 (UTC)

Article Structure
Some initial thoughts on article structure:


 * Summary. As required for all Wikipedia articles.
 * Definitions. Flag up some differences in usage:
 * Learning Disability - differing terminology, different degrees of severity.
 * Sexual abuse - different acts, different standards for consent. May not be a purely legal definition.
 * Specific issues affecting people with learning disabilities at risk of, experiencing or surviving sexual abuse:
 * Increased vulnerability: effects of disability plus social environment.
 * Dependence on carers, professionals, institutions....
 * Issues around comprehension and consent.
 * Issues around detection / reporting etc.
 * Issues around protection from abuse vs right to a sex life.
 * PWLD as perpetrators - link to information elsewhere?
 * Prevalence
 * Issues with monitoring, e.g. different definitions of intellectual disabilities; different definitions of offences; levels of reporting and conviction.
 * Statistics at country level?
 * USA
 * UK
 * Other countries - a sample?
 * Discussion of prevalence of sexual offences in general population vs. against PWLD.
 * Law
 * USA
 * Different states
 * UK
 * Relevant laws (adults / children).
 * Additional support for vulnerable complainants.
 * Some history? E.g. recent improvements to the law to remove defence of 'animal instinct'.
 * Sentencing.
 * Conviction rates (or does this belong in the prevalence section?)
 * Consent - discussion of different tests / questions around establishing consent.
 * Could be the place to list previous contributor's list of tests (USA).
 * Offender profile - (will include PWLDs).
 * Signs of abuse - could be a section summarising guidance to professionals about how to recognise that abuse is happening.
 * Support to survivors - discussion of differences between countries?
 * UK
 * Guidance followed by social workers.
 * Guidance followed by police.
 * Voluntary organisation guidance for families?
 * Specialist counselling / support organisations. Therapy considerations specific to PWLD.
 * Consequences - should this be a section heading in its own right? Something to outline the possible short-term and longer-term effects of abuse on PWLD?
 * Prevention - not 100% sure what will go here, but likely to include:
 * Specialist education for PWLD.
 * Actions employers / institutions can take to reduce risk.
 * PWLDs as perpetrators of abuse
 * Specific issues
 * Prevalence
 * Law (these headings duplicate those of the main article - could this be another article)
 * Support
 * Prevention
 * See also - links to other Wikipedia articles.
 * References - as standard.
 * External Links - as standard.
 * Page Categories - need to be added back in.

Crinoline (talk) 21:26, 27 October 2014 (UTC)

Guidance and Policy

 * The Challenging Behaviour Foundation's list of Policy and Best Practice documents - useful for future reference: [] Crinoline (talk) 22:01, 27 October 2014 (UTC)

Problem Sexual Behaviour in PWLD
Wasn't sure how to phrase the title of this section.


 * The Challenging Behaviour Foundation's factsheet on Difficult Sexual Behaviour in men with learning disabilities: [].
 * References to a number of useful-looking resources / papers around PWLD as perpetrators of sexual abuse.
 * Brief section about how challenging sexual behaviour can be an indicator of abuse - says it is usually not an indicator.
 * References to resources around sex education for people with learning disabilities.
 * Links to support organisations.
 * Discussions around consent and right to a sex life, including Capacity Assessments.
 * Generally, this looks like a very useful and relevant document, relating to several sections of the article. Crinoline (talk) 22:24, 27 October 2014 (UTC)