User talk:Cutedoggie2613

 ALL ABOUT EARTHQUAKES

(Most earthquakes occur at or near tectonic plate boundaries)
 * EARTHQUAKES are ground movements that occur when blocks of rocks on Earth move suddenly and release energy.
 * FOCUS is the place within the earth along the fault in which the first motion of an earthquake occurs.
 * EPICENTER is the point directly above the focus
 * FAULT is a break in the earth's crust along which blocks of rocks move releasing energy that accompanies the movement producing earthquakes.
 * DEFORMATION is the change in the shape of a rock in response to stress.
 * TECTONIC PLATE BOUNDARIES are areas where the earth's crust experiences a lot of stress when plates are colliding, Separating or grinding against each other.

TYPES OF TECTONIC PLATE BOUNDARIES
 * DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES where the plate pull apart causing the crust to stretch and the rocks to get thinner.
 * CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES where rocks collide with each other and crumple up to form mountains. It is also possible that one plate will subduct into the other.
 * TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARIES is where two tectonic plates slide pass each other horizontally.

EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES
 * Damage to infrastructures and properties
 * Loss of lives
 * Landslides/ avalanches
 * Tsunami
 * Fire

TYPES OF EARTHQUAKES
 * VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKES occurs in areas where there is volcanic activity. As magma rises to the surface, the pressure fractures rock masses and causes continuous tremors.
 * TECTONIC EARTHQUAKES occur when two plates suddenly move against each other

SCIENCE WORDS
 * INTENSITY- the measure of how much change an earthquake has cause the surface.
 * MAGNITUDE- the energy release by an earthquake
 * SEISMOGRAPH- measures the magnitude of an earthquake
 * RICHTER SCALE- measures strength of an earthquake
 * MERCALLI SCALE- measures intensity

What to Do Before an Earthquake?


 * Make sure you have a fire extinguisher, first aid kit, a battery-powered radio, a flashlight, and extra batteries at home.
 * Learn first aid.
 * Learn how to turn off the gas, water, and electricity.
 * Make up a plan of where to meet your family after an earthquake.
 * Don't leave heavy objects on shelves (they'll fall during a quake).
 * Anchor heavy furniture, cupboards, and appliances to the walls or floor.
 * Learn the earthquake plan at your school or workplace.

What to Do During an Earthquake? What to Do After an Earthquake?
 * Stay calm! If you're indoors, stay inside. If you're outside, stay outside.
 * If you're indoors, stand against a wall near the center of the building, stand in a doorway, or crawl under heavy furniture (a desk or table). Stay away from windows and outside doors.
 * If you're outdoors, stay in the open away from power lines or anything that might fall. Stay away from buildings (stuff might fall off the building or the building could fall on you).
 * Don't use matches, candles, or any flame. Broken gas lines and fire don't mix.
 * If you're in a car, stop the car and stay inside the car until the earthquake stops.
 * Don't use elevators (they'll probably get stuck anyway).
 * Check yourself and others for injuries. Provide first aid for anyone who needs it.
 * Check water, gas, and electric lines for damage. If any are damaged, shut off the valves. Check for the smell of gas. If you smell it, open all the windows and doors, leave immediately, and report it to the authorities (use someone else's phone).
 * Turn on the radio. Don't use the phone unless it's an emergency.
 * Stay out of damaged buildings.
 * Be careful around broken glass and debris. Wear boots or sturdy shoes to keep from cutting your feet.
 * Be careful of chimneys (they may fall on you).
 * Stay away from beaches. Tsunamis and seiches sometimes hit after the ground has stopped shaking.
 * Stay away from damaged areas.
 * If you're at school or work, follow the emergency plan or the instructions of the person in charge.
 * Expect aftershocks.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS : http://www.geo.mtu.edu/UPSeis/bda.html

FAKE NEWS

Fake news or junk news or pseudo-news is a type of yellow journalism or propaganda that consists of deliberate disinformation or hoaxes spread via traditional print and broadcast news media or online social media.[1][2] The false information is often caused by reporters paying sources for stories, an unethical practice called checkbook journalism. The news is then often reverberated as misinformation in social media, but occasionally finds its way to the mainstream media as well.[3]

Fake news is written and published usually with the intent to mislead in order to damage an agency, entity, or person, and/or gain financially or politically,[4][5][6] often using sensationalist, dishonest, or outright fabricated headlines to increase readership. Similarly, clickbait stories and headlines earn advertising revenue from this activity.[4]

The relevance of fake news has increased in post-truth politics. For media outlets, the ability to attract viewers to their websites is necessary to generate online advertising revenue. If publishing a story with false content attracts users, this benefits advertisers and improves ratings. Easy access to online advertisement revenue, increased political polarization, and the popularity of social media, primarily the Facebook News Feed,[1] have all been implicated in the spread of fake news,[4][7] which competes with legitimate news stories. Hostile government actors have also been implicated in generating and propagating fake news, particularly during elections.[8]

Fake news undermines serious media coverage and makes it more difficult for journalists to cover significant news stories.[9] An analysis by BuzzFeed found that the top 20 fake news stories about the 2016 U.S. presidential election received more engagement on Facebook than the top 20 election stories from 19 major media outlets. Anonymously-hosted fake news websites lacking known publishers have also been criticized, because they make it difficult to prosecute sources of fake news for libel.

The term is also at times used to cast doubt upon legitimate news from an opposing political standpoint, a tactic known as the lying press. During and after his presidential campaign and election, Donald Trump popularized the term "fake news" in this sense when he used it to describe the negative press coverage of himself. In part as a result of Trump's use of the term, the term has come under increasing criticism, and in October 2018 the British government decided that it will no longer use the term because it is "a poorly-defined and misleading term that conflates a variety of false information, from genuine error through to foreign interference in democratic processes."

REAL NEWS

Real News Update is a weekly Webcast that launched on July 30, 2017 to support Donald Trump's 2020 presidential campaign. It is available on the campaign's Facebook, Twitter and YouTube accounts and is hosted by Donald Trump's daughter-in-law, Lara Trump, wife of Eric Trump. The show is presented in the form of a newscast and delivers updates on the accomplishments of the Presidency of Donald Trump.

Real News and Fake News
Real News

The Real News Network (TRNN) is a nonprofit news organization. TRNN was launched in 2007 by Paul Jay, who serves as the network's CEO and senior editor.[1]

The Real News Network uses internet broadcasting. It is also available on Xfinity video on demand[2] and Roku.[3] The Real News has offices in Baltimore and Toronto. [4]

History Influenced by events such as the 2000 US presidential election, 9/11, the invasion of Iraq, and Hurricane Katrina, Jay felt that there needed to be a news network capable of making complicated concepts accessible to the average person. Jay and crew officially opened shop in Toronto in September 2007.[5] The Real News does not accept funding from advertising, governments, or corporations. During TRNN's development stage, Jay reported turning down $50,000 in funding from the Canadian government.[6] Though the organization initially intended to sustain itself exclusively on viewer donations after its first three years of broadcast, it has not yet reached its sustainability goal. TRNN is therefore partially reliant upon grant money for its operating funds.[7]

Relocation to Baltimore TRNN moved to Baltimore in June 2014.[8] Located at 231 N Holliday St., TRNN operates out of the largest sound stage in the city.[9] After the network's success in Toronto, Jay desired to move TRNN to an American city, one facing social and economic problems endemic to cities across the country.[7] Using video-calling services such as Skype, TRNN's anchors and hosts interview experts from all over the world on various topics of local, national, and international importance.[9]

Staff The Real News features experienced professional journalists from across the globe. All in all, the organization employs around forty people.[10]

Analysts and journalists CEO and Senior Editor: Paul Jay Journalist and Executive Producer: Sharmini Peries Producer and presenter: Aaron Maté Newsroom: Kim Brown, Thomas Hedges, Kathleen Maitland-Carter, Dharna Noor, Jaisal Noor, Kayla Rivara, Gregory Wilpert, Anton Woronczuk,William Arenas.

Content The Real News interviews economists, politicians, and policy experts about breaking news. Regular programs include "Reality Asserts Itself," multi-segment interviews on critical issues, and "Rattling the Bars" with host and former Black Panther Eddie Conway. Lawrence Wilkerson, former Chief of Staff to Colin Powell, is a regular contributor.

Notable guests Bob Graham, Tulsi Gabbard, Ray McGovern, Ralph Nader, Rand Paul, Ron Paul, Bernie Sanders, Max Blumenthal, Zbigniew Brzezinski, Noam Chomsky, Daniel Ellsberg, Dennis Kucinich, Gore Vidal, Chris Hedges, Ro Khanna, John Kiriakou, Abby Martin, Vijay Prashad, Phyllis Bennis, Gerald Horne, Robert W. McChesney, William K. Black, Chuck D, Phil Donahue, Yves Engler, Norman Finkelstein, Heiner Flassbeck, Danny Glover, Doug Henwood, Michael Hudson, Naomi Klein, Eddie Conway, Deepa Kumar, Norman Lear, Li Minqi, Eric Margolis, Yves Smith, Helen Thomas, Marcy Wheeler, Lawrence Wilkerson, Rana Foroohar, Richard D. Wolff, Sheldon Wolin, Philip Alston, Gabriel Byrne, Alexander Buzgalin, Ilan Pappe and Howard Zinn are among the notable guests who have appeared on The Real News.

Fake News

Fake news or junk news or pseudo-news is a type of yellow journalism or propaganda that consists of deliberate disinformation or hoaxes spread via traditional print and broadcast news media or online social media.[1][2] The false information is often caused by reporters paying sources for stories, an unethical practice called checkbook journalism. The news is then often reverberated as misinformation in social media, but occasionally finds its way to the mainstream media as well.[3]

Fake news is written and published usually with the intent to mislead in order to damage an agency, entity, or person, and/or gain financially or politically,[4][5][6] often using sensationalist, dishonest, or outright fabricated headlines to increase readership. Similarly, clickbait stories and headlines earn advertising revenue from this activity.[4]

The relevance of fake news has increased in post-truth politics. For media outlets, the ability to attract viewers to their websites is necessary to generate online advertising revenue. If publishing a story with false content attracts users, this benefits advertisers and improves ratings. Easy access to online advertisement revenue, increased political polarization, and the popularity of social media, primarily the Facebook News Feed,[1] have all been implicated in the spread of fake news,[4][7] which competes with legitimate news stories. Hostile government actors have also been implicated in generating and propagating fake news, particularly during elections.[8]

Fake news undermines serious media coverage and makes it more difficult for journalists to cover significant news stories.[9] An analysis by BuzzFeed found that the top 20 fake news stories about the 2016 U.S. presidential election received more engagement on Facebook than the top 20 election stories from 19 major media outlets.[10] Anonymously-hosted fake news websites[1] lacking known publishers have also been criticized, because they make it difficult to prosecute sources of fake news for libel.[11]

The term is also at times used to cast doubt upon legitimate news from an opposing political standpoint, a tactic known as the lying press.[12][13] During and after his presidential campaign and election, Donald Trump popularized the term "fake news" in this sense when he used it to describe the negative press coverage of himself.[14][15] In part as a result of Trump's use of the term, the term has come under increasing criticism, and in October 2018 the British government decided that it will no longer use the term because it is "a poorly-defined and misleading term that conflates a variety of false information, from genuine error through to foreign interference in democratic processes."[16]

Definition Fake news is a neologism[1][17][19] often used to refer to fabricated news. This type of news, found in traditional news, social media[1] or fake news websites, has no basis in fact, but is presented as being factually accurate.[20]

Michael Radutzky, a producer of CBS 60 Minutes, said his show considers fake news to be "stories that are provably false, have enormous traction [popular appeal] in the culture, and are consumed by millions of people". These stories are not only found in politics, but also in areas like vaccination, stock values and nutrition.[21] He did not include news that is "invoked by politicians against the media for stories that they don't like or for comments that they don't like" as fake news. Guy Campanile, also a 60 Minutes producer said, "What we are talking about are stories that are fabricated out of thin air. By most measures, deliberately, and by any definition, that's a lie."[22]

The intent and purpose of fake news is important. In some cases, what appears to be fake news may be news satire, which uses exaggeration and introduces non-factual elements that are intended to amuse or make a point, rather than to deceive. Propaganda can also be fake news.[4] Some researchers have highlighted that "fake news" may be distinguished not just by the falsity of its content, but also the "character of [its] online circulation and reception".[23]

Claire Wardle of First Draft News identifies seven types of fake news:[24]

satire or parody ("no intention to cause harm but has potential to fool") false connection ("when headlines, visuals or captions don't support the content") misleading content ("misleading use of information to frame an issue or an individual") false context ("when genuine content is shared with false contextual information") impostor content ("when genuine sources are impersonated" with false, made-up sources) manipulated content ("when genuine information or imagery is manipulated to deceive", as with a "doctored" photo) fabricated content ("new content is 100% false, designed to deceive and do harm") In the context of the United States of America and its election processes in the 2010s, fake news generated considerable controversy and argument, with some commentators defining concern over it as moral panic or mass hysteria and others worried about damage done to public trust.[25][26][27]

In January 2017, the United Kingdom House of Commons conducted a parliamentary inquiry into the "growing phenomenon of fake news".[28]

Some, most notably United States President Donald Trump, have broadened the meaning of "fake news" to include news that was negative of his presidency.[29][30]

In November 2017, Claire Wardle (mentioned above) announced she has rejected the phrase "fake news" and "censors it in conversation", finding it "woefully inadequate" to describe the issues. She now speaks of "information pollution" and distinguishes between three types of problems: 'mis-information', 'dis-information', and 'mal-information':

Mis-information: false information disseminated without harmful intent. Dis-information: created and shared by people with harmful intent. Mal-information: the sharing of "genuine" information with the intent to cause harm.[31]

Identifying The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) published a summary in diagram form (pictured at right) to assist people in recognizing fake news.[32] Its main points are:

Consider the source (to understand its mission and purpose) Read beyond the headline (to understand the whole story) Check the authors (to see if they are real and credible) Assess the supporting sources (to ensure they support the claims) Check the date of publication (to see if the story is relevant and up to date) Ask if it is a joke (to determine if it is meant to be satire) Review your own biases (to see if they are affecting your judgement) Ask experts (to get confirmation from independent people with knowledge). The International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN), launched in 2015, supports international collaborative efforts in fact-checking, provides training and has published a code of principles.[33] In 2017 it introduced an application and vetting process for journalistic organisations.[34] One of IFCN's verified signatories, the independent, not-for-profit media journal The Conversation, created a short animation explaining its fact checking process, which involves "extra checks and balances, including blind peer review by a second academic expert, additional scrutiny and editorial oversight".[35]

Beginning in the 2017 school year, children in Taiwan study a new curriculum designed to teach critical reading of propaganda and the evaluation of sources. Called "media literacy", the course provides training in journalism in the new information society.[36]

Historical examples Ancient stone sculpture of a man's head and neck Roman politician and general Mark Antony killed himself because of misinformation.[37] In the 13th century BC, Rameses the Great spread lies and propaganda portraying the Battle of Kadesh as a stunning victory for the Egyptians; he depicted scenes of himself smiting his foes during the battle on the walls of nearly all his temples. The treaty between the Egyptians and the Hittites, however, reveals that the battle was actually a stalemate.[38]

During the first century BC, Octavian ran a campaign of misinformation against his rival Mark Antony, portraying him as a drunkard, a womanizer, and a mere puppet of the Egyptian queen Cleopatra VII.[39] He published a document purporting to be Marc Antony's will, which claimed that Marc Antony, upon his death, wished to be entombed in the mausoleum of the Ptolemaic pharaohs. Although the document may have been forged, it invoked outrage from the Roman populace.[40] Marc Antony ultimately killed himself after his defeat in the Battle of Actium upon hearing false rumors propagated by Cleopatra herself claiming that she had committed suicide.[37]

During the second and third centuries AD, false rumors were spread about Christians claiming that they engaged in ritual cannibalism and incest.[41][42] In the late third century AD, the Christian apologist Lactantius invented and exaggerated stories about pagans engaging in acts of immorality and cruelty,[43] while the anti-Christian writer Porphyry invented similar stories about Christians.[44]

Medieval In 1475, a fake news story in Trent claimed that the Jewish community had murdered a two-and-a-half-year-old Christian infant named Simonino.[45] The story resulted in all the Jews in the city being arrested and tortured; fifteen of them were burned at the stake.[45] Pope Sixtus IV himself attempted to stamp out the story, but, by that point, it had already spread beyond anyone's control.[45] Stories of this kind were known as "blood libel"; they claimed that Jews purposely killed Christians, especially Christian children, and used their blood for religious or ritual purposes.[46]

Early modern period After the invention of the printing press in 1439, publications became widespread but there was no standard of journalistic ethics to follow. By the 17th century, historians began the practice of citing their sources in footnotes. In 1610 when Galileo went on trial, the demand for verifiable news increased.[45]

During the 18th century publishers of fake news were fined and banned in the Netherlands; one man, Gerard Lodewijk van der Macht, was banned four times by Dutch authorities—and four times he moved and restarted his press.[47] In the American colonies, Benjamin Franklin wrote fake news about murderous "scalping" Indians working with King George III in an effort to sway public opinion in favor of the American Revolution.[45]

Canards, the successors of the 16th century pasquinade, were sold in Paris on the street for two centuries, starting in the 17th century. In 1793, Marie Antoinette was executed in part because of popular hatred engendered by a canard on which her face had been printed.[48]

During the era of slave-owning in the United States, supporters of slavery propagated fake news stories about African Americans, whom white people considered to have lower status.[49] Violence occurred in reaction to the spread of some fake news events. In one instance, stories of African Americans spontaneously turning white spread through the south and struck fear into the hearts of many people.[50]

Rumors and anxieties about slave rebellions were common in Virginia from the beginning of the colonial period, despite the only major uprising occurring in the 19th century. One particular instance of fake news regarding revolts occurred in 1730. The serving governor of Virginia at the time, Governor William Gooch, reported that a slave rebellion had occurred but was effectively put down – although this never happened. After Gooch discovered the falsehood, he ordered slaves found off plantations to be punished, tortured, and made prisoners.[51]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_News https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fake_news

Fake News & Real News
FAKE NEWS

Fake news or junk news or pseudo-news is a type of yellow journalism or propaganda that consists of deliberate disinformation or hoaxes spread via traditional print and broadcast news media or online social media.[1][2] The false information is often caused by reporters paying sources for stories, an unethical practice called checkbook journalism. The news is then often reverberated as misinformation in social media, but occasionally finds its way to the mainstream media as well.[3]

Fake news is written and published usually with the intent to mislead in order to damage an agency, entity, or person, and/or gain financially or politically,[4][5][6] often using sensationalist, dishonest, or outright fabricated headlines to increase readership. Similarly, clickbait stories and headlines earn advertising revenue from this activity.[4]

The relevance of fake news has increased in post-truth politics. For media outlets, the ability to attract viewers to their websites is necessary to generate online advertising revenue. If publishing a story with false content attracts users, this benefits advertisers and improves ratings. Easy access to online advertisement revenue, increased political polarization, and the popularity of social media, primarily the Facebook News Feed,[1] have all been implicated in the spread of fake news,[4][7] which competes with legitimate news stories. Hostile government actors have also been implicated in generating and propagating fake news, particularly during elections.[8]

Fake news undermines serious media coverage and makes it more difficult for journalists to cover significant news stories.[9] An analysis by BuzzFeed found that the top 20 fake news stories about the 2016 U.S. presidential election received more engagement on Facebook than the top 20 election stories from 19 major media outlets.[10] Anonymously-hosted fake news websites[1] lacking known publishers have also been criticized, because they make it difficult to prosecute sources of fake news for libel.[11]

The term is also at times used to cast doubt upon legitimate news from an opposing political standpoint, a tactic known as the lying press.[12][13] During and after his presidential campaign and election, Donald Trump popularized the term "fake news" in this sense when he used it to describe the negative press coverage of himself.[14][15] In part as a result of Trump's use of the term, the term has come under increasing criticism, and in October 2018 the British government decided that it will no longer use the term because it is "a poorly-defined and misleading term that conflates a variety of false information, from genuine error through to foreign interference in democratic processes."[16]

THANK YOU! https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fake_news

REAL NEWS News is information about current events. This may be provided through many different media: word of mouth, printing, postal systems, broadcasting, electronic communication, or through the testimony of observers and witnesses to events.

Common topics for news reports include war, government, politics, education, health, the environment, economy, business, fashion, and entertainment, as well as athletic events, quirky or unusual events. Government proclamations, concerning royal ceremonies, laws, taxes, public health, and criminals, have been dubbed news since ancient times. Humans exhibit a nearly universal desire to learn and share news, which they satisfy by talking to each other and sharing information. Technological and social developments, often driven by government communication and espionage networks, have increased the speed with which news can spread, as well as influenced its content. The genre of news as we know it today is closely associated with the newspaper, which originated in China as a court bulletin and spread, with paper and printing press, to Europe.

THANK YOU! https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News — Preceding unsigned comment added by 180.191.135.30 (talk) 00:43, 14 February 2019 (UTC)