User talk:Dematt/Chirohistory2

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 * Chirohistory2 Chronological order sheet

Hughgr
Hughgr (and anyone else who may find their way here),- thanks for coming:) I am coordially inviting you to assist me in the building of the next part of the history for the chiropractic page. This next part has to be a only about 3 to 5 paragraphs and explains everything from 1904 to 1960.  Not only about BJ, but UCA, NCA, ACA(both), AMA, touching on the impact of each (okay, maybe 5 - 7 paragraphs:).  If you could help me gather informataion here first, then we can weed through it and choose what is important.  We'll then put it together and bring it to the chiro page.  Sound fun?

Remember - it all has to be referenced and NPOV. Not as easy as it sounds:)--Dematt 13:35, 23 May 2006 (UTC) Sounds like fun. Kinda:)  I'll help where I can.--Hughgr 20:23, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

Excellent- that first resource was a keeper. I can see we're probably going to have to break this up into several pages, but what the heck- we don't pay for the disc space:)--Dematt 21:10, 23 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Along with the green book collection, I've got Strauss' "Refined by Fire-The evolution of straight chiropractic". It's a good history reference, with emphasis on straights of course.--Hughgr 01:26, 24 May 2006 (UTC)


 * Cool, I think what we want to know is why and how did BJ feel so strongly about the path he chose to take with chiropractic. Did he think that the subluxation was the cure for 95% of everything or was the strong stance just to avoid AMA prosecution in an effort to protect the profession.  Did this stance help or hurt the profession?


 * I think that depends on when you ask. His answer in 1910 would've been vastly different if you asked him in 1950.  I'll look for some examples in the "green books" and post em here.  Maybe it'll be a way to transition between time frames.--Hughgr 21:27, 24 May 2006 (UTC)


 * That's kinda what I was thinking. There has to be a way to logically state what happened and why.  The problem that we have been having is that everything is taken out of context and it makes him sound crazy.  Something tells me if we can put it all in chronological order - each of us would have done the same thing, even the skeptics.  From what I can tell, BJ was passionate about the direction he wanted the profession to go, but we need to answer the question, "Why did BJ fight so hard against medicine?  It sounds simple to us, but to the public, this is a very important question."


 * Let's start with "what would he have thought in 1910" and then go to "what did he think in 1950." Then maybe we can fill in the blanks.  I'll be reading tonight, so feel free to throw anything at me.--Dematt 22:41, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

Here a 1911 comment. I tried to add enough to get the idea across.

The P. S. C. library, as well as others, have books, good, bad or indifferent, but none ventured to discuss the laws of forces, powers, or the study of biology and then make a union with its mediums. Where your creation received its intelligence, or by what means it is personified, has long been considered unnecessary, nor have they attempted to explain the essential parts which each is supposed to perform in the general scheme of the expressed likeness of God; they cannot therefore lead to any generalization or localization of focalized ideas. With such unstable premises, Chiropractic had a Herculean task before it; tho it has met handshakes from friends and rebuffs from strangers, yet it is steadily gaining new adherents who are sincere and wish a higher enlighten meet. Too often the young or new practitioner is apt to take things for granted because “it always has been so” or “it is printed in Gray’s Anatomy” (and many times contradicted in Dunglison’s Dictionary), without reasoning along original lines or doing independent thinking. What he needs is the beacon of Innate intelligence as the first rock, then bring into action latent forces, and let those conclusions lead him into ascertained and proven facts regardless of whether books say it is or is not so; the product of his ambitions will be original. His ship will not be abandoned upon the shoals of despair by one of two evils—a feeble and servile routine of mumbled words, or a wild and lawless empiricism. This issue aims to supply this deficiency, by proving, step by step, how your physical machine can be adjusted to a philosophical one, making a unity between the hobbies of spiritual life and physical demonstrations, and portrays how this is accomplished—it leads you from supposed knowledge to facts. That the design of the present work may not be mistaken, it is essential to remark that we take it for granted that you have studied the philosophy contained in THE SCIENCE OF CHIROPRACTIC, Vols. I and II, and are therefore ready to accept what is contained in Vol. III. Without its predecessors this is Greek; one must go with the others. Many practitioners enter this study thinking to add Chiropractic to what they previously had—this is impossible. This philosophy, rightly understood, is so based that the fundamental of one will not—cannot—mix with mythical theories propounded for centuries. It is too modern for that, and yet we are but deciphering and placing into intelligible words that which has always existed, the laws of God, and that is why the cruder (?) and lower (?) order of intelligences, in natives of various countries, all have some form of manual treatment applied to the spine, for they are closer in communion with their Creator and His ways of doing. They work towards and the present day scientist from inevitable laws. The aim thruout this book has been to explain subluxations and their adjustments around six words, viz., superior, inferior, left, right, anterior and posterior. With these any combination can be elaborated upon. Like the mariner’s compass, the four directions, viz., North, South, East and West, tells every direction he wants to go or has come from. I had an idle moment last Sunday; I went into the studio and looked at twenty or thirty specimens and demonstrated that there could be subluxations of vertebrae during life—being represented now in ankylosed form. When out in the field, or in our clinic, of course we won’t usually get subluxations so bad, but they do exist.The P. S. C. collection is a culled one; that is, perhaps we select but one vertebra or one set of vertebrae or single bones from a collection of 1,000 specimens. And if we had 150 different specimens of vertebrae it would mean that about 150,000 people had contributed to the collection. A certain illustration in this book shows a posterior right subluxation of the 2d dorsal. If it were possible to take that specimen from a spine, without interfering with the position of each, one upon the other; take away all the surrounding tissue and place that for our observation in Vol. III, it would be exact, then; but you must realize that it has lost some of its detail. Even the actual vertebra loses in detail in being transferred from an object to a negative, negative to paper or cut for the book.

Vol. 3, 1911 The Philosophy and Principle of Chiropractic Adjustments pg.8-9

I would venture that at this point he didn't have so much of a "doing other therapy's" mixing concept, but that the philosophy couldn't mix with the theological or medical philosophy. Any thoughts?--Hughgr 00:48, 25 May 2006 (UTC)


 * I agree. He was definitely concentrating on how to teach the chiropractic to people who had no concept of innate ability to heal itself.--Dematt 03:55, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

A litle more from 1911. "In the history of the usual philosophies, sciences and arts, philosophy comes first, then science, and art last—a peculiar change in the revolution of ideas is ours —during the first three years of Chiropractic the first man only knew how to crudely push bones; later his followers began to reason how to do these things better; gradually, of course, and proportionally as the pupils paced the teacher the teacher followed the pupil, but it is only in the last three years that the why of Chiropractic has been worked out and made a practical foundation."--Hughgr 01:02, 25 May 2006 (UTC)


 * He sounds at peace with his knowledge. It's interesting that he insinuates that he and others began to teach DD.  Notice the last three years were after DD was gone.--Dematt 03:54, 25 May 2006 (UTC)


 * From reading more of that Vol.3, I think in addition to "teaching" DD:) he was alluding that it became a back and forth passage of ideas between BJ and the graduates of PCC. Remember, Stephenson's didn't come out till 1927, which if I'm not mistaken, was a collaborative effort.  I don't have a quote for you at this moment as I read it earlier, but that was my impression.  I wasn't thinking of the DD influence though, you're right, his book came out the year before:).  I'd also bet that since some of the first students were MD's looking for another treatment, he didn't like them "mixing" his idea with medicine, especially after the legal battles.  Just a little F.Y.I., one of my patients, (70's yr. old) told me when he went to an MD YEARS ago, the MD adjusted his neck, then told him not to tell anybody that he did it.:)  Funny huh.--Hughgr 05:19, 25 May 2006 (UTC)


 * You mention another point. "...he didn't like them(MD's) mixing his idea with medicine, especially after the legal battles." Do you think there is any possibility that it is visa-versa.  In other words, do you think that maybe the legal battles started after DD and BJ told the MD's he didn't like them mixing... There were so many MD's in chiropractic in those days it seems hard to believe that MD's were against chiropractic from the start. --Dematt 13:39, 25 May 2006 (UTC)


 * " Do you think there is any possibility that it is visa-versa." Good point, not sure, and we'll most likely have to make a guess on that (so it prob. can't be used here except to add all the reasons, unless of course someone can find a quote) :) Anything you'd want me to look up to cross ref?  You've added a lot below and it's kinda hard to know where you're goin?  I like the above, ask a question, look up refs, etc.--Hughgr 22:31, 25 May 2006 (UTC) The reason I wrote I have the "Refined by Fire" book, was that when I read it years ago, I remember it had a lot of the UCA, ICA, ACA battles, histories.  It's not on computer :( so I'll have to read through and (gasp) manually type some quotes.  It is well referenced so should be good to cross ref.  Did you have any questions in that regard?--Hughgr 22:39, 25 May 2006 (UTC)


 * The title "refined by fire" sure gets my interest. Does it say anything about who started the move to get rid of BJ from the UCA?  The more I read, the more I realize how hard these guys were working to hold on to this idea of chiropractic.  They spent their lives protecting it.  The association battles demonstrated the essence of the whole problem.  I didn't realize how strong the fight between mixers and straights was.  It didn't help that the whole health care environment was changing at the same time.  The advent of scientific thinking was changing everything, not just for us, but medical schools as well.  More medical schools closed than anything after the Flexnor report in 1910.  It looks like chiropractic's worst enemy was itself. BUT is it possible that if there were no pressure from political medicine(risk of going to jail), that there would never have been a mixer/straight battle.  Read whatever you think might tell us anything and throw whatever you want into this page.  I will read it and we can decide where it fits into the BIG picture:) --Dematt 03:22, 26 May 2006 (UTC)


 * BTW, did you read Andrew Stills Auto biography? He hated drugs! This is what he said;
 * "My heart trembled, my brain rested not by day nor by night, to see man made in the image of his Creator treated with such little respect and sense by men who should know better. I saw men and women dosed with drugs whose poisonous fangs showed the serpent of habit, that was as sure to eat its victim as a stone would return to the earth when cast into the air.  I dreamed of the dead and dying who were and had been slaves of habit.  I sought to know the cause of so much death, bondage, and distress of my race.  I found the cause to be in the ignorance of our "Schools of Medicine."  I found that he who gave the first persuasive dose was also an example of the same habit of dosing and drinking himself, and was a staggering form of humanity, wound hopelessly tight in the serpent's coil.  In vain he cried: "
 * I had no idea. He was an MD who developed Ostepathy because so many people were addicted to the opiums and treatments of the day.  He would roll over in his grave if he knew what happened to his dream.  Did you know that most Osteopaths now think that he was a crank?  To say the very least, they are apparently embarrassed to tell his story.


 * Wow, didn't know that. In fact, I don't know much about the history of osteopathy.  I know this couple whos daughter recently went to osteo school, and she said they played down the manipulation (I think she said it's at the point it's now an elective).  From hearing some of the current "straights", I think they fear that's what would happen to chiro.  I look into the UCA for info and get it posted here.  I've got a new office computer and I'm going to bet setting it up today so may take a couple, but I'll "get er done" :)--Hughgr 18:11, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

Great resources (add to the list)
Though the school ended up voting against opening a chiropractic school, the efforts did produce this report which is filled with facts and figure all of which may be useful for our article. It's over 200 pages! But it does include a detailed outline of the Chiropractic history, verifiable statistics and so much more. I've read the first 50 pages so far. Thought I'd share it with you all. -- Levine2112 20:02, 27 April 2006 (UTC)


 * Excellent choice! This might be a good place to list more good resources, starting with Levine2112's contribution. (I've experimented with a workable format.) -- Fyslee 21:07, 27 April 2006 (UTC)


 * The Chiropractic Profession and Its Research and Education Programs. FSU, Dec. 15, 2000
 * -- Levine2112 20:02, 27 April 2006 (UTC)


 * The Future of Chiropractic Revisited: 2005 to 2015
 * -- Fyslee 21:07, 27 April 2006 (UTC)


 * '''CCP Guidelines - 2003: Vertebral Subluxation in Chiropractic Practice
 * -- Fyslee 21:07, 27 April 2006 (UTC)


 * '''Chiropractic History Archive - Joseph C. Keating, Jr., Ph.D
 * -- Fyslee 21:07, 27 April 2006 (UTC)


 * '''G. Douglas Andersen, DC - Articles
 * -- Fyslee 21:07, 27 April 2006 (UTC)


 * '''Stephen M. Perle, D.C., M.S., lots of good stuff
 * -- Fyslee 21:07, 27 April 2006 (UTC)


 * '''Dr. Perle's ethics articles
 * -- Fyslee 21:07, 27 April 2006 (UTC)


 * '''Chiropractic Medicine Internet Resources
 * -- Fyslee 21:07, 27 April 2006 (UTC)


 * Chiropractic History: a Primer (2004)
 * -- Fyslee 06:37, 7 May 2006 (UTC)


 * History of Chiropractic: The Irish Perspective
 * -- Levine2112 07:52, 9 May 2006 (UTC)


 * Some good chiropractic pre-history here
 * -- Levine2112 08:03, 9 May 2006 (UTC)


 * Chiropractic Care for America's Veterans
 * -- Levine2112 08:12, 9 May 2006 (UTC)


 * Treatment of tension headache

What's left to do
DD would get in trouble with the law! He was a bad boy:) Then he gave up the school to BJ.  He was probably  out of money, but we can't prove that!  Anyway, that would start the battle..  BJ Palmer would take over Palmer College of Chiropractic and Howard would open National School of Chiropractic in 1906 (now National University of Health Sciences in Chicago)with DD's blessings.  .(pg15) The next 15 years would see the opening of 30 more chiropractic schools, including  Chiropractic would face several obstacles to its growth in the coming years that would both divide and unify its members.

BJ
Out of fear of prosecution, BJ and friends started the UCA.
 * Because of the constant threat of prosecution, they started the UCA.--Hughgr 20:23, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

BJ (in an effort to keep control of the profession;make some money;advance the science of chiropractic?), created the NCM and would only lease (not sell it)it to chiros. Tried to make it so that chiros could not be members of UCA unless they had an NCM. Dossa Dixon Evins, D.C., Inventor and Developer of Neurocalometer (February 13, 1886- November 15, 1932) Palmer Vol.18, The Subluxation Specific-The Adjustment Specific, 1934 (pg.7-8)

Quote from Vol 18, "This is written Christmas Day, 1933. We retrospect contemplatively. Any man in public life meets many strangers, amongst whom he picks up many acquaintances. A few will call themselves his friends, amongst whom he calls a few chosen. Eventually, he culls even those who prove themselves worthy. Many have “ideas”; one of a thousand of more than passing merit; one of a million with a message of service. It is said that “blood is thicker than water.” All depends upon whose blood, or water, it is. Relatives may be closest of kin, but they can prove to be thinner than water sometimes. It depends upon the tie that binds. Now and then an outsider, with kinship in no way, perhaps a total stranger, enters and becomes closer than any Damon and Pythias. Such a stranger was Dossa D. Evins who entered the life of B. J. Palmer. He came as a patient, who regained health. Then he became a student-follower. He graduated and became a loyal practicing Chiropractor. He developed, invented and patented the Neurocalometer and proposed it to our profession. By so doing, he entered our personal, as well as professional family. Thru ten years of labor pains, its childhood with ambiguities, its young manhood with childish mistakes, Dossa D. Evins stood hard-by during storm and stress. He was a Captain on the ship in deep and rough waters. He proved himself rugged and true. He came. He delivered. He passed away while his work was in progress and before it had arrived. We have aimed to carry on in his memory, that which he would have desired we do. It is fitting that this work—his work—the accumulation of results of his product; that which sequentially followed the use of his NCM, should be dedicated to him. So long as the Neurocalometer is, the name of Dossa D. Evins will be a household thanks. Millions of lives, with their added millions of years, have been and will be saved because of him. Dossa D. Evins may be dead in the flesh, but no man dies whose ideals live! Dossa D. Evins’ NCM lives! This book is as much Dossa D. Evins, as it is that of the Author; but we dedicate it to him because he crossed the bridge ahead of us."
 * Evins invented the NCM, and B.J. promoted it, as well as tried to make it so that chiros could not be members of UCA unless they had an NCM. --Hughgr 21:02, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

He tried to keep chiro pure and cleaned house of mixers.

BJ writes that DD went to California to cure Thomas Storey of insanity c1904: BJ writes (cited in Palmer, 1910, p. 503): I am pleased to inform the general public as well as our patrons past and present, that after a year and a half sojourn in Southern California, where my father went for the purpose of curing Dr. T.H. Storey, of Duluth, Minn., of insanity, which cure was accomplished by one Chiropractic adjustment, that we now have the pleasure of his permanent presence in the same offices in which he discovered the new adjustment cure which he pleased to call Chiropractic... pg3

1910: Palmer (1910, p. 75) writes: ...You will be interested in the Dr. Story case as it demonstrates what can be done, in a moment, by replacing a vertebra. During the doctor's mental aberrations he was treated by a very prominent healer who used Suggestive Therapeutics...Suggestion, however, did not replace the displaced 4th cervical vertebra, did not relieve the pressure on sensory nerves... pg6

1910: Carver wrote to DD Palmer (Palmer, 1910, p. 93) How much better it would have been in the case of Story, if, after having adjusted the luxated bone, you had been able to have gone on and driven out of his mind all of those adverse and morbid impressions" (cited in Palmer, 1910, p. 93); DD replies: "Immediately, instantly, Dr. Story was able to do his own 'autosuggesting' after I had adjusted the displaced cervical. He was satisfied to remain in Los Angeles, the land of sunshine and flowers, avoiding the long cold winters of Wisconsin... pg6

1907: trial of Shegetaro Morikubo DC in LaCrosse WI (Rehm, 1986); BJ notes in Conflicts clarify (Palmer, 1951, p. 94): Chronology of Diagnosis in Chiropractic Keating "We are always mindful of those early days when UCA...used various expedients to defeat medical court prosecutions. We legally squirmed this way and that, here and there. We did not diagnose, treat, or cure disease. We analyzed, adjusted cause, and Innate in patient cured. All were professional matters of fact in science, therefore justifiable in legal use to defeat medical trials and convictions" BJ Palmer

Diagnosis
1915-1917: according to Sutherland (1985): ...Mr. Justice Hodgkins says: Dr. Ernst DuVal, representing the Canadian Chiropractic College in Hamilton, explained in his submissions that: Chiropractic is a unique science. It has nothing in common with any other method, class, school or cult, neither in its science, philosophy, art, doctrine or principle upon which it is based. Dr. DuVal further stated: Chiropractic does not claim to treat, cure or heal anything or anybody of ailments or diseases and further: Chiropractors have no earthly use for diagnosis, as such, for the practice of chiropractic is unlike the majority of the other healing professions, to whom diagnosis is a necessity... Dr. B.J. Palmer reinforced these views during his presentation at one of the Commission's sessions and is reported by Mr. Justice Hodgins to have said, in respect to bacteriology: The chiropractor did not believe in bacteria, and that bacteriology was the greatest of all gigantic farces ever invented for ignorance and incompetency, and as to analysis of blood and urine, he considered it of no value. After hearing the chiropractors' presentation and weighing all the evidence submitted to him, the Commissioner reported: Those who appeared before me saw no necessity for preparatory qualifications, ridiculed and repudiated diagnosis, bacteriology and chemistry; admitted that a chiropractor acts in all cases upon his cardinal principle, without examination. Mr. Justice Hodgins, in announcing his decision, stated that he could not accept: a system which denies the need of diagnosis, refers 95 per cent of disease to one and the same cause, and turns its back resolutely upon all modern scientific methods as being founded on nothing and unworthy even to be discussed...pg2

AMA
Organized medicine adds pressure to educate and pass laws. Minimum Basic science education laws are passed.

1908: Turner (1931, p. 122) suggests: ...there were probably less than ten chiropractors in the state. Exponents of various healing arts, including some of these chiropractors, organized the Naturopathic Association of California, and in 1909 sought legislation to effect the establishment of a licensing board. '''An amendment to the medical law, having approval of the state medical authorities, was passed, by which anyone showing a certificate of membership in the association might receive the seal of the medical board, and this constituted a license. Educational and professional qualifications were not investigated'''. Two years later, this absurd law was repealed, but in the meantime, along with many indiscriminate drugless practitioners a number of chiropractors had gained credentials. The latter eventually became at odds with the majority of chiropractors, who under agreements of organization refused to acknowledge medical authority.pg4

1910: Turner (1931, p. 295) writes: The publication of Dr. Albert Abrams' Spondylotherapy in 1910 brought the condemnation of the American Medical Association This book advanced the theory that the organs of the body were governed by nerve centers in the spinal cord and could be made to dilate or contract by stimulating the nerve centers through the manipulation of the vertebrae. ''Dr. Abrams was vice-president of the California State Medical Society, president of Emanuel Polyclinic, president of the San Francisco Medical-Chirurgical Society, professor of pathology at Cooper Medical College and professor at Leland Stanford University. He was graduated as a doctor of medicine at University of Heidelberg before he had reached the age of twenty. He studied in Berlin, Vienna, Paris and London, and for many years was regarded as one of the foremost minds in his profession''.pg7

1911 (June): Medical World notes (Booth, 1924, p. 762): The principles of spondylotherapy will form the subject of five clinics in San Francisco by that master of the subject, Dr. Albert Abrams, to be held on the five days following the Los Angeles session of the American Medical Association. All members of the association should write the Doctor at 246 Powell Street, San Francisco, California...it is realized that the valuable mechanical methods of treatment, wrongly labeled Osteopathy, originated with regular physicians in London as long ago as 1861, it is highly time for the profession to study them systematically...pg7

1911 (July 12): JH Lelande, County Clerk of Los Angeles, issues copies of Articles of Incorporation of the Ratledge System of Chiropractic Schools; signed by WC Watson, Deputy Clerk (Ratledge papers-SFCR Archives); TF Ratledge opens his fourth chiro school in LA; "Upon looking over the situation here in California, where at that time chiropractic was only available through the 'bootleg' channel and had received some very bad and recent publicity, all of which was medically inspired propaganda, I decided that where chiropractic was not, there I should be, so, I decided to open a school in California and establish chiropractic in California. That was in 1911, March. In September that year I opened the Los Angeles branch of the Ratledge System of Chiropractic Schools which I conducted continuously until Dr. Cleveland of Kansas City, Mo. bought me out in 1951." (1955 letter from TF Ratledge to RR Robbins; SFCR Archives)...pg7

1920: Judge Landsden of the Supreme Court of Tennessee rules (Smallie, 1990): The Court thinks that Chiropractors cannot be classed along with charlatans and fakirs. This science is well developed and recognized in many jurisdictions and many believe in its efficacy......The requirement that they study and be examined on subjects in no way pertaining to their occupation is an arbitrary and unreasonable attempt to restrict their liberties and the liberty of the people who wish to patronize them.22

DD
DD wants to go the religious route.

Association battles
Mixers create the ACA (to defend against BJ and NCM;to advance education and science?) 1911 (Oct 1): The American Drugless Healer (1[2]: 26), published by the American Chiropractic Association (headquartered in Oklahoma City, C. Sterling Cooley DC, Vice-President) includes for the first time in its "Directory of Chiropractors": "Chas. A. Cale, D.C., 1012 Pico St., Los Angeles, Calif." and "A.W. Richardson, 11434 South Olive St., Los Angeles, Calif." (no degree or title given for Richardson); also included in the directory are "A.A. Gregory, M.D., D.C. at 521.5 N. Broadway, Oklahoma City, Okla.", Joe Shelby Riley, D.O., D.C., at 521.5 N. Broadway, Oklahoma City, L.E. Fuller, D.O., D.C. at 511- 013 Meridian Life Bldg., Indianapolis, "G.H. Patchen, M.D., D.C., 147 W. 23rd St., New York, N.Y."; and "Cooley & Cooley, Enid, Okla." (p. 7)

1913 (May 14): Fountain Head News (FHN) (2[19]) reports: -item on chiropractic bill in state house (p. 9): CALIFORNIA LEGISLATION We have just learned that Senate Bill 430 of California died a natural death by a dose of anti-toxin given it in the Senate to the tune of 38 against to 14 for. More than 2.5 aginst to 1 for. This bill was the call for a straight and separate Chiropractic board of examiners. As there are several 'Chiropractic bills' pending, we cannot say that this state is lost. They might pass favorably on some other. More news follows as we get it. -item on medical legislation (p. 11): The following is a newspaper squib from the West. It agian sounds the key-note:- With a warning to his professional brethren to avoid the temptation to tinker with the state laws regarding their own field, Dr. OD Hamlin of Oakland, (Cali) President of the State Medical Society, formally opened the forty-third annual session. 'A peculiar condition now exists. There is an antagonistic condition of unrest. Warring fanatics are trying to bring the medical profession into disrepute. Thirty bills are now before the legislature regarding the profession, and all of them, with the exception of a few proposed by the physicians, put a peg into the medical standard. Protecting measures SHOULD NOT come from members of the medical profession, BUT FROM THE PEOPLE WHOSE SERVICES WE STAND. When we before legislature, asking for laws, we ARE SIMPLY GETTING IN OUR OWN WAY. The public must make its own police protection against quacks and charlatans.pg9

1913 (May 29): TF Ratledge makes an address "before Governor Johnson May 29, 1913, as follows: 'I don't believe and don't feel like these people (Medical Board) ought to be permitted to direct us, what we shall study and the way we shall study when we have principles of our own science which are absolutely and diametrically opposite those of medicine'" (according to CB Pinckham MD's letter to TF Ratledge on 8/19/15; Ratledge papers, SFCR Archives)pg9

ACA worked to improve education and practice laws.

-notes "Consolidation" of Palmer-Gregory school with St. Louis Chiropractic College (pp 75-6): The Palmer-Gregory Chiropractic College, of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, has moved to St. Louis, Mo., and has consolidated with the latest and best institution that is or ever has been organized for the purpose of teaching progressive Chiorpractic viz., the St. Louis Chiropractic College. The St. Louis Chiropractic College was incorporated under the laws of Missouri some months ago by L. William Ray, A.M., M.D., D.C., and three associates, and among the founders of this institution are some well qualified and able teachers. The union of the Palmer-Gregory College with the St. Louis College brings to the assistance of the excellent faculty of the St. Louis College the personal services of Alva Emery Gregory, D.P., M.D., D.C., who is now recognized as the greatest teacher and the greatest editor and author in the Chiropractic profession. The St. Louis will open its doors to students and begin active class work the coming fall, and the prospects are excellent for a good attendance and the class of students catered to are above the average in education and intelligence. The College course consists of two years of not less than nine months for each year, and the time in school will be devoted, by the teachers, to instruction in the most important, latest, best and most efficient Rational Therapy Methods, so that their alumni will be far in advance of the non-progressive Chiropractors turned out from ordinary Chiropractic schools. St. Louis is a most favorable location for a good institution, as living expenses are light, and this school has at hand ample laboratory facilities in anatomy, chemistry (urinalysis, blood tests, stomach fluid tests) and bacteriology. The special course of instruction which will be given in the St. Louis Chiropractic College, will qualify the graduates of this institution to register by examination, in states that have provided to license other doctors other than the regular M.D.s as have Illinois, Michigan, California, Washington and other states as they fall in line. The St. Louis Chiropractic College course of instruction will enable their graduates to qualify by examination and to receive regular medical license in several different states, where the state law does not require graduation from an AMA medical college before admittance to examination. This college will be a great honor and boost to the profession of progressive Chiropractic, and the old schools of Chiropractic shall be a thing of the past unless they widen out, when the public become wise to progressive Chiropractic.pg10 Chiros upset with BJ poilicies (NCM and mixer battle). BJ gets kicked out of UCA and starts CHB.

1914 (June 15): at CCC "...a six weeks' summer course commencing June 15th, and closing July 24, 1914, consisted of twenty-three graduates in both Post Graduates' diplomas, the graduates in both classes consisting of Osteopaths, M.D.'s, trained nurses and Chiropractors, as well as new beginners" (CCC, 1917-18).

1915: Benedict Lust MD, ND establishes department of chiropractic at his naturopathic school in NYC; FW Collins takes correspondence course from PSC and organizes the New Jersey School of Chiropractic, later renamed the Mecca College of Chiropractic, associates with Francis W. Allen; notes also that the National School of Chiropractic discontinued its correspondence course in 1915 (Carver, unpublished, pp 190-).

1915 (Aug 17): TF Ratledge writes to Charles B. Pinckham MD, sec'y of the Board of Medical Examiners (BME); letterhead indicates RSCS schools in "Topeka, Kansas, Oakland and Los Angeles"; Ratledge writes a "follow-up" letter requesting the requirements a school must meet to be approved by the BME, and notes that "one school of a drugless character" has been approved [Richardson's CCC] (Ratledge papers, SFCR Archives) 1915 (Aug 19): Charles B Pinckham MD (now sec'y-treasurer of the CA BME, although letterhead says WW Vanderburgh DO is Treasurer) writes to TF Ratledge in response to inquiry of 8/17/15; notes Ratledge's "address you made before Governor Johnson May 29, 1913, as follows: "I don't believe and don't feel like these people (Medical Board) ought to be permitted to direct us, what we shall study and the way we shall study when we have principles of our own science which are absolutely and diametrically opposite those of medicine"; Pinkham also indicates that in June, 1915 the BME had "approved the California Chiropractic College for one thousand hours, such approval continuing until December 1st, 1915 and being contingent upon the proper conduct of the institution. After carefully examining and personally visiting each institution professing to teach a drugless system in this state, the Board determined that the California Chiropractic College was the only one which came anywhere near meeting the requirements of an institution professing to qualify applicants for examination for a drugless certificate under the exactions of the Medical Practice Act." (Ratledge papers, SFCR Archives) 1915 (Sept 8): letter to TF Ratledge from J. Thornley DC, ST of 502-3 Bank of San Jose Bldg, San Jose and the Universal Hotel in Palo Alto indicates tuition is $75 at CCC, and that CCC claims to be "recognized" and that graduates "are eligible to take the medical examination and therefore get a license"; Thornley asks for Ratledge's advice (Ratledge papers, SFCR Archives) 1915 (Sept 9): TF Ratledge writes to someone with initials "WHJ" (first page of 3 missing) re: Richardson's CCC; TF notes of BME that: The Richardson school was only approved for 1000 hours, and for that only until Dec. 1st, 1915, and I have every reason to believe that it will not be continued over a longer period of time. Then, you can see that it is a scheme to get us under their thumb and then crush us out of existence. First they make a pretense to approve a Chiropractic school, although they say 'that it was far from deserving such approval' then they withdraw that approval after we have been all led up to the chopping block and politically decapitated... (Ratledge papers, SFCR Archives) -TF recommends the best protection against BME is to join the UCA, and that no entanglements with BME (such as Richardson's CCC's collaboration) -TF asks WHJ to say hello to Dr. Bullis [presumably of the Oakland Chiropractic College; see Autumn 1911 and 1915; see SRI, 1960, p. 215]13

1915 (Oct 5): TF Ratledge writes to Willard Carver (Ratledge papers, SFCR Archives): One 'AW Richardson,' who is the chief of traitors to Chiropractic and the 'ward-heeler' for the Medics here and is one of Gregory's ardent followers....many of his statements have been found to be untrue. Another statement which I also think is false is that he is a graduate in Chiropractic from the same school from which you graduated and as I cannot remember the name of said school or who had charge of it, I cannot check it up in any way other than asking your assistance....he claims seven years practice as a Chiropractor, and in 1913 he claimed the same years, which if true then should be nine years now... He is now trying to get all the Chiropractors here to go before the Medical Board for examination under a bill which is somewhat of the same Character of the Ohio bill, and many of them are for it, and it is going to be a great injury to our contentions that they are incompetent to examine us and will make it appear that we are provided for in law. I, with a few of the tried and true are going to resist all such to the last and now anticipate enjoining the Board to prevent them giving the examination and harrass them as much as possible and all the information I can get relative to the fraud of this fellow will help to show that the Medical men have combined with the incompetent crooks in our profession to get the advantage of us and destroy chiropractic in this State.]13

1916 (June 23): TF Ratledge DC writes to BJ Palmer from Los Angeles County Jail (Ratledge papers-SFCR): ....the laws of California being such that it has not been at all attractive to persons who otherwise would have entered the school, and they when they DID get interested through our school enough to take it up in spite of the law they would be led, for the most part, into taking up a course in either Richardson's or Cale's school because of the short time or the very much less amount of tuition required before getting a 'Chiropractic' diploma, and the fact that I would not discontinue our school because I did not want it to be said that these other schools were representative Chiropractic schools in California.... The California 'Chiropractic' College with the support and approval of the State Medical Board is gone, '''Richardson, it's President and 'friend of the Medical Board' is under arrest at Sacramento, arrested BY the Medical Board on a charge of perjury and all of his followers floundering upon the rocks of disappointment and disgraceful failure'''; Cale's school IS and that is all, it being completely discredited while we are just the same as when we started except that the people now know where Chiropractic is represented in California. We have only six or seven students, but, they are made out of the kind of material that stands for what we demand.... -[above would seem to explain what was going on while Charles and Linnie Cale were taking coursework at LACO]

"Thank goodness, whoever, wherever you find the spurious, you'll also find the real. And wherever you find the real, you'll find them fighting for the good straight stuff. "The P.S.C. CHIROPRACTORS of San Francisco lost no time in making a statment, over their signatures, as follows: - "PRACTITIONER FLAYED BY CHIROPRACTORS ""Grossly inaccurate inferences are sure to be drawn" from the suit of Miss Mae Chesterly against Dr. George Richardson, a CHIROPRACTOR, according to a communication received by "The Examiner" and signed by several CHIROPRACTORS. Miss Chesterly accused Dr. Richardson with striking her with a mallet during the course of a CHIROPRACTIC treatment. "The signers of the communication, Doctors Ray S. LaBarre, Marena G. LaBarre, F.J. Freenor, Simon Mueller and George A. Bradley, declare they have no knowledge of the facts involved in Miss Chesterly charges, but in defense of the CHIROPRACTIC school add: - "No mallet or other instrument of any kind or character is ever used as a part of CHIROPRACTIC technique. Only the hands are used in giving a CHIROPRACTIC adjustment and they Joseph C. Keating, Jr., Ph.D. Chronology of the LACC are not employed to strike, massage, stretch, twist or otherwise injure the patient." - San Francisco Examiner, Sept. 29, 918.18

1917: in California: "The Alameda County Chiropractors' Association, organized in 1917 by Dr. James Compton, adopted a constitution by which its members were required to go to jail rather than pay a fine. The association was advised by Tom Morris, chief counsel of the Universal Chiropractors' Association, and former lieutenant governor of Wisconsin, that it was illegal to maintain a constitutional decree against paying a fine, but the officers of the Alameda association would not revise the ruling. This organization became the hotbed of agitation..." (Turner, 1931, p. 126) 1917 (Aug): "the International Association of Chiropractic Schools and Colleges was organized at Davenport, Iowa. It was an attempt to reconcile the educational policies of all schools of recognized standing, presumably in accordance with the regime of the "Fountain Head", the Palmer School of Chiropractic. A close affiliation, however, proved difficult to bring about, although some advance was made towards unifying educational methods in several important schools." (Turner, 1931, pp. 168, 288)pg

1917 (Nov 3): FHN [7(8); A.C. 23] notes: -formation of Associated Colleges and Schools of Chiropractic (ACSC), which include: (p 2) -NJ College of Chiropractic amalgamated witht he Mecca College of Chiropractic -New England College of Chiropractic amalgamated with the Washington School of Chiropractic [JS Riley] -St Paul College of Chiropractic -Palmer-Gregory College of Chiropractic -Empire College of Chiropractic -New York School of chiropractic -Davenport School of Chiropractic -BJ notes that ACSC has been falsely listing the UCC and the Carver College among their membership; quotes Francis W. Allen DC of the Mecca College, who says an association of schools was first proposed but rejected by BJ in 1914; Allen compares BJ to the German Kaiser -correspondence between Ruland W Lee DC and Edward W Collins of Mecca Chiropractic College notes course in naturopathy at Mecca CC (p 2) pg5

-Charles A Cale's letter (Cale, 1919) re: efforts for state licensure is published by FHN; Cale notes that on 10/5/1919 at Mission Inn Hotel in Riverside CA BJ promised not to oppose the current initiative campaign to enact a chiro law; re: BJ and the bill Cale writes (p. 4): ...His position as president of the "Fountain Head" School of Chiropractic and as secretary of the Universal Chiropractors' Association makes him the recognized leader of the chiropractic profession the world over. Any movement that has his opposition might just as well be abandoned, on account of his weighty influence. -Charles A. Cale notes BJ's comment that "no one can work with TF Ratledge" and suggests (p. 5): ...I hope no one will ever ask me again if Dr. Ratledge and I have gotten together. There are five Chiropractic school presidents in California and all of them but Dr. Ratledge are working harmoniously together for the Chiropractic Petition. Since four out of five agree upon the Bill, and since "BJ" says he will not oppose the Bill, can any reasonable person see any cause for discouragement in our fight for the adoption of our bill.... "BJ" Knows If our Chiropractic Bill were a vicious one, does anyone suppose for one minute that "BJ" would not oppose it? HIS LIFE FOR TWENTY YEARS HAS BEEN ONE CONSTANT BATTLE AGAINST THINGS WHICH WOULD INJURE CHIROPRACTIC. He certainly would fight our bill if it was very detrimental to Chiropractic. -BJ writes (p. 6): ....Ratledge is a straight, specific, pure and unadulterated Chiropractor. He's for the same as I am. He practically insults every Chiropractor he wants support of and from. He can't concede any strength or viewpoint of value in any other person's ideas OF HOW THINGS OUGHT TO BE DONE. They could be agreed on principle and then he would insult them on policy.... Another way of expressing the local conditions, between the two local men, is to say that Ratledge has ideals but no ability or ambition or accomplishments. Dr. Cale, on the reverse, hasn't the Chiropractic ideals vision, but he has the ability, ambition and accomplishment. Given the two I would rather have Dr Cale's contrast, for the ability to accomplish WILL come the ideals, for men can't work to the end of nothing all the time. In the given years that each of these men have had to show what they were or could do, or even tried to do, it appears to me now that Dr. Cale has tried to do much, much of which I don't agree with, and Dr. Ratledge has argued and talked much, with all of which I agree, but he hasn't accomplished a thing but gotten practically all the chiropractors disgusted, dissatisfied and discouraged with him and his tactics. As is see it, Dr. Ratledge is being regarded as a has-been, a oncerunner, a cold-potato. Having failed, they are now looking to Cale to see if he can pony up to the scratch, make a home-run. Whether he will, with his mixing of Chiropractic, remains to be seen. But he can't do any worse than Ratledge, so let's take a fling and give him the opportunity. -BJ reports (p. 6): Last night, at the Gamut Club, Dr. Cale had his eighth birthday anniversary celebration. The Los Angeles College of Chiropractic was just eight years old, and it was celebrated by speaking, music; a play and dancing followed.20

1922 (Oct 6): "Report of Conference of Presidents of State Associations, held on B.J.'s Porch" (date illegible); meeting called to order by George Newsalt DC, president of UCA; reports from various states; a "UCA Model Bill" for creation of state boards and DC licensing is appended, which includes: "Chiropractic is defined to be the science or palpating and adjusting the articulations of the human spinal column by hand only..."; BJ urges rejection of mixer DCs and mixer DC organizations; policy enacted: The UCA has withdrawn all affiliations with State Associations that allow mixers in their ranks. If State Associations will Clean House the UCA will cooperate with them, and if the State Associations refuse to clean then the UCA will voluntarily come into the respective state and organize a branch in opposition to the State Association, requiring affidavits from members they are straight chiropractors, also the complete endorsement of UCA Principles. The National Board of Examiners countenance no mixers... Nebraska, Minnesota and New York as well as other States are due for UCA Cleaning... The UCA is willing to allow the different organizations as well as Chiropractors a reasonable amount of time to Clean House... (Cleveland papers, CCC/KC); see also MSCA, June 1922 7

1922 (Oct): Turner (1931, pp. 292-3) writes: By 1922 eleven supreme courts had upheld the legality of chiropractic boards....By October, 1922, twenty-two states had established chiropractic examining boards and their legality had been upheld by eleven supreme courts. Other supreme court decisions had declared that the practice of chiropractic was not the practice of medicine....More than 15,000 prosecutions against chiropractors are said to have occurred in the United States during the first thirty years of chiropractic. pg8

1924 (Aug): Neurocalometer (NCM) officially unveiled at PSC lyceum (Keating, 1991) pg14

1925: according to BJ (Palmer, 1931a, p. 5): In 1924, BJ made a trip around the world. While the cat was away, the mice got their heads together into a conspiracy. They resented that firm and deliberate hand which had held them to objectives for 20 years; they rebelled against him who would not let them put thier hands into its exchequer and take its monies for personal use; they schemed against him who took power from the Board of Directors who wanted to hold semi-annual beer and booze parties at its expense, running into thousands of dollars. The objectives of the UCA did not include loot for its elected officers. When BJ returned, the skids were greased. BJ was to go. Rather than be forced out, BJ took the hemlock and and resigned. Tom Morris was competent legally to run The UCA, but he was not competent Chiropractically. Tom Morris assumed the legal reins and tried to carry both sides on. Plots were laid against him, for he, too, had spent 20 years in building up its objectives into a successful organization for the right of the sick to get well with Chiropractic. He defeated them fairly well, but they eventually got him.... pg 19

1925: first basic science law is passed in Connecticut; at Cleveland College Homecoming in 1949 John J. Nugent DC is misquoted; following quote includes handwritten note from Carl Jr. indicating it was sent to BJ Palmer at Vinton Logan's request (Cleveland papers, CCC/KC): Quoting---Dr. John Nugent at Cleveland Chiropractic College "Homecoming" --- 1949 I'm not for Basic Science Boards. I've been accused in this State of being for Basic Science Boards, and my words have been distorted -- twisted -- taken out of context. When you don't answer a man you ballywack him. You lie about it -- yhou haven't got the real answer. The real answer was -- I made that statement before Congress, I said that I had written the Basic Science act in Connecticut. And I did. I wrote it. I wrote it on my own little typewriter. Why? Because there had been a terrific scandal in the eclectic profession and a man had been killed on an operating table and the whole state of Conn. was in furor, and nineteen ?prefectors? in the State demanded some sort of qualifications for all practitioners, and Liberty magazine and Colliers were writing articles about Conn. and when I saw the powers that be they said, "Now look Doctor, we're supposed to be political leaders in this state but we can't stem this tide. There's got to be some sort of device. The State Chambe of Commerce, Kiwanis Club and all the Civic Clubs were up in arms about it and we were going to get a Basic Science Law. So I said to Mr. Roarback, who was the political boss of the State who was a Chiropractic patient -- I said to him, "Well, if we have to have the damn thing then let's have a fair one." He said, "Can you write such a bill," and I said "yes." And I wrote that bill. I put it in my pocket and that's the Bill that came out. Yes I wrote thathing -- and I wish that I'd had an opportunity to write every other one of the Basic Science bills too. pg 21

ACA and UCA merge to form ACA-UCA and then NCA.

NCA becomes today's ACA

CHB becomes today's ICA

Shegato Morikubo is successfully defended by NCA (or was it still UCA then- one source says 1907, that would be UCA) for practicing medicine without a license.

Education standards are improved. State laws are passed.

What's left in the current article
Soon after, DD turned over his rights to Palmer School of Chiropractic to BJ Palmer and his wife.

In an effort to promote his discovery and advertise for patients and students, DD Palmer began producing a periodical, "The Chiropractor". It was often filled with claims of cures and testimonials of patients. He touted his method of cure without the use of medicine. In 1906 DD was arrested for practicing medicine without a license.

Palmer said he "received chiropractic from the other world" during a seance, from a deceased physician named Dr. Jim Atkinson. He regarded chiropractic as partly religious in nature, and in a letter of May 4, 1911 he said: "we must have a religious head, one who is the founder, as did Christ, Mohamed, Jo. Smith, Mrs. Eddy, Martin Luther and other who have founded religions. I am the fountain head. I am the founder of chiropractic in its science, in its art, in its philosophy and in its religious phase."

After being repealed early in the 19th century, medical statutes were reintroduced in Iowa in 1886. Keating et al writing for the Association for the History of Chiropractic said D.D. Palmer


 * "introduced the concept of Innate Intelligence circa 1904. Innate, he believed, was an intelligent entity which directed all the functions of the body, and used the nervous system to exert its influence. (Donahue 1986, 1987)."

Palmer’s son B. J. Palmer initiated research, development and promotion of chiropractic.

DD Palmer's effort to find a single cause for all disease led him to say:
 * A subluxated vertebra . . . is the cause of 95 percent of all diseases. . . . The other five percent is caused by displaced joints other than those of the vertebral column. (From: Palmer D.D. The Science, Art and Philosophy of Chiropractic. Portland, Oregon: Portland Printing House Company, 1910.)

DD BJ Controversy
Among the students at the Palmer School in Davenport, Iowa as 1906 dawned were several who would leave a profound mark upon the profession, including John F.A. Howard and Shegataro Morikubo. Later in the year, Dr. Howard, the ink barely dry on his PSC diploma (dated 17 August 1906), consented to a request from several Palmer students who, dissatisfied with the new president of the school, B.J. Palmer, DC, asked Howard to establish another chiropractic college in the profession's home city. Late in the year, with the explicit approval of "Old Dad Chiro,"1 Howard founded the National School of Chiropractic.3 The new institution's first home was the same building in which D.D. Palmer had adjusted Harvey Lillard a decade earlier.

The relationship between Old Dad Chiro and his son, B.J., had never been good, and the stress of the legal ordeal soured it further. On the basis of binding arbitration mediated by Joseph Schillig, DC, and R.H. St. Onge,7 the founder relinquished all interest in the PSC, except for several books and part of the school's osteological collection, for the sum of $2,196.79. He and his new bride promptly boarded a train for Medford, Okla., where his brother, Thomas J. Palmer, a newspaper publisher, would assist him in establishing a grocery store. It was indeed a bitter outcome for the father of chiropractic, and his resentment against his son would smolder for years.

Although he had not been the first to be jailed for practicing chiropractic,15 the founder's legal ordeal must have left a profound impression on the son, alumni and students of the PSC. In August 1906, during the annual homecoming of the PSC, a protective legal society was established, the Universal Chiropractors' Association (UCA). Founded by Drs. B.J. Palmer, Ernest Erz, Shegataro Morikubo, Hod Norton, T.J. Owens and a dozen others,17,20 the new organization involved membership dues paid to a central treasury, from which the costs of legal services would be paid when a chiropractor faced charges for unlicensed practice.15 The UCA (forerunner of today's American Chiropractic Association) subsequently expanded its services to include legal defense in civil/malpractice suits, sponsorship of a professional journal,8 educational seminars and annual conventions held in conjunction with the PSC's homecomings.

The UCA was not the first attempt to establish a national membership society,8 credit for which apparently belongs to the chiropractors of Minnesota and Solon M. Langworthy, DC, president of the ASC&NC. However, the UCA was the more enduring alliance and in 1930 would spawn the National Chiropractic Association (immediate predecessor of today's ACA). The new association's first major legal victory came in 1907, when Shegataro Morikubo, DC, was successfully defended against charges of unlicensed practice in LaCrosse, Wisc.12

A singular year in the history of chiropractic, 1906, saw the courtroom defeat of the founder, the spread of his healing art and of chiropractic education, and the creation of a lasting component of the profession's infrastructure. It is a time to remember and merits further scrutiny. .

Wilk et al. vs The American Medical Association
Before 1980, Principle 3 of the American Medical Association Principles of Medical Ethics stated: "A physician should practice a method of healing founded on a scientific basis; and he should not voluntarily professionally associate with anyone who violates this principle." Until 1983, the AMA held that it was unethical for medical doctors to associate with an "unscientific practitioner," and labeled chiropractic "an unscientific cult."

As a result of this policy, an antitrust suit was brought against the AMA and other medical associations in 1976 - Wilk et al v. American Medical Association et al - by Wilk and other chiropractors. The landmark lawsuit ended in 1987 when the Federal Appeals Court found the AMA guilty of conspiracy and restraint of trade; the Joint Council on Accreditation of Hospitals and the American College of Physicians were exonerated. The court recognized that the AMA had to show its concern for patients, but was not persuaded that this objective could not have been satisfied in a manner less restrictive of competition, for instance by public education campaigns. The AMA then lost its appeal to the Supreme Court and had to allow its members to collaborate with chiropractors. PDF of key transcripts

The judge in the Wilk case said that the AMA had covered up research on the effectiveness of chiropractic for back pain. She then said that chiropractors clearly wanted "a judicial pronouncement that chiropractic is a valid. efficacious, even scientific health care service." She said no "well designed, controlled, scientific study" had been done, and concluded "I decline to pronounce chiropractic valid or invalid on anecdotal evidence." PDF of key transcripts

1917 (Nov 10) Fountain Head News [A.C. 23; 7(9)]: -publishes letter from CB Pinkham MD, secretary of the California BME" (p 10): ATTENTION: Dr. BJ Palmer, DC, PhC 9/15/17 Gentlemen: Replying to yours of September 7th, enclosing a mimeographed copy headed, 'Amalgamated College of Chiropractic, The New Jersey College of Chiropractic and the Mecca Joseph C. Keating, Jr., Ph.D. Chronology of the LACC _______________________________________________________________________________________ 17 College of Chiropractic, Wilmington, Delaware, located at 574 Warren St., Newark, New Jersey,' which is dated August 27 1917, L-309" and which is signed 'Chiropractically yours, Francis W Allen, N.D., D.C., Ph.C., Dean,' we note in this mimeographed letter what allegesto be a copy of a letter signed 'California Chiropractic College, AW Richardson, Dean,' wherein it is stated that 'the AMA persuaded BJ Palmer and his wife to accept a round trip ticket from Davenport, Ia., to Honolulu and return and that they arrived in San Francisco three days before the trial and absolutely perjured themselves....' This same assertion was made to the writer by AW Richardson during the session of the legislature held in Sacramento during the past winter and AW Richardson was then informed that his statement was decidedly incorrect. We explained to Richardson that the Board of Medical Examiners of the State of California paid the expenses of the witnesses from Davenport, Ia., to Sacramento and return, at the time they appeared in the case of 'The People vs. AW Richardson .' The records show that AW Richardson was convicted of a misdemeanor, to-wit: violating Section 18 of Chapter 354 of the Statues of 1913 as amended by Chapter 105 Statutes of 1915 of the State of California, and paid a fine of $500 imposed by Judge Glenn of the Superior Court of the County of Sacramento. Very truly, Yours, CB Pinkham, Secy-Treas.17

MD/DC annihilation Keating
The hundred years war between medicine and chiropractic has fostered an extreme sensitivity and resistance to criticism among DCs. Confronted with professional extermination, as embodied in the American Medical Association's commitment to "contain and eliminate" chiropractic (Chapman-Smith, 1989; Wardwell, 1992), many DCs perceive any and all criticism (even from within their own ranks) as carrying the threat of annihilation (Keating & Mootz, 1989). The conflict between MDs and DCs has also produced a penchant for marketing slogans in lieu of scientifically testable propositions. The classic example of this is the mindless reiteration that "chiropractic works," a vacuous claim which lacks specificity and is not amenable to experimental testing. However, confronted by charges that chiropractic is quackery, chiropractors have responded by insisting that "Chiropractic Works!," and have rallied satisfied patients to convince legislators and policy makers of the validity of their methods and the justness of their cause. Slogans like this are endlessly repeated not only to the public, but among DCs themselves (and to chiropractic students). To challenge the notion that chiropractic works is considered heresy in most corners of the profession. Rather than skepticism and critical thinking, traditional chiropractic education has sought to instill strong belief in chiropractic (Quigley, 1981) among successive generations of students. In so doing the schools have strengthened the "antiintellectual" (Coulter, 1990) traditions in the profession. pg9

Tom Morris
Tom Morris part 1

this has an interesting twist
by Simon A. Senzon, MA, DC

The Moral and Religious Duty of a Chiropractor by DD Palmer 1914
The Constitution of the United States declares that “Congress shall make no law respecting an established religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.” The great state of California has granted the same privilege in its medical act, by declaring in Sec. 17, “Nor shall this act be construed so as to discriminate against. . . the practice of religion.” It was quite mindful and generous of those who framed the California Medical Act to coincide with the Constitution of the United States in not allowing the Medical Act to conflict with the Constitution of the United States nor interfere with the religious duty of chiropractors, a privilege already conferred upon them. It now becomes us as chiropractors to assert our religious rights. pg 1

Lerner Report
The attempt to create a philosophy of Chiropractic brought its proponents unwittingly into the realm of speculation. They began reasoning and rationalizing, and offered opinions and views on the subject of life, health and disease, which were unacceptable; it produced every kind of ridicule and provoked the non-believers to say that the "claims of Chiropractic" were absurd; even fraudulent. pg 7

It was pointed out that the pattern of anatomy changes can be observed and they can be predicted. It would be a departure from the emphasis previously placed upon the behavior of the nerve, which could not be observed, and upon nerve pressure and nerve irritation, whose tendencies could not be predicted. It will be shown later that the crux of D.D. Palmer's original thinking was founded precisely upon the phenomena of anatomical changes taking place in the patient, and that hardly any emphasis was placed upon the behavior of the nerve. His reference to the nerve was expressed in the same way he spoke of the action of the blood, the circulation of the other body fluids, the status of the bones, the ligaments, the muscles, etc. He was fundamentally concerned, as will be shown, with the task of restoring the body back to its natural position. It was the pattern of anatomy correction that was his chief interest. It will be shown later in this report how B.J. at first relied exclusively upon the same concept of anatomy changes. Page 19--- Unfortunately, that concept was by-passed to make the "facts" fit the requirements of a new law on Chiropractic. By so doing, the profession got itself so tangled up that it has become seemingly impossible today to extricate itself from the chaos and confusion that has been brought about by such maneuvers. It seems that the mystery of chiropractic was created at that time and has been kept a secret over the years by B.J. In doing so he has withheld information of the highest importance to the profession. This withheld-information is, in our opinion, more vital to the future of Chiropractic than the danger, which has been created by the wrangling of the various personalities within the profession for control and supremacy. If the whole truth about Chiropractic were known, the knowledge would enable the leaders of the profession to better contemplate the future growth and development of Chiropractic. [pg 9

13. The Mystery of Disease. At the time D.D. had decided to become a health investigator, the people of the country had already been considerably alerted to the inability of men of learning to cope with the growing menace of disease among the people. Typical of the way people's minds were alerted is illustrated by the following commentary, which appeared in the July, 1886 issue of the Journal of the A.M.A.: "Our lack of knowledge regarding the etiology of disease is deplorable. This field of investigation will yield a rich harvest to patient workers..." One avenue of research involved the unknown behavior of the germ. In the same article, we read: "If we should find that micro-organisms are the cause of disease, what will be the influence of these discoveries upon medicine in the future?" Page 39--- Today, the avenue of research still is aimed at the unknown behavior of the germ. Compare the attitude today with that of the 19th century. In the September, 1884 issue of the Journal of the A.M.A., the "search" is described as follows: "In the present germ excitement -- analogous to the gold fever of 1848 and the petroleum craze of later years -- we are not to ignore other and well-established causes." All of which helps us to try and understand what may have prompted D.D. to become a "friend of the sick". Now, let us see him as he comes to Davenport. pg13

22. The Osteopaths Start Beating Their War-Drums. Shortly after the first School of Osteopathy was opened in Kirksville, Missouri -- about 150 miles away from Davenport -- a series of new "discoveries" were announced by others. With each new discovery that was announced, a new name was coined to identify it. If we stop to study some of these new discoveries, it may give us a clue to the feeling of anger and irritation that began to arise in the heart of the Osteopath at that time. Two typical discoveries that plagued the Osteopath are the following (a) "Osteo-Magnetics -- The Molock Method, Combining Vital Magnetism, Suggestive Therapeutics, Animal Magnetism, and Personal Magnetism." BY: Andrew Anship Molock, Des Moines, Iowa.

Page 57- (b) "Osteopractic -- Combining Magnetic Healing, Osteopathy and Massage." BY: Dr. Charles A. Lewis, Afton, Iowa.

Just about this time D.D. Palmer, in Davenport, Iowa decided to change the name of his publication from "The Educator" to "The Chiropractic". Palmer announced that Chiropractic was a new science; that it was not a combination of sciences, as others had been declared to be. He declared it was unique and original, and wrote that it was not to be compared even to other sciences. He wrote that he had studied the other sciences, including Osteopathy, and that his discovery in no way resembled the others. Page 58- The various new discoveries that were announced - particularly those in the State of Iowa -- just across the border from Missouri -- aroused the temper of the Osteopath in Kirksville. And, in the summer of 1897, we find as we study the history and the development of the Osteopathic profession, the start of their turbulent campaign to beat down the other discoverers. Read carefully the contents of their first blast published in the August 1st, 1897 issue of the Journal of Osteopathy and observe the attitude they assumed. We will in a moment discuss that attitude and analyze it to show that they were acting without legal right to support their position. On page 213, under the Caption, "Publisher's Notes": "The contents of the Journal have been copyrighted for the protection of Osteopathy and Osteopaths only; and the publishers want it understood that any legitimate Osteopath Page 59- The Lerner Report by Cyrus Lerner, Attorney at Law 17 or the public press, is at liberty to use any material from these columns at any time; provided it is used for the good of the science. The Journal was forced to copyright its contents in order to prevent the use of Osteopathic literature by a lot of unprincipled fakirs. There is one fake Magnetic Healer in Iowa who issues a paper devoted to his new system; and until recently made up his entire publication from the contents of the Journal of Osteopathy, changing only the name "Osteopathy" where it occurred and substituting the name of his own practice. Of course he gave no credit. It is to shut off such frauds from the use of Osteopathic literature that the Journal has been copyrighted."

Which one of the Magnetic Healers in Iowa was being referred to as the "one fake magnetic healer in Iowa"? Page 60- Several months later the fury of the Osteopaths began to increase. In the October, 1897 issue of the "Journal of Osteopathy" at page 241, the following was published: "The time has come when Osteopathy is charged with having illegitimate progeny; and the work of legal protection has begun. "Osteopathy itself has a corporate character, a legal standing, and an educational equipment; ant it must be understood that Osteopathic enterprise, whether in the form of fraudulent practitioners of schools, that do not show evidence of such corporate character, competent ability and professional rectitude, will readily fall under the ban of public suspicion and condemnation. "Let the ignoramus, the trickster, the sham, the fraud, the fake, the fad and the pretender -- look out. Page 61- "They will very soon be brought face to face with insuperable legal barriers, and the sooner the better. "The public will see to it that their credentials are examined, and their trickery and ignorance exposed."

From the foregoing we obtain an insight into the belligerent position which the Osteopath began to assume. Was his attitude founded upon legal rights to justify what he was threatening to do? pg17

discoverer becomes an educator; he operates a school and merely teaches students what he has discovered. He has nothing to sell but knowledge. Think of it.

Page 71- Now, can you begin to understand why the Osteopaths became so enraged when they found others trying to use the knowledge they were teaching to their students? The Osteopaths mistakenly were under the impression that in making the discovery of the knowledge which went to make up the "science" of Osteopathy that hey had acquired some legal right which would entitle them to exclusive control of their knowledge. They did not understand that they had acquired nothing under the law. And it was only later that they were advised by their attorneys that the only way they could obtain legal recognition was to have the legislature enact a special law under which they would receive a license granting them certain limits and privileges to practice without others being allowed to do likewise, unless properly authorized. The feud that resulted between Osteopathy and Chiropractic was largely the result of a mistake on their part in interpreting their legal rights. This should certainly be presented to the people to show the background for so much bitterness that arose to plague both professions all these years. pg 19

32. The Same Analogies Are Presented to the Massachusetts Legislature in 1831 The concept of man as a machine began to spread not only throughout Europe, but the idea reached the shores of America. Scholars and investigators began looking at the human machine as they did at a watch -- the suggestion made in 1749 by La Mettrie. In 1831 the legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts was furnished with a long report prepared by some of the country's most noted anatomists and physiologists. In this report they traced the study of the human being down through the ages. They pointed to the necessity of being allowed to study the anatomy of the human being -- which had been forbidden. Page 98- As part of their report these anatomists and physiologists furnished certain evidence which had been discovered in the study of health and disease, and they pointed to certain paths of inquiry that they felt would help reveal the secrets and mysteries of the workings of the human body. The evidence they furnished the Legislature in 1831 and the paths of inquiry they urged for further study are strikingly similar to the studies which. Palmer had been following and which he wrote about in 1899, as we shall see shortly. Let us first see how the evidence and the suggested paths of inquiry were presented to the legislature of Massachusetts in 1831: On page 25 of the Report, we read the following: "II. We next propose to show that the study and knowledge of anatomy are essential to the safe and successful practice of medicine. "In teaching the most ordinary mechanical operations, the process is to begin with the parts and proceed thence to a knowledge of the whole. The smith teaches his apprentice, first to form a nail or go through some simple operation, and starting thence by gradual progress he acquires the master-workman's skill and becomes competent to operate upon and to form for useful purposes large masses, or to adjust the springs and balance wheels of some nice machinery."

Continuing on Page 26: "Man is truly wonderfully and fearfully made. (As Palmer will state in 1899) "He is truly the last and greatest mortal work of the Almighty Creator and Benefactor "He is a living, animated, nice, well-adapted, but complicated machine. "He is a living, animated, nice, well-adapted, but complicated machine. "How is the machine to be studied and elucidated? "How is the physician, whose business it is to keep the machine in repair to learn his art? "By taking it part from part, by tracing up effect to cause...."

Page 100- At the Bottom of Page 26: (As Palmer will state in 1899) "Would anyone trust a valuable watch -- an heirloom....to one to whom the principle of motion had never been imparted?

At the Bottom of Page 32 of the Report: (Palmer will refer to this as the "Key to Chiropractic" in 1899) "Could the watchmaker or machinist nicely adjust the various wheels, springs, checks and regulators which unite to make the complete machine, were he ignorant both of its parts and of the principles and means of their mutual action? "If not, how can the physician safely proceed with the human machine, in navigating through the difficulties and trials which he is called upon to encounter; and how can he hope well to repair what is disordered, or to replace what has been displaced....pg24

"Disease of the liver has been known to be erroneously treated as rheumatism in the shoulder, and this error may have been fatal to the patient, by giving to a fatal and insidious disease an opportunity of taking root in the system. Disease of the liver is not infrequently taken for disease of the lungs. So, too, persons treated for disease of the liver have been found to have had no disease of the liver, but a disease of the brain. "Persons are often attacked with convulsions, especially children -- convulsions, are spasms; and spasms, of course, are to be treated by anti-spasmodics. But, Page 102- these spasms are only symptoms -- denoting an important disease of the brain, where only the remedy is to be applied; and an ignorant practitioner, who prescribes and administers anti-spasmodics not only loses the time in which the remedies to save life can be successfully employed, but actually exacerbates the disease and accelerates its fatal termination. (Note) (Note this very, very carefully) "In the hip complaint, so terrible and painful a disease, the first pain is felt in the knee, not in the hip. Of the numerous painful affections of the abdominal region, the lungs, the heart, the head and the extremities, some are traceable to a nervous origin and are known as Neuralgic Disease. Dissection has enabled the anatomist to follow the nerves from these portions of the human frame into and through the spinal marrow, and other large, but remote masses of nervous matter: AND THIS HAS SUGGESTED TO THE PHYSICIAN THE TRULY PHILOSOPHICAL REMEDY FOR THE PAINFUL AFFECTIONS OF THESE REGIONS, PRODUCED BY DISORDERED NERVES: viz. TO APPLY REMEDIES TO THE BACK -- THE LESS OBVIOUS, BUT THE TRUE SEAT OF THE DISEASE -- INSTEAD OF TO THE IMMEDIATE LOCALITY OF THE PAIN. Remedies, thus applied, have had the happiest effects, and afford new and striking illustrations of the necessity of anatomy to the successful practice of medicine." 33. Pursuing the Path of Inquiry Suggested in Boston in 1831. We have just seen some pictures of the past. We have seen how some of the country's most competent anatomists and physiologists of 1831 have placed themselves on record before the legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, that they have found the human back to be the seat of disease -- and they have recommended that this idea be pursued. Continuing our investigation, we find evidence that these recommendations were probably taken up by later researchers. We come to Davenport, Iowa. If you will examine the "Davenport Gazette" -- the issue of December 28th, 1850 -- you will find on Page 1, at the bottom of column 5, a small news item. It reads as follows: "An Odd Discovery" (In 1831 they had limited their findings to some organs, but not all) "It is stated in the eastern papers that the Rev. Isaac Harrington of Poughkeepsie, New York has discovered a process of curing disease by mere manipulation. His theory is that every organ of the human body is magnetically connected with the spinal marrow, where each has its pole. A properly sensitive person, by passing the hand over the vertebrae, can in this way tell whether there is any irregularity in any organ, and by other passes of the hand rectify the disturbance."pg25

34. An Old-New Doctrine in Davenport. In. Palmer's book entitled "The Chiropractor's Adjuster" which was published in Portland, Oregon in 1910, we find the following commentary on Page 10: (Meaning about 1860) "As much curiosity has been expressed in regard to the discovery and development of the basic principle and others which have been derived from it, a brief mention of the manner in which I became acquainted with the underlying principles of Chiropractic may be of interest. "My first knowledge of this old-new doctrine was received from Dr. Jim Atkinson who about 50 years ago lived in Davenport, Iowa, and who tried during his lifetime to promulgate the principles now known to Chiropractic. Page 105- "He failed, not because the principles were erroneous, but on account of the intellectuality of that time -- it was not ready for this advancement."

The human body is a bundle of fine sensitive nerves, passing over, under and between the 200 bones and the many muscles and ligaments. These nerves are liable to be pinched, strained, stretched, or pulled out of place by the displacement of any one of the bones, muscles, or ligaments causing anyone of the many nerve diseases. When these nerves cry out with pain and distress, what should be done for their relief? The drug doctor would have some paralyzing drug, such as aconite, belladona, digitalis, opium, morphine, bromide of potassium, by thrusting it down the throat or introducing it into the body of the poor patient. Why not remove the pressure, adjust the framework, and take the strain off of those sensitive nerves?pg 30

Palmer's Statement Reflecting his Belief that the Concept of Man as a Machine was a "Recent Discovery". Page 3 Col. 3 ________________ In the might sweep of human progress all sciences except one have been wonderfully advanced. The science of healing the sick and afflicted - misnamed medicine - has been enshrouded with mystery and ignorance, pretention and despair. Physicians study the effects of disease and medicine; they are ignorant as to the cause. A medic describes disease by naming the effects. Different schools follow each their own blind theories. The bacteriologist clings to his theory of microbes. The savages and spiritualists to the control of evil spirits. Thus they wrangle over pills, principles and prayers, while their patients get well or die in spite of them. The regulars, irregulars, fadists and fakirs all claim equal success with equal evidence. All have similar failures. Each despises the other's mode of practice. Of late science has discovered the simple fact that the human body is a fine, sensitive piece of machinery run throughout all its parts by nerves. That disease is a condition in which nature is trying to carry on its work of repair and growth with the machinery out of gear -- a human machine out of order. Instead of benumbing and deadening the sensitory nerves with poisons, give them freedom to act and feel natural; instead of pain, give them ease and comfort; instead of fear, substitute hope.pg30

There are 3 mechanical movements known to mechanics, and all of these are modifications of those found in the human body. In this human machine are found the bars, levers, joints, pulleys, pumps, pipes, wheels, and axles, balls and sockets, beams, girders, trusses, arches, columns, cables and supports known to science. Man's mechanical works are but adaptations of processes found in the human body -- a revelation of the first principles used in nature. Why not learn something of the use and the disuse of these mechanical movements? Why not use as good judgment in adjusting this piece of machinery as we do in others? If you can't learn to use the pulleys, then learn to use the levers and bars.pg31

Note how Palmer compares the human being to a "valuable watch" just as the Boston anatomists did in 1831.

Page 3 Col. 1 A VALUABLE WATCH ________________ If you should let your watch fall, or by any means get some parts of it displaced or injured so that it does not keep good time, or even refuses to run at all, you would take it to a watch doctor. Suppose that upon examination he should tell you that he would have to cut out one or two cogs or remove a wheel in order to make it run, would you leave it with him? No, not for one minute. You would be likely to say, "I have carried that watch for many years, it has served me faithfully, it has always told me the correct time, and you cannot make me believe that the watch factory put in any too many wheels or cogs." Why not use as good judgment in regard to your mother, wife, or daughter who are much more valuable? You would not let a jeweler cut out any portion of your watch, but how many, when mother, wife, or daughter has had a fall or met with some injury, thereby displacing some portion of the anatomy so that she is unable to go as formerly, call in the family physician, whom they have learned to love and respect. He makes a diagnosis and prescribes for her. Day after day he calls, takes the temperature, respiration, and feels the pulse, and finds that her condition is no better. He Page 130- finally advises you to take her to the repair shop, usually called a hospital. They there decide that an operation must be performed; some parts of her person must be removed; they have done all else they knew and they must do something. You would not trust your watch in the care of one whom your best reason told you would ruin it by the removal of some of its parts, but you will trust a person whom you love far more than the watch to the tender mercies of those who rifle women of their motherhood. You listen to the sophistry of the wise doctor; he is willing to take the responsibility (as far as words go) and assures you that the operation of removing some parts of her body will put her on the road to recovery. You know that God did not put in any useless parts any more than the watch factory put in too many parts in your watch. With dread and fear you finally leave her, although you cannot help but think that the responsibility, the gain or loss, and the pay, all rest upon you and not the doctor. You cease to use your reason. You not only leave your mother, wife, or daughter in the hands of the despoiler, but you also take your watch to the quack jeweler, who at once removes two cogs or a wheel and returns it to you, saying that he hopes it will now run all right. When you took your watch to the quack it did run, but it failed to keep correct Page 131- Continuing....."A Valuable Watch" Page 3 Col. 1 You arrive at home and find that your mother, wife, or daughter has been returned, pale, emaciated, and weak, but the physician assures that all she now needs is time and rest. But you are doomed to disappointment for you find that time, like the doctor's knife, has not improved her condition, but on the contrary, she is now much more helpless than before you spent her time and your money. You notify the jeweler of the condition of your watch. He tells you of his apprenticeship, of his experience in the business; that he can take the insides of a watch all out, and did so with yours, and found that it had too many wheels to run well, and that possibly there are too many in there yet; if you will let him have it once more he will call in some of his neighbors of like craft who are skilled in that line. They will hold a council over it, examine it with a microscope and see for sure just what is the trouble, and so it comes to pass that you again leave your watch. Your family physician callus upon you and tells you that he possibly did not cut out enough of her insides, and advises you to return her to the shop and they will hold consultation and advise you with the medical staff and know of a certainty just what and how much should be taken out. You again yield your better judgment to one whom you think ought to know better than you; and she is again taken from home and sympathizing friends. In the meantime your watch is returned, or rather what is left of it. It no longer looks like the watch you once carried with so much pride, when every one admired it and thought it such a beauty. the case is battered and full of wrinkles and bears no resemblance to its former self; it is ruined and destroyed beyond any possibility of repair. Your mother, sister, or daughter, as the case may be, is again brought home, or at least, what is left of her; but she bears no resemblance to the woman you once thought so plump and beautiful. She is no longer able to walk or take a step; she is only the shadow of her former figure. Her haggard, careworn looks speak only too plainly of her dreadful experience. The physician says the operation was a wonderful success, "We have done all we can; give her the best of care while she lasts." pg31

40. Palmer's New Concepts -- Man not a Machine. In the magazine entitled, "The Chiropractor Adjuster", published in Portland, Oregon in March, 1909 -- which we procured during our investigative work while in Portland -- you will find reference made by Palmer that "man is not to be compared to an inanimate machine". On Page 51 of that issue we read the following: (As Plato had stated) "Man is a physical and spiritual epitome of the Universe. The spiritual is the cause of action. Action is life. The spiritual always did exist, always will. It is eternal, it is changeless. The physical is transient, undergoing constant change. The spiritual is positive, the physical negative. The physical acts upon and through the physical.... (Palmer's new strategy -- to form the basis of a new "religion" -- to win the battle against medicine) "The linking together of the spiritual and physical, makes it our duty to so keep the corporal frame in proper alignment, that the spirit may manifest itself in a natural manner. It is not only our inalienable right, but our moral duty to become acquainted with the osseous and nervous makeup, that we may intelligently adjust any displaced portion of the skeletal frame, so that Innate (that portion of Universal Intelligence -- usually known as Spirit) -- may manifest itself through and take in a correct knowledge of the material world as the spiritual does of the psychical.ppg32

Page 134- The following is an excerpt from "The Chiropractor Adjuster" of December, 1909, page 62: (9 months later) "While the human body has been compared to, and called a machine, it differs from it very materially, and yet there is some similarity. The harmonious working of the human body depends upon the condition of its lines of communication -- the nerves. Their ability to carry messages, without augmentation or diminution to the various parts, insures that the work will be performed in a satisfactory manner, as Innate desires.... "Innate intelligence knows much more of the normal workings of the stomach, liver, pancreas, kidneys spleen and appendix than the Medical World."

The following excerpts have been taken from the book entitled "The Chiropractor's Adjuster" published by Palmer in 1910 while still in Portland, Oregon. It is this volume which has been so widely quoted by all previous historians of Chiropractic. The previous writers did not have access to the writings prepared by Palmer in 1899. (Only B.J. had known of them and retains them in his secret files): Page 135- Page 68: "The power which runs a machine is inanimate, that of the body is intelligent. There is a vast difference between Innate, brain, nerves, organs, and vital force, and the source and conduit of the power of inanimate machines. The power, which runs a machine is one of expansion and contraction, that of the human body is vital energy. Expansion and contraction are laws of matter; they create the power for the machines. The power that operates the human body is intelligent life, dependent upon the individualized spirit. So, we know from whence vital force and the power which runs the machine are derived. "The Chiropractor, by examining the spinal column and noting the condition of the nerves and position of the vertebrae, can accurately locate the cause of the ailments and explain conditions and symptoms without asking a single question."

As you read these revised thoughts of Palmer, you are able to recognize some of the strategy employed by Palmer to find some way to establish new principles for Chiropractic -- principles that would form the basis for turning Chiropractic into a religious cult rather than a 20th century profession -- which had been his original dream.pg32

Is it any wonder that the unsophisticated follower of Chiropractic -- as he read these passages -- began wondering what sort of mysterious phenomena had Palmer uncovered? Is it any wonder why the enemies and critics of Chiropractic -- not aware of the hidden motives which impelled Palmer to reverse his writings -- were led to conclude that Chiropractic was sheer nonsense -- utter quackery -- and completely unscientific -- pure cultism? Palmer himself may or may not have known that his work had been the work started by the medical profession itself and revealed by the country's most able anatomists and physiologists beginning with about 1831. The history of medicine had not been taught in the medical schools during the 19th century and for the first part of the 20th century. Doctors did not know what had been developed in prior years -- except what appeared in certain limited textbooks.pg32

54. The German Influence Upon American Education in the 19th Century. Just before the turn of the century, there arose a "crisis" in American Education. No one at the time seemed to realize that the crisis had been precipitated as a result of the greatly enlivened "kulturopolitik" program that had been created in Germany about 1881. Germany had won for itself a reputation of being the foremost industrial nation in the world. Its leaders had found it necessary to create greater markets for its tremendous output of new products, that were being manufactured. To help make these world markets, the "Kulturpolitik" idea was conceived. Its underlying principle involved a program of education. Teachers were trained and taught how to revise the educational systems of other countries -- so that the people of other countries would be properly conditioned as customers for German products. Page 191- As Dr. Flexner later pointed out in his writings, the central theme of the educational program was: "First teach them; then, sell them". Many trained teachers from Germany had migrated to the United States after 1881. About 1895 the "crisis in American education" was brought to the attention of the people in this country. Our entire educational system was placed under attack and criticized -- part by part. There were those who urged that there was a need to introduce into the schools and colleges -- as part of the regular curriculum -- the study of the German language. And, at the same time, it was urged that the courses being given in Greek and Latin should be abolished upon the theory that they had become "dead" languages, whereas the German language was the language of the modern industrial world -- the language that would be the universal language in world trade, and therefore necessary to be learned by the new generation that was growing up. Page 192- It was suggested that the same kind of science courses that were being given in German schools and colleges be introduced into the school curriculums. The argument was made that American education had been limited to the classics and that our educators were not preparing our country's youth for the coming era of technology. The medical schools were made the subject of attack. They were ridiculed and frowned upon as being obsolete -- inadequate -- and inefficient. It was charged that the courses of training had emphasized instruction in the out-dated systems of healing. It was shown that pg43?after

This was the country where people had come to find their fortune, besides seeking refuge from the restraints and limitations they had been under in their mother countries. The suggestions, therefore, to the people to transform our educational habits to fit into the coming era of industrialization was seized upon without realizing the disturbances it was to create -- and probably without worrying about them if they did. The richest man in the world, John D. Rockefeller, found it relatively easy to adopt the new ideas in altering the educational pattern of the country. His family were of German origin, to begin with. In 1901 you find the first of the new important experimental laboratories being established in this country to investigate the causes of disease -- a complete departure from the methods used by his personal physician who had been a leader in the field of Homeopathy. In New York the new "Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research" was started. And, in Chicago, its counterpart was created. Page 198- A few years later, the "Journal of Experimental Medicine" was purchased to serve as the official organ of the Institute. Thus, the evolution of the new scientific investigator in the United States got under way by the impetus of the richest man in the world.pg44

57. The Matthey Family of Davenport. At the time Palmer came to the German-American community of Davenport in 1886, the influence of the "Kulturpolitik" program had not yet reached the western frontiers of the country. But about 1898, evidence of the "Kulturpolitik" program started to reveal itself in the attitude of some members of the Matthey family in Davenport. They were a family of school teachers and -- of physicians and surgeons! Page 201- Dr. Carl Matthey and his twin-brother, Dr. Heinrich Matthey, also known as Dr. Henry Matthey, had become members of the Scott County Medical Society. They conducted their practice of medicine in the Schmidt Building where Palmer at one time had his Infirmary. Their sisters, Emma Matthey and Anna Matthey were both school teachers. Anna Matthey taught at Public School No. 1; and Emma Matthey was an instructress at Public School No. 4, from which B.J. had been graduated in 1895. In 1899 Walter Matthey, a nephew of Dr. Henry Matthey, was preparing for a career in medicine. The Matthey family has never been mentioned in any Chiropractic historical account -- but there have been several members of this family who have influenced the fate and destiny of the Palmers and the Chiropractic profession more than has ever been realized. - Page 202- 58. Dr. Henry Matthey Begins to Arouse the People of Iowa. In September, 1899 the campaign against all drugless healers in Iowa was initiated by Dr. Henry Matthey. Suddenly the existing State law, which referred to the healing arts, was severely denounced. The demand was made for a change in the statute to prevent any drugless healer practicing in the State. He charged that every school of drugless healing represented a danger to the health and life of the people. Their systems, he claimed, were unscientific; that they were even fraudulent. He pleaded to have them ousted. He warned that health education could no longer be entrusted to anyone but the doctor of medicine. By his charges he had intended to place doubt in the minds of the people who were being cared for by the drugless healer. He was aiming to destroy the confidence and reliance which these people had been taught to have in the teachings of the 19th century "discoverers". Page 203- He stated that the teachings of Mary Baker Eddy were unacceptable; that the teachings of Dr. Andrew T. Still were wrong; that the teachings of. Palmer were nonsense. He aimed his attack in the same way at every health principal offered by the drugless healer. 46 Let me quote for you some passages from his inflammatory article which he prepared for the "Davenport Republican" on September 17th, 1899. First: Notice the method of attack -- to belittle; to ridicule; to condemn. "It is a pitiful sight that presents itself at this time -- at a time of departure of this glorious century in our great republic: on the one hand, the most wonderful enlightenment in all sciences, and the accompanying benefits to the human race -- and on the other, the brazen array of swindlers who are not ashamed to carry on their fraudulent manipulations -- even at the bedside of the suffering -- in a place where one would least suspect such frauds. We are all aware of this evil but are at present practically helpless. Page 204- "Still, it is our duty to point out the danger, and if we are not successful in our fight during this generation, I can see -- thanks to the liberal education of our youth -- the dawn of progress even in this sorrowful field.... (Note:) "Call them what you will -- Christian Scientists, magnetic healers, cheiropaths, conjurors of disease, clairvoyants, somnambulists, spiritualists, palmists, natural healers, cancer doctors, Osteopaths -- they are all the basest swindlers, and cannot be distinguished from the patent medicine manufacturers, and all those advertising quacks and institutes, by whose literature some have been driven to self-destruction, while others are confined in insane asylums. The experience of every physician with such unfortunates, whose minds have become diseased by this influence, tells him of the great danger, and should encourage him to wage a war of extermination against such conditions in our civilized country.... "Here at the bedside of one suffering with diphtheria, or afflicted with a strangulated hernia, we see the so-called Christian Science doctors who are either the most damnable frauds, or otherwise ignorant beyond conception. It is a disgrace to see these people commit crime under the cover of any religion. That such culprits are allowed their freedom is verily a sorrowful time of our times and of the laws of our country. Page 205- (Note) "Another specimen is the magnetic healer or Cheiropath. Please remember, this monstrosity claims to have a diploma in heaven, which, he affirms invests him with supernatural powers. That such nonsense could be accepted seems hardly possible, yet such seems to be the case. I pity the poor patients who seek relief in his valley of death..." "The Osteopaths have the audacity to claim a knowledge of all ultimate causes of disease and after stating this astounding lie, they refer the reader to God, in spite of the fact the fourth Commandment says: "Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord in vain". - Second: Notice the method of correction -- to revise the educational processes; to change the existing laws on health education. "....I have but one end in view, and that is to teach the growing generation in such a way that they will not become the victims of similar impostors. (Note) "For the higher classes in our public schools, I should advise the introduction of a textbook, treating of hygiene in a popular way, and containing reading matter which would most effectively combat tradition and nonsensically superstitious ideas and beliefs.... "Proper textbooks in the hands of more advanced pupils would serve to eliminate evils of the kind just described. Page 206- (This principle may explain why textbooks on drugless healing cannot be found in any medical school today) (Note the method) "In my opinion, the easiest and most practical method of accomplishing this task would be the mutual efforts of the Board of Health and the Board of Education to develop enlightenment in the way suggested. Moreover, such education of our youth would not fail to have an influence even upon the present generation..." - 59. Commentary on Dr. Henry Matthey's Campaign to Arouse the People. As I studied the extremely lengthy article written by Dr. Henry Matthey in 1899 it became clear that the technique of "kulturpolitik" was in operation in Davenport -- that it was Dr. Matthey who had been chiefly responsible for the attempt to destroy the existing methods of health education in Davenport. Page 207- The technique employed by Dr. Henry Matthey was naturally unknown to the drugless healers of Davenport at the time. They never for a moment suspected the broader and larger motives, which had prompted Dr. Matthey to arouse the people to alter their system of education and the existing laws. The drugless healers -- confused by the attack -- came to imagine that the medical profession had suddenly entered upon a program to interfere with people's rights; with their liberties; with the principles of American justice. They just couldn't understand what was happening. Looking at the situation as if it presented a matter of human liberties and justice -- the defense to the attack was prepared with those concepts in mind. The issue was considered a political problem -- rather than an educational question. The meaning of "Kulturpolitik" had not been recognized. They did not see that two words "politics" and "education" had been combined in a program to win world markets -- and not intended to bring back slavery and tyranny. Page 208- The Lerner Report by Cyrus Lerner, Attorney at Law 47 The gist and central theme of Dr. Matthey's attack on the drugless healer was to raise an issue of "ignorance" and not an issue of "constitutional rights". But, the issue that he presented was not met by the defenders of drugless healing. Instead of meeting the issue as an educational challenge, and striving to show that the drugless healer was on sound ground educationally, the issue was met as if they were supposed to fight for human liberty, justice and their fundamental rights which had been established by the Declaration of Independence. The defenses were prepared to establish instead the "right of the sick to get well: and the "right to the doctor of your own choice. pg46

Unfortunately, for the drugless healer, it was soon discovered that only one part of the human body had been placed into the Constitution -- and that all other parts of the human body had not been. It was found that only the "mind" was in the Constitution -- but that the feet, the eyes, the blood, the muscles, the nerves, the spine, etc. had been left out. The particular drugless healer who had concerned himself with the human mind found that the Federal Constitution had provided an exemption -- that it wasn't necessary to be smart or stupid in your knowledge of the workings of the mind. It was not a matter of education. It was only a matter of your beliefs. If you believed the mind was part of God, no textbooks were necessary; you didn't have to go to school at all -- you didn't have to show that your ideas represented a separate school of thought on the subject of health and disease. Page 210- And, so the confused and troubled drugless healer found that he had to cut the rest of the human body up into separate pieces and try to establish a separate state law for each part of the body. The optometrist said he would be content to merely limit his future education to the study of the eyes. The Osteopath reluctantly agreed to limit his future education to the circulation of the blood. The Chiropodist fell in line and signed an agreement that he would thereafter limit his education to the feet. And, the Chiropractor -- who had originally included in his studies all of the human body -- all its bones, all its nerves, all its blood, all its ligaments -- every part of the human machine -- he finally agreed to settle for the spine and limit his future education accordingly. The drugless healer won a political victory, but he sacrificed his future education.pg47

All Chiropractic research has reached an impasse, and no money has become available for the continuance of Chiropractic studies. All the money that is available is being used to promote the "rights of Chiropractic instead; thinking more of promoting the "political status" of the profession in the field of health and disease than its academic standing. The emphasis continues to be on political strength, rather than on health knowledge. If the doctor is really the teacher to mankind, he should personify the teacher, and not the "political warrior". The instinct of curiosity and the desire to always seek knowledge is greater in the human being than the impulse to fight. The instinct for education to satisfy the unquenchable thirst for information is valued more by mankind than his impulse to quarrel. Page 219- The impulse to fight is created out of fear of survival. But, the instinct to learn is continuous -- it is everlasting. It is not just an impulse for a moment. Examine the "fighting attitude" of the medical profession in this light. Observe the reasons why they fight. Quite different from the drugless healer, as I will show you. The fighting attitude of the doctor of medicine is not "political", as it has been with the teacher of drugless healing. Their fighting attitude is an attitude of "fear" -- born out of the 19th century concept which came to haunt them, that man's survival on earth is threatened by the smallest, very tiniest living thing in the world.pg48

==blood vs nerves Page 570 To purify meant, therefore, to cure. The doctor of medicine was the one, who could cure. How could one say that hypnotism could purify the blood? How could phrenology purify it? What effect would magnetism have on the purification of the blood? How could any process of manipulation accomplish a chemical change in the blood to purify it? How could Christian Science purify the blood? And, how could it be said that any form of meditation or prayer could work to cleanse and purify the blood stream? --- Dr. Andrew T. Still conceived the idea that he could accomplish purification of the blood without drugs. Let me show you the background so that you can see how his thinking developed. On February 10th, 1875, about the time Dr. Still began to perfect his new science of Osteopathy, the following statements appeared in the Page 571 "Cleveland Leader" on page 1, in an advertisement published by the manufacturers of "Vegetine", a blood purifier:- "The circulation of the blood is the life of the body, and its stoppage is death. No disease can be in the body without first being generated in the blood; and no disease can possibly be in the blood, if the blood is pure." Here then you see the reasons why Dr. Still proclaimed, in his first School of Osteopathy established in 1893, that the blood is supreme, and that the blood must be kept in circulation to be free of disease. This idea, therefore, was certainly not new with him. At that time, the purity of the blood was being achieved by drugs --- either compounded of herbs and roots, and known as botanic medicines, which Old Doc Rockefeller used, and which is the reason he was referred to as a "botanic physician" --- and the other types of drugs were made from the minerals of the earth, first originated b y the student of geology, the doctor known as Paracelus who among others, the mineral, "mercury", otherwise called "quicksilver", which was to haunt the Page 572 "quacksilver" ever after, accused of being a "Quack". Here is the way the different types of drugs were referred to in 1875, when Dr. Still was pondering his method of getting the blood pure by his idea of manipulating the body. On April 28, 1875, in the "Cleveland Leader", on page 1 the following ad appears by the makers of "Vegetine":- "The great source of disease originates in the blood, and no medicine that does not act upon it directly to purify it and renovate it, has any just claim to public attention." Then, on June 2nd, 1875, in the same newspaper, we read the following statement: "The Lost Art Recovered". "Galen, the most celebrated physician, flourished in the second century. His theory was that roots and herbs, compounded properly, are Nature's remedy. His cures were so marvelous, that he was accused of magic. His mighty skill and success silenced his enemies and his opinions held sway in the medical world for centuries, until the art of compounding vegetable remedies Page 573 was gradually lost in the thickening gloom of the middle ages, and then poisonous mineral mixtures took its place. "But the clouds are breaking away in our day, and almost magical virtues of Vegetine attested by thousands stamp it as a true Galenical Compound --- a true blood purifier and health restorer". --- This was the philosophy of medicine in Dr. Still's days, when he put forth his theory of manipulation. He claimed he could cure the body by purifying the blood an entirely different way --- by mere use of the hands to manipulate the human machine and make it work properly. If he could do this and purify the blood by a new system, he had found a new way to cure the body. His new way was a new science of health --- so he asserted he had a separate school of healing --- and a separate science, different from medicine. If he could purify the blood, he was doing what the doctor of medicine was trying to accomplish; therefore, he was doing something within the concept of the cause of disease, which had been accepted by the doctor of medicine, and which was the basis, upon which the laws were enacted limiting the practise of medicine, to those who claimed they could purify the blood and thereby effect the "cure" of Page 574 the disease of the body. The doctor of medicine, however, was unwilling to concede that the blood could be purified without the use of drugs; but they were overwhelmed by the evidence that was presented to the legislature, in which it was shown that many "cures" were accomplished by the mere use of the hands to manipulate the various parts of the body and thereby remove the pressures that were interfering with the circulation of the blood and the behavior of the nerves. What was left then for Palmer to say? How could he explain what he was doing? How could he explain the results he was getting?pg100

At the trial in 1906, at which Palmer was charged with practising without a license as a doctor of medicine or as a doctor of osteopathy, he had absolutely no defense. There was nothing his attorney could present to refute the charges that he was doing something forbidden by law. So, at first his attorney, Murphy, thought he would raise a constitutional question; he thought he would try to establish that the law itself was against the fundamental rights of liberty, justice and freedom. Thus, he kept Palmer off the witness stand, and no defense was offered. Palmer was found guilty; and no appeal taken. The only answer Palmer could make was the idea that he had formed in his mind about the tyranny of the restrictive medical laws.pg101

125. How to Build a Science into a Profession. You have seen how Dr. Solon Massey Langworthy came forward in October, 1903 -- after Palmer had fled to Pasadena, California, and B.J. had been indicted for practising without a license -- and how he took steps to have Chiropractic "dressed up" to resemble a 20th century "science". You have seen how he changed the Old Palmer advertising literature into a regular, monthly magazine. You have seen how he provided for proper class-rooms in the school and a curriculum of studies, instead of the single-course offered by Palmer. You have seen the Langworthy "spinal windows", and his brilliant anatomical analysis of the intervertebral design -- offering a real contribution in scientific thinking for Chiropractic. You have seen the emphasis placed by Langworthy upon the "nerves" of the body, and how he referred to the "brain" as the "life force". Page 586 You have seen how he narrowed the scope of Chiropractic to provide adjustment only of the spinal dislocations. Langworthy was the "Columbus of Chiropractic" in the true sense of the term. He gave to this work, originated by Palmer, a compass to go ahead -- and then you saw the Palmers taking everyone of his suggestions to build Chiropractic into a formal science. The Palmers followed his lead -- they altered their literature -- and Old Dad Chiro began figuring out how to adjust other areas of the spine, after Langworthy had shown, by his writings, that the cause of disease was due to closed, or partially-closed "windows" of the spinal joints. --- Langworthy had also shown the Palmers that they could go ahead and continue operating the Palmer School, even though the law of Iowa had stepped in to prevent them from practising Chiropractic. By opening his school in Cedar Rapids in October, 1903, after B.J. had been arrested and after he had shut down the Palmer School, he had shown them, that although they could not continue to take care Page 587 of the sick, they could still take care of students, who wished to learn the science of Chiropractic. Don't you think that Dr. Langworthy played an important role in the early days of Chiropractic? Is it not apparent that he influenced the course of Chiropractic more than anyone else at that time? --- Now, let me show you, how Dr. Langworthy came forward once again in 1906 to help Chiropractic. Once more the Palmers were in serious trouble. Old Dad Chiro had been convicted, and had served his 17 days in jail. Shortly after he played the role of a martyr for the Chiropractic cause, he decided to leave Davenport again -- apparently all "washed up" and disgusted -- for he left this time to go to Medford, Oklahoma to go back to the grocery business such as he had operated in What Cheer, Iowa. His brother, Tom, had moved his publication, called "The Patriot" to Medford, and Palmer went to live near his brother, just as he did before. Page 588 B.J. and Mabel were unable to take care of patients, because the law had forbidden them to practise without a license. How would they carry on now? What was the next step to take? Once again, Dr. Langworthy gave them a beacon light. Let me show you how Langworthy provided Chiropractic with the formula to help build the new science into a profession -- to save what the Palmers thought was lost forever -- and to go forward more perfectly than before -- how to proceed -- how to develop Chiropractic as it should be developed. No previous Chiropractic historians have stopped to study the brilliant contributions made by Langworthy -- the man, whose genius helped to guide and mold the science of Chiropractic into a permanent profession. In September, 1906, Dr. Langworthy published the very first book on Chiropractic, which was called "Modernized Chiropractic" -- "Special Philosophy -- A Distinct System". Page 589 I have shown you how the Palmers had no defense to offer at the trial in which Old Dad Chiro was convicted of practising in violation of the law. Their attorney had no way of constructing a defense to the action, and so no defense was offered. Perhaps, this is what set Dr. Langworthy thinking, when he prepared his new book. He pointed the way for Tom Morris to prepare the new defense for Morikubo, the Japanese Chiropractor, who was arrested and tried in LaCrosse the following year. Here is the way Langworthy provided the working formula for the new Chiropractic building program. He wrote:- "Many of the most learned authorities in the medical ranks maintain marked differences in their pathological hypotheses, but because of such differences it does not follow that they are of "different Schools". "They are not of different schools because they differ in their in their understanding of anatomy, physiology or even pathology. "That which is the real foundation of a "separate school of healing" is its philosophy, its theory, its practise, the science and art - - all of which is peculiar to itself.pg103

It was Langworthy, who guided B.J. to become the new "Philosopher of Chiropractic". He was not longer to be the "Adjuster-in- Chief". He was to lead the future Chiropractors in their thinking on the theories of life -- he was to provide them with his speculations of the universe -- he was to hypnotize them by his "new script" and hold them spell-bound for generations to follow. It was Langworthy, who defined the special movement, which characterized the Palmer technique and distinguished it from the technique of manipulation practised by the Osteopath. In 1906, Dr. Langworthy defined the Chiropractic movement as a "thrust" -- thereby making it different for all time from the manner of adjusting a patient employed by every other type of hand practitioner. It was Langworthy, who sparked Tom Morris with the idea of showing at the trial in 1907 in LaCrosse, Wisconsin, that the "philosophy" of Chiropractic was different than the philosophy of Osteopathy, by pointing out Langworthy's brilliant thinking about the function of the nervous system and the brain, in contrast to the Osteopathic concept, which revolved around the circulation of the blood.pg104

As you will see, it was established at the trial in 1907, that the brain makes the body -- and that it is the brain, which "controls" every function in the body -- it controls not only the circulation of the blood, but it controls the process of digestion, of breathing, etc. If the brain controls the circulation of the blood, and if the Chiropractor is primarily concerned with the "nerve impulses", which emanate from the brain, it is evident that his system can in no way be likened to the system of Osteopathy, which is based upon the circulation of the blood to make it pure. Under the Chiropractic principle, as now conceived, the brain is the builder, not the blood. With such a difference in "philosophy", how can anyone dispute the fact that Chiropractic had become a separate and distinct school of healing?

As we all know, in 1906, after the trial in which Old Dad Chiro was convicted, and after he left Davenport to go to Medford, Oklahoma, B.J. Page 593 published the first Palmer book, called "The Science of Chiropractic", and affixed as the names of the authors his own name and the name of his father. After the 1907 trial, however, B.J. published a new edition -- as revised with the help of Tom Morris -- and the new book was called, "The Science and Philosophy of Chiropractic".pg104

Another interesting development occurred after the trial of Palmer in March, 1906. The records show that Willard Carver started to take a course in Chiropractic with Charles Ray Parker. Old Dad Chiro had given up everything to go back to the grocery business -- and by doing so, he apparently left the field wide open again. You will see how Willard Carver hurried down to the "Sooner" State of Oklahoma in 1907, after the successful outcome of the trial in LaCrosse, Wisconsin, to start his own school of Chiropractic. Page 594 You will see how Carver began to concentrate on the function of the "brain" -- and the new principle of Chiropractic -- to help solve the problems of disease -- and forgetting the concepts originally worked out by the master himself -- "Old Dad Chiro" -- who, from that time on, began to lose control of Chiropractic; control of his emotions, his temper, and even his thinking. He became hopelessly confused and mixed up. He was put into a tailspin -- and kept spinning until he dropped dead in 1914...without living to see his science recognized by state law.pg104

When Tom Morris broke away from B.J., it started the avalanche of decline for the Palmer School and the fall from leadership of B.J. Tom Morris had never sought for recognition or glory. He wanted B.J. to have it. And, as long as B.J. acted with unswerving loyalty, he was able to have the support and friendship of Tom Morris. The split in the ranks of the profession was brought about by the man, who helped more than anyone else to build the "science" of Chiropractic and make it into a "profession". Without the aid of Tom Morris, would there have been a Chiropractic profession? If Tom Morris had lost the case in LaCrosse, Wisconsin, in 1907, it is doubtful if the proponents of Chiropractic would have been able to establish Chiropractic as a separate system distinguished from the system of Osteopathy. Page 604-- If it could not be shown that Chiropractic was different in "philosophy" than Osteopathy was, do you think it would have been possible for the Palmers to continue operating the Palmer school? All of the other Chiropractic schools were headed by persons, who would have easily been willing to adopt any other name to promote their teaching activities. the name, Chiropractic, was associated with the name of the family, which had founded the new science, and Tom Morris had felt that it was only proper that the Palmer name should be perpetuated for that reason. Now, that you have seen an intimate glimpse of the champion of Chiropractic, let me show you the champion in action.pg106

Tom Morris won the case. What did the new record as given to the world mean to Old Dad Chiro? Page 617-- All his ideas had to be re-considered. In 1905, when he returned to Davenport to begin teaching his new science again, he took the position that Langworthy was out to take away his "laurels". He was determined to fight Langworthy and never let him get a foothold in Chiropractic. He went to see Governor Johnson of Minnesota and pleaded with him to veto the bill suggested by Langworthy and Reisland. Now, in 1907, he finds that Tom Morris and great scholars, who were put on the witness stand, have pointed out that the ideas suggested by Langworthy were more than valuable --- they had to be used, if Chiropractic was to live. Is it any wonder that his mind began to crack? Is it any wonder that he started to quarrel with B.J., who undertook to follow the path carved out by Langworthy and Tom Morris, and now for the first time B.J. had dared to differ with his father --- the one, who gave Chiropractic to the world.pg109

"CHIROPRACTIC DEFINED: - Chiropractic is a philosophy of biology, theology, health, disease, death, the cause of disease and the art of adjusting the relations between them to harmonious quantities, by hand, thus correcting all subluxations of the three hundred articulations of the human skeletal frame, more especially of the spinal column, for the purpose of reestablishing the normal current through the impinged nerves, as they emanate through intervertebral foramina, restoring normal function, which were formally excessive or lacking, named disease." --- "All movements, whether normal or abnormal, of or in the body (including blood circulation) are but the personification of mental equivalents -- mental function -- guided by Innate Intelligence creating physical expression. "Every act and though is controlled by Innate Intelligence through the mediums of the brains and their prolongations -- nerves -- to tissues. It is the "life of the body", when transferred by the brain. Page 627-- "We are well when Innate Intelligence has unhindered freedom to act through the physical brain, nerves and tissues. "Innate mental impulses control the vital functions of assimilation, circulation and respiration -- asleep or awake. "DREAMS are the sensations of the same force." --- NOTE: - (Dreams are part of the phenomena of hypnotism) 129. Chiropractic Enters the Realm of Philosophy. After trial of Morikubo in LaCrosse, Wisconsin, in 1907, B.J. took steps to announce that Chiropractic was thereafter to be defined as a "Science, Philosophy and Art". By this fusion for the purposes of new definition, B.J. led the profession into confusion, and chaos. Chiropractic entered the realm of philosophy. Philosophy is a mirage of the nervous system. It is the science of the mind. It deals with the theory of thought and knowledge. It is a study in logic. It is thinking about thinking. Philosophers are said to be adventurers, invading the invisible. They travel into the world of abstraction. They concern themselves with wisdom; Page 628-- and folly. They deal in ideas; and points of view. They study the infinite; while the scientist is content with examining only the finite. The philosophers wonder about the world and its meaning. They ponder the reasons for nature coming into existence and look for the purpose of life. They turn their imaginations loose. They go beyond their five senses into the realm of sensation. They form opinions and beliefs. They establish concepts and theories. When you enter the realm of philosophy, you adopt certain beliefs. It is the difference in beliefs that is the reason why men disagree. One says it sounds reasonable; the other says it is nonsense. The phenomena is invisible -- and to the practical scientist -- the pragmatist -- philosophy is the alchemy of thought.pg111

To Old Dad Chiro, who left Davenport to return to operate a grocery store again, the changeover became a "philosophy of despair". To B.J., the turn in events meant greater opportunities than he had ever imagined. No one had yet explored the invisible world of Chiropractic philosophy. No one had yet taught the subject in any school of Chiropractice. Could he build for himself on top of Brady Street hill a philosopher's "Ivory Tower" and become the "Sentinel of Thought" for the profession? After all, philosophy is but the process of speculation, based upon the unknown, the unseen, the invisible -- the things beyond our senses. It was an open field of discussion. Who had any proof to refute the theories of conjecture? Wasn't every philosopher just a dreamer? Hypnotism had taught him how to get himself into a trance and start dreaming. Why couldn't he learn a new script and get on the stage again? Page 631--Why not become the "Philosopher" of the profession? --- And, that is exactly what happened. Did you know that he had designated himself as the "PHILOSOPHICAL COUNSEL" for the Universal Chiropractors Association? B.J. had become the great philosopher of the profession. He was the one to conceive the Chiropractic philosophy. He was described in subsequent issues of "The Chiropractor" as follows: "Dr. B.J. Palmer, D.C., Ph.C., is the student, author, lecturer, teacher and defender of any phase of Chiropractic philosophy, science and art -- anywhere -- at any time." He is the Developer of the Philosophy, Science and Art of Chiropractic." "He is the Secretary and Philosophical Counsel for The Universal Chiropractors Association."pg111

The new philosopher of Chiropractic was to astound the people with his new concept of life. He was going to dethrone all magicians who claimed they could "cure" disease by their methods of alchemy and by their superstitions, which made it necessary to go through rituals and ceremonies. He was going to destroy all such wisdom of the great men of learning of the past, by showing that the body heals itself. Look at the early Palmer School Announcements of that era and you will see B.J.'s goal described as follows: "One of his aims in life is to be a Therapeutical Idol Shatterer -- the destroyer of superstitious ideas regarding Man -- and the replacer of practical studies, etcpg118

Destiny Brings Elbert Hubbard to Davenport. Study the life of Elbert Hubbard and you will see the hand of Fate mysteriously at work again in the interest of Chiropractic. It was Elbert Hubbard whom Destiny used to introduce Chiropractic to the most influential man in the United States, who was sponsoring the "Therapeutic" concept of health -- the concept in use by the doctor of medicine. It was Elbert Hubbard who revealed to John D. Rockefeller the new philosophy of Chiropractic. It was Elbert Hubbard who told Rockefeller's personal physician, Dr. Biggars, about the new Chiropractic idea that the body heals itself. It was through Elbert Hubbard that Dr. Biggars became a Chiropractic patient - - and then followed the entire family of the Rockefellers -- the family that had been giving its money to prove the value of the therapeutic philosophy for the rest of the people. Page 667-- Study the life of Elbert Hubbard and you will understand why Destiny used Elbert Hubbard to shake the mind of the Rockefellers. The story of this growth and development of Chiropractic, as patterned by Destiny, is far more dramatic than any previous historians of Chiropractic have ever suspected. Not even B.J. himself ever knew of the role played by Elbert Hubbard. Elbert Hubbard's father was a highly-regarded practising physician. He was known as Dr. Silas Hubbard, who had become obsessed with the theory that most diseases are caused by germs or bacilli -- and his biographer states that these ideas about the behavior of bacteria he expounded most tediously to anyone hardy enough to listen to him. Elbert Hubbard had become inspired by listening to the philosophy of Robert G. Ingersoll, the great thinker of the 19th century, who preached independence of thought and freedom from intellectual bondage.

Destiny had introduced Elbert Hubbard to the new Chiropractic genius -- and, from this acquaintanceship, B.J. learned how to advertise himself and the new philosophy, which he was spreading. B.J. began to dress like Hubbard; wear his hair long like Hubbard; use the loose blouse instead of shirt; wear the ribbon as a tie; spell his words differently; write his sentences in epigram style; and make himself the showman to attract the attention of the world. If you will look at the photograph of Hubbard as he looked in those years and compare it with the early photographs of B.J., you will be astonished to see the resemblance in both pictures. Shortly before Elbert Hubbard sailed for Europe in 1914, he visited the home of his friend, John D. Rockefeller in Cleveland, Ohio. While on Page 674-- this visit, he played golf with Rockefeller and with Rockefeller's physician, Dr. Biggars. The newspaper reporters interviewed Hubbard while he was together with them. The press photographer took a picture of the three men and this picture was published in the Cleveland newspapers the next day with a story telling about the great friendship that existed between them. Two years later, Dr. Biggars was taken ill with an attack of influenza. He was a homeopath physician. His own remedies were not helping him. He had remembered what Elbert Hubbard had told him about the science of Chiropractic. So, Dr. Biggars called upon a Chiropractor in Cleveland to help him. Dr. Biggars got well. From this incident, it was Dr. Biggars who suggested to his patient, John D. Rockefeller, that he ought to try the new science of Chiropractic. Mr. Rockefeller telephoned to Dr. Kuhlow and asked him to come out to the Rockefeller home for a talk. A week later, Dr. Kuhlow had won as a patient for Chiropractic the richest man in the world Page 675-- -- the man who had given his millions to sponsor the theory of medicine. As Destiny would have it, Elbert Hubbard died in 1914. He had sailed on the Lusitania and went down with the ship. What would have been the chances of Elbert Hubbard going forward to help the world redeem itself of sickness, woe, worry and distress by seeking the help of business men, like Rockefeller, to put Chiropractic over -- just as Rockefeller was doing for the doctor of medicine -- had he not been taken away by Destiny for some other task to perform elsewhere? Without the new philosophy of Chiropractic, as Tom Morris had coached B.J. to present it, do you think that Elbert Hubbard would have stopped in to see the workings of Chiropractic on the top of Brady Street hill in Davenport?

Page 676-- If Elbert Hubbard had not first investigated the new philosophy of Chiropractic, do you think that the Rockefeller family would have become patients of Chiropractic? The man, who was hailed as "the writer, who made Americans think", had expressed his views about Chiropractic to Dr. Biggars and to John D. Rockefeller. The magic of philosophy was at work. It could transform a simple science of Chiropractic -- as conceived by Old Dad Chiro -- into a non-therapeutical system of science, philosophy and art that would astound the mind of the people.pg120

148. Dossa D. Evins Touches Off a Medical Explosion. When Dossa Evins filed his applications for a patent, covering his invention of the heat detector, called the "Neurocalometer", everyone knows that it threw B.J. into a tailspin and that his emotional outbursts caused the profession to split itself in half. Page 764--- But, what most people don't know and what they have probably never realized, is that Dossa Evins touched off one of the biggest explosions in medical history by filing his papers in Washington. Few people know that Dossa Evins had been advised that he could also make a claim to obtain a separate patent covering a new process to analyze the pathological conditions of the spine. This process patent touched the very heart of the whole science of Chiropractic. IT revealed for the first time what Old Dad Chiro had actually discovered, but which had been forgotten and buried when "philosophy" was added in 1908 and all of his original writings had been filed away by B.J. never to be seen again by anyone. You will recall my showing you the 1899 issue of "The Chiropractic". On the first page of that paper, Old Dad Chiro tells you what he discovered, as he tries to distinguish for you the difference between Magnetic Healing and Chiropractic.pg136 ...For, no sooner had the profession started to quarrel about the sales program of the neurocalometer, and no sooner had the news reached the public that even the neurocalometer was not what was claimed for it, history shows that the greatest explosion was touched off by the medical profession. They actually went to war against the Chiropractic profession. Brigades got into action and Chiropractors everywhere Page 772--- across the nation were now being arrested in wholesale lots. The entire profession was thrown into turmoil. Who was most to blame for the upheaval?pg138

The Chiropractor
The Chiropractic Adjuster 1914

Keep thinking
Some good thoughts here. I believe Homola has stated that he is a member of the NACM, which was started much later than 1963 (in 1984).

This is interesting. You ought to read it all the way through.

I think we need to be careful about how the word "reform" is used in this connection, since "progress" is not the same as "reform" in the sense used by Homola, NACM, or critics. Reform is what happens regarding the calls for rejection of Palmerian philosophy and belief in the vertebral subluxation. The calls are part of the reform efforts, but until they succeed in causing it, not much reform is actually happening, and therefore the reform efforts havent' had much visible success. Yet one could speak of a form for success, in that these calls for reform have gotten more chiropractors to individually drop those beliefs, and more chiropractors to cease to perform research to proof a metaphysical concept, and instead to do research to find out what actually happens when a joint is manipulated. This requires using scientific language, instead of old philosophical hypotheses. Progress will always happen, but reform will take a revolution of major consequences, since openly rejecting the VS as the foundation of the profession effectively exposes the whole foundation as an illusion. -- Fyslee 07:58, 8 September 2006 (UTC)