User talk:Dinara.bb/sandbox

Classification of Backchannels

The Cooperative Principle was first introduced in 1975 by a British philosopher of language - Paul Grice. The principle implies both speaker and listener to contribute and cooperate with one another throughout a conversation, in order to have a mutual understanding. "Make your contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged." [1] (Grice, 1975) The Cooperative Principle consists of four following maxims: maxim of quantity, quality, relations, and maxim of manner, respectively.[2] The maxim of quantity stands for there being enough information in order to properly understand the context. The second maxim, the maxim of quality, requires a speaker have his speech backed up by evidences and facts in order to prevent any leak of misinformation. The maxim of relation makes sure that the person speaking is being relevant and sticks to the main point or topic of the conversation. The last and fourth maxim of manner, is responsible for getting straight to the point, being lucid, brief and having a clearly expressed or precise presentation. [3]

[1] Grice, Paul (1975). "Logic and conversation". In Cole, P.; Morgan, J. Syntax and semantics. 3: Speech acts. New York: Academic Press. pp. 41–58. [2] Vojtěch, Pipek (2007). "On Backchannels in English Conversation". Mesaryk University: Department of English Language and Literature. pp. 43. [3] Vojtěch, Pipek (2007). "On Backchannels in English Conversation". Mesaryk University: Department of English Language and Literature. pp. 43.