User talk:Dunn818/sandbox

Irrelevant speech effect (ISE) is the effect when one experiences a decrease in performance on serial recall tasks due to exposure to unexpected audible stimuli causing a shift in attention.1 These distractions are equally disruptive whether they occur during the encoding or during retention of the serial tasks.4 Degradation of performance on these tasks are due to the disruption they cause within the short-term memory. Irrelevant auditory stimulus causes a change in the attention from the task-at-hand to the aversive stimuli.1 The detrimental effects on an individual’s performance has been shown to increase significantly in trials that have these deviants than those trials with no auditory stimuli.5

This phenomenon was originally named “unattended speech effect” due to the disruption of order recall tasks caused by the auditory stimulus. This was later labeled “irrelevant speech effect” in order to avoid misconstruing the word “unattended.” Additionally, the terminology was changed because the effect was previously believed to be a phonemic response or an articulate buffer.3

The Changing-State Effect

The changing-state effect is also a determining factor in ISE. The effect, produced by the auditory stimulus, has multiple effects, which vary depending on the amount of change in the amplitude or frequency of a sound spectrum.5 The produced effect is a result from the cues that come from the irrelevant speech and the cues that have been stored in the memory. This result creates a major conflict between the perception and memory.3

The Steady-State Sequence

The steady-state sequence is a succession of patterns in which there are less detrimental effects than that of the changing-state effect. The effects are less detrimental due to the consistent exposure to the aversive stimulus. Psychophysiological studies have been shown to favor this explanation based on enhanced N1 responses and increased P3a, which is correlated with the attention switch.1 The name “steady-state” stems from repetition of a single auditory stimulus being repeated with little to no variation.2 This repeated occurrence would typically produce little disruption in the order retention task.3

Habituation of Irrelevant Speech

Although there is an overall agreement to the key aspects of ISE, there is an ongoing disagreement to the idea of habituation to irrelevant auditory stimuli.4 The embedded processes model, the O-OER model2, and the duplex-mechanism are conflicting models on habituation to these irrelevant sounds.4

Embedded-Processes Model

The embedded-processes model suggests that a decrease in disruption would occur with repeated exposure to the distracters. This model states that the changing-state effect and the steady-state sequences are explained through habituation. Initially, these sounds elicit a response, which directs attention away from the retention process of the serial task. However, if the stimulus is repeated and aligns with the previous stimulus, then over time the reoccurrence of the stimulus will become neutral and it will have become habituated.4

O-OER Model

The O-OER model suggests that a decrease in performance does not occur with repeated exposure to the irrelevant stimuli. It states that the effect is contributed from the interference that occurs from the serial task-at-hand and not affected by previous stimulation.2

Duplex-Mechanism

The duplex-mechanism contributes the interference from the conflict between the two serial tasks, so it is not attributed to habituation. Interference occurs from the competition for attention between the relevant task-at-hand and the irrelevant stimuli that is being produced. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dunn818 (talk • contribs) 17:13, 1 April 2015 (UTC)