User talk:Dvm33/sandbox

Listed below are the articles I've been taking a look at to learn more about how machismo plays a role in parent-child relationships.

•	Brook, J.S., Brook, D. W., De La Rosa, M., Whiteman, M., Johnson, E., & Montoya, I. (2001). Adolescent illegal drug use: The impact of personality, family, and environmental factors. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 24(2), 183-203. Doi: 10.1023/A:1010714715534

Teens and their biological mothers were interviewed in order to learn more about their life and identify how some factors could have played a role in the outcome of the children. This gives me an idea of how factors like machismo and parent involvement, or lack of, may drive a child to take a certain path such as drug use. The samples were done in 3 popular cities in Colombia, but two of the three cities have high numbers of homicides and drug use is common in all three locations. This means that location, peer pressure, and other factors need to be considered as 3rd variable problems.

•	Richter, B. E. J., Lindahl, K. M., & Malik, N. M. (2017). Examining ethnic differences in parental rejection of LGB youth sexual identity. Journal of Family Psychology, 31(2), 244- 249. Doi: 10.1037/fam0000235

Three different measures were used to assess the findings. The Homophobia Scale (HS), Machismo Measure (MM), and Perceived Parental Reactions Scales (PPRS). The study found the ethnic minorities had a more challenging time accepting their children were homosexual. This tells me that machismo and other traditional cultural believes play a part in accepting their child if they aren’t the image of what a “perfect” man or woman should be like. If they don’t feel accepted by their parents, chances are that their relationship with their parents may not be the best. What I didn’t like about the study was how small the sample size was, and the groups ended up being divided into two (white and ethnic minorities).

•	Glass, J., & Owen, J. (2010). Latino fathers: The relationship among machismo, acculturation, ethnic identity, and paternal involvement. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 11(4), 251-261. Doi: 10.1037/a0021477

Surveys were collected from 70 Latino fathers. The surveys were in Spanish and measured a couple of things including acculturation, which helps determine how culture plays a factor in their responses. The study found the macho attitudes may be related to a more “cold” or distanced relationship with their children. This article supports my topic by discussing how macho attitudes are related to weaker parent-child relationships. I loved that the participants were diverse with the Latino population they sampled, but I wish that the sample size was larger because only 67 participants were full participants in the survey.

•	Terriquez, V. (2013). Latino fathers’ involvement in their children’s schools. Family Relations: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies, 62(4), 662-675. Doi: 10.1111/fare.12026

The study compared parental involvement with Latino parents and white parents to see if there’s a correlation with parent involvement in school and low graduation rates in Latino communities. This could help my research study because parent involvement in school could be correlated to parent-child relationship. What I liked about the study is that at the end the author reminds educators to be sensitive to the results with Latino fathers’ because there are factors (like socio-economical and educational backgrounds that play a role in their involvement or lack of (Terriquez, 2013, pg. 672-673).

•	Leavell, A. S., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., Ruble, D. N., Zosuls, K. M., & Cabrera, N. J. (2012). African American, White, and Latino fathers’ activities with their sons and daughters in early childhool. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 66 (1-2), 53-65. Doi: 10.1007/s11199-011-0080-8

426 fathers were interviewed about their interactions and activities they did with their children. The study found that Latino fathers participated in less caregiving activities when compared to the other fathers, and the author believes that this could be correlated with educational background. This could help my project because it backs my belief of machismo interfering with parent-child relationship. What I found interesting is that this is the second article that mentions education and how low it is amongst Latinos, so this is something I need to make sure I mention in my project.

•	Concha, M., Villar, M. E., Tafur- Salgado, R., Ibanez, S., & Azevedo, L. (2016). Fatherhood education from a cultural perspective: Evolving roles and identities after a fatherhood intervention for Latinos in south Florida. Journal of Latinos and Education, 15(3), 170-179. Doi: 10.1080/15348431.2015.1099532

48 fathers were interviewed using open-ended questions, and participated in a program that lasted 3 months. The intervention helped participants improve their relationships with their spouses and their children. This tells me that with interventions, workshops, and other tools offered to the community we can decrease these machista traits that are jeopardizing relationships. What I liked about the study was that they used open-ended questions, which allow participants to analyze and reflect how culture has played a role in their parenting style and what they learned from these workshops, and started practicing at home.

•	Cruz, R. A., King, K. M., Widaman, K. F., Leu, J., Cauce, A. M., & Conger, R. D. (2011). Cultural influences on positive father involvement in two-parent Mexican-origin families. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(5), 731-740. Doi: 10.1037/a0025128

450 families from Mexican backgrounds were sampled in order to determine how positive father involvement shaped their children’s outcomes using ratings, frequency scales, and Likert-type scales. The results show that education plays a role in parent involvement, as well as positive machismo. This can be used in my study to show how positive machismo can benefit a child, when it’s done properly (with the right intentions). What I liked about the study is that their focus is on how cultural values influenced parent’s behaviors, and that it focused on Mexicans and mentioned several times in the article how large the Mexican population is in the US and how underrepresented they are.

•	Estrada, F., & Arciniega, G. M. (2015). Positive masculinity among Latino men and the direct and indirect effects on well-being. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 43(3), 191-205. Doi: 10.1002/jmcd.12014

168 Latino men participated in this study which was broken down to 5 sections (caballerismo, social support, satisfaction with life, religious involvement, and socioeconomic status) where they responded to a series of questions ranking most of their responses (i.e., highly agree or disagree). The study found that some of these characteristics were correlated. For example, caballerismo and religious involvement had a positive correlation. This could be beneficial in my study because I can incorporate caballerismo as an option to follow these ideas rather than negative machista beliefs in order to have healthier relationships. What I liked about the study was that they mentioned a strong family unit being related with well-being in the Latin community (pg. 201). This goes to show the importance of family in my community, and why it’s so crucial to have healthy family relationships.

Dvm33 (talk) 06:14, 30 July 2019 (UTC)