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'Villupuram' is a city and municipality in Viluppuram District, in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It serves as the headquarters of Viluppuram District, the second largest district in the State. National Highway No. 45, from Chennai to Tiruchirapalli, goes through the city. Viluppuram also has a major train station. The city's main source of income is agriculture. Its literacy rate was low until the early 1980s, but has since improved constantly and is currently about 75%.

Viluppuram (also Villupuram and Vizhupuram) is one of the thirty districts which make up Tamil Nadu State situated on the southern tip of India. The district headquarters are located at Viluppuram. Viluppuram district came into existence on 30 September 1993 when it was created out of South Arcot district. Viluppuram is the second largest district in the state.

Early history
From the 1st to the 4th centuries CE the Chola were the rulers of the area, Karikala Chola was the most famous and powerful individual of the time. The grip of Chola rule was broken when the Cholas were overthrown by Simha Vishnu Pallava and the region came under the Pallava rule. Vijayalaya Chola again revived Chola rule. This was the beginning of great Chola Empire.

Cholas regained their lost position but with the rise of Jatavarman Sundara Pandya-1 (1251), Chola supremacy came to an end. The sway of Pandyas lasted for over 50 years, followed by Muslim domination from 1334 to 1378. By 1378, the region came under the rule of Vijayanagar Kingdom and Nayaks were appointed as the rulers of the region.

In 1677 Shivaji took the Gingee area with the assistance of Golkonda forces. Then came the Mughals. During the Mughal regime, both the English and French acquired settlements in South Arcot. During the Anglo-French rivalry, the entire district was turned into a battleground. After sometime, the entire area came under the control of British East India Company. It remained under British authority till 1947 when India became independent.

Divisions
Villupuram district has 8 taluks.
 * Villupuram
 * Gingee
 * Tindivanam
 * Vanur
 * Thirukoilur
 * Ulundurpet
 * Sankarapuram
 * Kallakurichi

Geography
Viluppuram District lies in the northeast of Tamil Nadu, between Chennai and Tiruchirappalli. It was carved out of South Arcot District in September 1993 and renamed as Viluppuram District. The remaining part of South Arcot district became Cuddalore District, which borders it to the east and south. It is bordered to the west by Salem and Dharmapuri Districts and to the north by Thiruvannamalai and Kanchipuram Districts.

The greater part of the district contains Metamorphic rocks belonging to the Genesis family. There are also three major groups of sedimentary rocks belonging to different geological periods. The Kalrayan Hills in the north represent a continuous range of hills covered with some thorny forests and vegetation. The Gingee Hills are amongst the most beautiful scenery in the district

Administration
At present Viluppuram district comprises 1490 Revenue Villages, 4 Revenue Divisions, 8 Administrative Taluks, 22 Blocks, 16 Town Panchayat Unions, 1104 Village Panchayats  and 2 Municipalities.

Tourism

 * Gingee Fort, Kalvarayan Hills ,nearby Pondicherry is one of a few places of interest.

Pilgrim Attraction

 * Thirukoilur,Thiruvarangam,Thiruvamathur, and Thiruvakkarai are some of the famous temples situated near Viluppuram.
 * Thirukoilur is one in atta veeratanam temples . LORD VEERATESHVARAR TEMPLE is a famous temple . Here lord shiva has conquered andagasuran. It is also a DivyaDesam (Holy Shrine eulogized by the Azhwars) and the meeting point of the Mudal Azhwars (the First three of the twelve Azhwars). Aayanar is the name of the Lord at this Temple. Swamy Desikan (a Vaishnava Acharya) has also performed Mangalasasam to the Lord of Thirukovalur.
 * Thiruvamathur is a temple dedicated to Lord Shiva.In this temple, the shrines of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvathi are opposite to each other.Because of this, this temples is believed to unite lovers.
 * Thiruvakkarai is famous for its vakkara kali amman temple.

Connection
The city of Viluppuram is well connected by road and rail to the rest of the state. The railway junction at Viluppuram serves as the distribution point of rail traffic from Chennai (the state capital of TamilNadu) towards the southern part of the state. The "main line" branches from Viluppuram to proceed to Kumbakonam via Mayuram, while the "chord line" proceeds to Tiruchirappalli via Virudhachalam.

Education
Viluppuram has several primary, secondary and tertiary educational institutions. Different schools in Viluppuram follow the curriculae set by their board of choice, such as the Tamil Nadu State Board or the CBSE. Two schools - Sacred Heart and Railway Mixed - follow the Anglo-Indian board syllabus until high school level.

At tertiary level, the range of colleges in Viluppuram varies from Arts and Science Colleges (both government and privately run) to professional colleges for Engineering and Medical Studies.

There are 4 Engineering colleges in Villupuram and of them V.R.S.Engineering College is the oldest one. I.F.E.T.Engineering College is around 6 years old but has very good facilities as compared to other ones.the new college was started in 2007 called e.s.engineering college of technology its one of the branch of e.s educational socity.every one in the city is anticipating that it wil become one of the best college in Tamil nadu.

Sri Ramakrishna Vidyaalaya Matriculation Higher Secondary School, E.S.matric hr sec school and sacred heart school in villupuram are the best school in the district.

Sacred Heart Convent Higher Secondary School is a Anglo Indian based school, and well verse in teaching English to British standards.

Since the city is comletely surrounded by land without any coast line, climate in Villupuram is mostly humid and hot. It relies on the monsoon for rain during the months of October November and December. Summers are very hot and temperatures can get up to 42 Degree Celsius. Winters are a bit cool with temperatures ranging between 30-35 deg cel.

Demographics
As of the 2001 India census, Viluppuram's population was 95,439, with males constituting 50% of the population and females 50%. Viluppuram has an average literacy rate of 79%, above the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 84%, and female literacy is 73%. 10% of the population is under 6 years of age. hottest hottest town in Tamil nadu

villupuram
Geographical Position

Viluppuram District lies between 11 38' 25" N and 12 20' 44" S: 78 15' 00" W and 79 42' 55" E with an area of 7222.03 Hec. It was carved out from the South Arcot District on 30.09.1993 and was rehristened as Viluppuram District. The residual part of the erstwhile South Arcot district was named as Cuddalore District.

It is surrounded on East and South by Cuddalore District. The West by Salem and Dharmapuri District and on the North by Thiruvannamalai and Kanchipuram District.

District Administration

At present Vilupuram district comprises of 1490 Revenue Villages, 4 Revenue Divisions, 8 Administrative Taluks, 22 Blocks, 15 Town Panchayat Unions, 1104 Village Panchayats  and 3 Municipalities.

The General geological formation of the District appears to be simple. The greater part of it is covered by the Metamorphic rocks belonging to Genesis family. There are also three great groups of sedimentary rocks belonging to different geological periods. The Kalrayan Hills in the North represents a continuous range of hills covered with some thorny forests and vegetation. Among the hills, the most beautiful part of the district lies, round about the Gingee Hills.

Administrators

Shri Brajendra Navnit, IAS District Collector Viluppuram Phone : 222450, 222470 Email : collrvpm@tn.nic.in Superintendent of Police Viluppuram District Viluppuram -605602 Phone : 04146-223555(O), 223179 (R) Shri C. Kathiravan District Revenue Officer, Viluppuram Phone : 222128 Email: dro.tnvpm@nic.in Shri V. Mahendran Project Officer District Rural Development Agency II Floor, Collectorate Viluppuram-605602 Phone : 04146-223432,222481(O), 223629(R) Email : drdavpm@tn.nic.in

Previous Collectors

Sl.No. Photo Name Period 1 Shri Ashok Vardhan Shetty, IAS 30-09-93 to 15-11-94 2. Shri Ashok Kumar Gupta, IAS 18-11-94 to 01-06-96 3. Shri K Ramalingam, IAS 01-06-96 to 09-09-96 4. Shri Praveen Kumar, IAS 18-09-96 to 06-12-97 5. Shri Atulya Mishra, IAS 07-12-97 to 22-12-98 6. Shri Paramsith Sindh Sidhu, IAS 23-12-98 to 17-09-99 7. Shri Vibu Nair, IAS 17-09-99 to 24-04-2000 8. Shri Thangaswamy, IAS 24-04-2000 to 13-07-2000 9. Shri T.K. Ramachandran, IAS 13-07-2000 to 09-06-01 10. Shri A. Mohmed Aslam, IAS 10-06-01 to 18-07-03 11. Dr. K. Gopal, IAS 20-07-03 to 31-05-04 12. Thiru Ka. Balachandran, IAS 31-05-04 to 25-05-06 13. Thiru Ashish Chatterjee, IAS 26-05-06 to 11-11-06 14. Thiru K. Chandrasekaran (DRO - Additional Charge) 12.11.06 to 12.12.06

Climate

The climate of Viluppuram District is fairly dry and on the whole healthy. The temperature is moderate.

Population

Viluppuram district has a total population of 2960373 ( as per 2001 Census), of which males account for 1492442 and females account for 1467931. The Urban population according to 2001 census is 426917 and Rural population is 2533456. The density of population of the district per sq. km. is 410. The people are primarily agrarian.

Year Total Male Female 1991 2755674 1403434 1352240 2001 2960373 1492442 1467931

Sex Ratio (No of females per 1000 Males)

Year 1981 1991 2001 Viluppuram 972 967 985 State 977 974 1058

The sex ratio of Viluppuram district has improved from 967 to 985 between 1991 and 2001. This shows an improvement in the sex ratio.

Population Trend

According to 2001 census the district population is approximately 29.60 Lakhs as opposed to 27.56 Lakhs in 1991 census. The sex ratio works out to 985 in 2001 as against 967 in 1991.

The total population as per 2001 census in 2960373 as against the 1991 census total population of 2755674, Which shows a growth rate of 7.43% over the decade.

Basic Demographic Indicators

Sl.No Indicators   1991  2001 1 Population (in"000")   2756  2960 2 Density per SQ.KM 380  406 3 Sex Ratio (No. Of females per 1000 Males) 967 985

Taluk wise Population

Sl.No. Name of the Taluk Total Population SC Population ST Population Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total 1. Viluppuram U 60513 59170 119683 7442 7630 15072 207 209 416 R 248723 243982 492705 69556 69364 138920 1910 1884 3794 T 309236 303152 612388 76998 76994 153992 2117 2093 4210 2 Gingee U 13863 13526 27389 2352 2211 4563 130 133 263 R 173616 173233 346849 35468 35355 70823 3458 3487 6945 T 187479 186759 374238 37820 37566 75386 3588 3620 7208 3 Tindivanam U 43597 43279 86876 8427 8471 16898 197 206 403 R 163780 162485 326265 55732 55481 111213 2259 2299 4558 T 207377 205764 413141 64159 63952 128111 2456 2505 4961 4 Vanur U 12128 11947 24075 1414 1433 2847 50 47 97 R 72740 69752 142492 25655 24685 50340 794 818 1612 T 84868 81699 166567 27069 26118 53187 844 865 1709 5 Tirukkovilur U 23675 23910 47585 3722 3832 7554 166 185 351 R 164888 161048 325936 49223 47801 97024 1143 1154 2297 T 188563 184958 373521 52945 51633 104578 1309 1339 2648 6 Sankarapuram U 6241 6022 12263 947 936 1883 92 78 170 R 166368 162044 328412 42311 40610 82921 21187 20467 41654 T 172609 168066 340675 43258 41546 84804 21279 20545 41824 7 Kallakkurichi U 45294 44494 89788 8949 8920 17869 292 219 511 R 149425 146037 295462 54751 53394 108145 162 157 319 T 194719 190531 385250 63700 62314 126014 454 376 830 8 Ulundurpettai U 9716 9542 19258 1896 1908 3804 11 11 22 R 137875 137460 275335 40389 40666 81055 236 272 508 T 147591 147002 294593 42285 42574 84859 247 283 530

Population by Religion

Sl.No Religion Persons in District Persons in Tamail Nadu Percent to Total in District Tamil Nadu 1 Hindu 2726949 54985079 92.12 88.11 2 Christian 115745 3785060 3.91 6.07 3 Musilim 110120 3470647 3.72 5.56 4 Jain 5092 83359 0.17 0.13 5 Sikh 343 9545 0.01 0.02 6 Buddhist 193 5393 0.01 - 7 Other Religions 142 7252 - 0.01 8 Religions not stated 1789 59344 0.06 0.10 Total Population 2960373 62405679 100 100

Migration

Migration is another variable that impacts population levels.

Year Total Population Rural Urban 1991 2755674 2549211 206463 2001 2960373 2533456 426917

The above table shows migration from rural to urban areas. It may be due to the better expected opportunities for livelihood, education, marriage etc., Rural Urban migration results in shelter and environmental problems and associated problems such as worsening living conditions urban crowding.

Gender Development Index (GDI)

The GDI is a summary measure, which has been found to be useful in comparing stages of Gender development. It is also useful to compare GDI and HDI to access the Gender of equality.

District/State/Country HDI Value GDI Value Viluppuram 0.587 0.582 State 0.657 0.654 INDIA 0.571 0.553

The GDI for Viluppuram district is 0.582 as against the Tamil Nadu value of 0.654. The Gender Development Index Values for the district in Tamil Nadu vary from 0.766 to 0.582 in which GDI for Viluppuram district stands the last.

The GDI rank is less than the HDI rank in Viluppuram district and shows that women in the district suffer lower achievement than men.

Health and Family Welfare

In Viluppuram District 21 Hospitals are functioning to look after the Health and Family welfare of the people. Out of this 10 Hospitals come under allopathy, 9 under Siddha and 2 under Homeopathy, with staff strength of 140 Doctors, 149 Nurses and 279 Technical persons. The Network also includes 2 Allopathy dispensaries, 1 Siddha dispensary, 80 Primary health centres and 557 Health sub-centres. One mobile medical team fulfils the medical need of the people of Kalvarayan Hills.

Demography Health and Nutrition

This chapter documents the demographic Health and nutrition status of Viluppuram district. It analysis the trends and changes in health and nutritional indicators in the district the effectiveness of Government policies and program's and the role that social norms and culture play in influencing health out comes.

Vital Statistics i Birth 56291 ii Death 19141 iii Infant Death 1481 iv Birth Rate (Per 1000) Rural 18.1 Urban 14.9 Total 17.9

v. Death Rate (Per 1000 Population)

1 Rural 6.1 2. Urban 5.9 3. Combined 6.0

Infant Mortality Rate

Infant Mortality Rate for Viluppuram district is 26.3 as against the state figure of 51. Comparing with state figure there is a positive impact on improving the Infant Mortality rate.

Tamil Nadu Area health care project

This project (TNHCP) funded by Danich International Development Agency has been in existence since 1981. During its two phases from 1981 -1996 the project covered in Viluppuram District. The object of the project is to improve the heath and family welfare status of the Rural Population especially the weaker sections with a focus on women and children.

Noon Meal Programme

In Viluppuram District the Noon Meal Programme feeds a populations of over 657335 nearly everyday by serving a hot rice meal cooked under spot. Under the Noon Meal Programme 72 ICDS, 1790 TINP and 2167 PMGR centres and functioning.

Anther initiative which was picked up considerably in Viluppuram district and which can have a positive impact on overall child care and nutrition is the establishment of women's self-help groups (SHGs)

LITERACY AND EDUCATION:

Education

School education facilities are available in this district through 1777 primary schools ( including nursery schools) 311 Middle schools, 150 High Schools, 100 Higher Sechoondary Schools. Regarding higher education Arts Colleges, engineering Colleges, Poly-Techniques, Industrial Training Institute and Teacher Training Institutes are available in this district. The Government has run hostels for boys and girls for SC., ST., MBC and Backward classes.

The Literacy rate of Viluppuram District is 64.7% Compared to the State figure of 73.47% in the year 2001.

Literacy Rate

DISTRICT

Year 1991 2001 Male 60.9 75.5 Female 35.4 52.5 Combined 48.4 64.7

STATE

Year 1991 2001 Male 73.7 82.3 Female 51.8 64.5 Combined 62.7 73.5

While the overall literacy rate has gone up from 48.4% in 1991 to 64.7% in 2001, the male literacy rate has increased from 60.9 to 70.5% what is encouraging is that the female literacy rate has gone up by more than 17% points from 35.4 in 1991 to 52.5 in 2001.

The District level Variations in Gender Education Ration (GER) for primary classes in Viluppuram district is 85.86% for the year 1998-1999. The GER for girls is below 90% in Viluppuram district. The gender differential is most visible in Viluppuram District.

Area, Population and Literate - Sex-wise by Taluks

Sl. No. Name of the Taluk Population Literacy Rate Persons Male Female Persons Male Female 1. Viluppuram 612388 309236 303152 71.69 81.98 61.21 2. Tindivanam 413141 207377 205764 67.55 78.26 56.77 3. Gingee 374238 187479 186759 64.76 76.40 53.07 4. Vanur 166567 84868 81699 69.64 79.54 59.32 5. Thirukoilur 373521 188563 184958 62.70 74.69 50.48 6. Ulundurpet 294593 147591 147002 58.81 72.15 45.46 7. Kallakurichi 385250 194719 190531 63.13 75.39 50.67 8. Sankarapuram 340675 172609 168066 54.78 65.76 43.53 Total 2960373 1492442 1467931 64.13 75.52 52.56

Retention in Primary Schools

The sixth Educational Survey gives details of district wise retention:

In the survey the percentage of enrolment in class 5th as a percentage of class I enrolment in Viluppuram district the Male-Female gap is quiet significant.

Name of District Completion Rate Drop out Rate Percentage Repeaters Viluppuram 56.44 17.95 25.61 DPEP Districts Avearge 55.01 17.57 27.41

The pupil - teacher ratio in Viluppuram district is 41, whereas the overall ratio for the state is 38.

Retention in Middle Schools

The dropout rate for the state is 35.23% whereas in Viluppuram district the highest dropout rates is recorded as 40.39%. The variation is (+) 5.16% which is alarming.

In Middle Schools the pupil teacher ratio is 57 in Viluppuram District as against the state ratio of 42.22.

Female Literacy Enrolment Poverty and Gender Gap

District/State Female Literacy% GER Boys GER Girls % of Population below Poverty Line Viluppuram 39.7 76.7 64.4 50.9 State 51.0 69.9 63.0 31.7

In the above the correlation between Gender Education Ratio (GER) at high school level, female literacy and poverty has been analyzed. The poverty has a CROPS.

Industry

Viluppuram district is developing in the industrial sector. The Sugar industry is the major industry in the district. There are 4 sugar factories at Mundiyampakkam, Periasevalai, Kacharapalliyam, Mungailthuraipattu. In the area of small schale industries there are 67 Rice mills, 17 Sago factories 5 Rice bran oil extracting units and 8 Cotton Ginning Mills. Besides this mineral water, ceramics, automobile workshop are also running in the district.

Major minerals produced, in the district includes Black granite, Blue metals, River sand etc. There is no Industrial estate in the district and when compared to the population the industrial establishments are quite inadequate to meet out the job requirement of the educated youth.

Handloom

In Viluppuram district about 34 Handloom weavers co-operative societies are existing. Out of which only 26 societies are functioning, besides 2000 individual weavers are engaging in this sector and produce silk sarees and cotton lungies. Now the societies and weavers are facing the problem of accumulated stock, high cost of production, competition from power look sector and they remained idle for most of the days.

Marketing

There are 17 regulated markets functions in this district. Besides there are 6 marketing societies, 231 PACBS, 3 formers' service societies and 3 large sized adivasi multi-purpose societies (LAMPS) functioning in the district providing Marketing support.

Electricity

Out of the total power consumed in the district about 57% goes to agriculture, about 9% goes to industry and 11% goes to domestic purposes. Besides, public works and public lighting consumed about 3.8%.

There is no power Generation by Electricity Board in Viluppuram district. But the Electricity Board purchased power from two private power units located at Panchalam. There are 48 transformers distributing the electricity to the urban and rural areas.

Police and Prisons

Viluppuram district is having 44 police stations, 3 out posts and 2217 police personnel's to maintain law and order. In 2002-03, 7260 cases are registered under various category. during the 40 cases are registered against women harassment and dowry. In the total available 6 sub jails 978 male and 65 female convicts have jailed. During this year 2737 accidents had occurred in which 2844 persons are injured and 661 persons lost their life.

Road and Railways

Viluppuram District is adequately served by a network of roads and railways. There are travelers and inspection bungalows and Guest Houses maintained by the Government Departments and municipalities. There is no airport in this district.

Length of Roads (in Kms)

Cement Concrete Bituminous Water Bound Macadam Total Unsurfaced Roads Grand Total 193.486 5504.007 464.626 6162.119 2278.262 8440.381

Railways

The district headquarters Viluppuram is well connected by the rail network. Viluppuram is a junction through which following routes are passing.

Viluppuram - Trichy chord line B.G Viluppuram - Kadpadi M.G Viluppuram - Pondicherry (work under progress) B.G Chennai - Trichy main line (Electrified: Viluppuram-Tambaram) B.G Viluppuram - Egmore (Electrified) B.G

Besides, there is Cuddalore - Salem line passing through Chinnasalem. The approximate railway lines in the district is 180 Kms. Out of 8 Taluks of the district except three Taluks namely Gingee, Vanur and Sankarapuram, the remaining five Taluks are connected by railways.

Communications

Sl.No. Subject Number 1. Post office doing Postal business only 318 2. Post office doing Post & Telegraph business 12 3. Telegraph office 3 4. Telephone Exchange 55 5. Telephones in use 76037 6. Public call office 7850

Irrigation

The rivers in the district are not perennial. The Pennaiyar is the principal river and the other important rivers are Komugi, Manimuktha, Kedilam, Malattar, Sankaraparani and Varaganathi. The major source of irrigation are by tube wells and open dugwells. The river irrigation account for less than 4.3% of total irrigated area. The district largely depend on ground water, lakes and tanks for irrigation.

Rain Fall

The district does not get heavy rainfall with the exception of Marakanam and Vanur Blocks, while in Kandamangalam and Koliyaur blocks, the rainfall is moderate it is scarcity in Kallakurichi and Sankarapuram.

The actual total rainfall for the year 2002-03 is 617.4mm against 1030 mm of normal rainfall. The percentage of deviation is (-) 38.9 mm.

Agriculture

The chief food crops of Viluppuram district are paddy, Cholam, Ragi, Cumbu, Redgram. Blackgram, Horsegram and Varage. The chief cash crops are Sugarcane, Groundnut, Cotton, Casurina and Coconut.

Fisheries

Viluppuram district has a coastal length of about 32 kms in Vanur and Marakanam blocks in Bay of Bengal. There are about 19 landing places by active fishermen population of 2986. There are fishermen co-operatives societies, fisher women co-operative societies and inland fishermen co-operative societies functioning in the district. There is one fish net making unit in Vanur Block.

There are about 18 brackish water acquaculture forms in the district. The scope for inland fisheries in the district is limited. Inland fishing is mostly carried on tanks and reservoirs owned by PWD.

Sericulture

Sericulture is being under taken in Addukam, Avalurpet, Manandal, Athipattu, Kolappalur, Kanai, Kedar, Olakkur, Melvalai, Sembiama Devi and Chinnasalem. Department supplies disease free silkworm eggs to the farmers and provide training to them in mulberry cultivation and rearing of cocoons.

Marketing of cocoon is not a problem since the Department itself purchase all the cocoon and any cocoons remains could be taken to Kanakapura in Karnataka by the farmers. The Department has constructed a cold storage to keep the eggs. At present eggs are procured from Trichy, Vaniyambodi, Krishnagiri, Salem, Keelpenathur and Coimbatore. Self help Group have been involved in this sector also.

Shrines

Viluppuram district has many famous shrines. The following are the important temples of the district.

1.   Sri. Thiruvikirama Swamy Temple at Tirukoilur.

2.   Sri. Murugan Tample at Mailam.

3.   Sri. Vakirakaliamman Tample at Tiruvakkaria near Tindivanam.

4.   Sri. Singavaram Perumal Tample at Gingee.

5.   Sri. Jain Tample at Tirunaramkondnai near Ulundurpet.

6.   Sri. Ranganathar Temple, Singavaram

7.   Sri. Koothandavar Koil, Koovagam.

8.   Dhabovanam, Thirukoilur.

9.   Sri. Meigandeswaran Koil, Tiruvennainallur.

10. Angalaparameshwari Temple, Melmalaiayanur.

11. Thiruvakkarai Chandramolleswarar Temple, Vanur.

12. Narasinga Perumal Koil, Parikkal.

13. Lakshmi Narasimman Koil, Poovarasankuppam.