User talk:ElizabethOtero20/sandbox

Adult Neurogenesis Neurogenesis can be a complex process in some mammals, such as rodents. For rodents, neurons in their central nervous system arise from three types of neural stem and progenitor cells: neuroepithelial cells, radial glial cells and basal progenitors, which go through three main divisions: symmetric, proliferative division; asymmetric, neurogenic division; and symmetric, neurogenic division, and all affect cell fate and neurogenesis in some way. Out of all the three cell types, neuroepithelial cells that pass through neurogenic divisions have a much more extended cell cycle than those that go through proliferative divisions, such as the radial glial cells and basal progenitors.

Neurogenesis Findings There is evidence that states that new neurons are produced in the dentate gyrus of the adult mammalian hippocampus, the brain region important for learning, motivation, memory, and emotion. This study reported that newly made cells in the adult mouse hippocampus can display passive membrane properties, action potentials and synaptic inputs similar to the ones found in mature dentate granule cells (Praag, H. van, et al). These findings suggested that these newly made cells can mature into more practical and useful neurons in the adult mammalian brain.

Neurogenesis in other organisms Adult neurogenesis has been associated to some cognitive functions and can serve for many beneficial purposes, such as playing a role in brain homeostasis and disease. Organisms, such as Drosophila, can ease the genetic study of normal and abnormal neurogenesis in the adult brain. Neurogenesis in these organisms occur in the medulla cortex region of their optic lobes. These organisms can represent a model for the genetic analysis of adult neurogenesis and brain regeneration. There has been research that discuss how the study of “damage-responsive progenitor cells” in Drosophila can help to identify regenerative neurogenesis and how to find new ways to increase brain rebuilding. Recently, a study was made to show how “low-level adult neurogenesis” has been identified in Drosophila, specifically in the medulla cortex region, in which neural precursors could increase the production of new neurons, making neurogenesis occur (Fernández-Hernández et al., 2013; Moreno et al., 2015).

References: Götz, M., & Huttner, W. B. (n.d.). The cell biology of neurogenesis. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/nrm1739

Praag, H. van, Schinder, A. F., Christie, B. R., Toni, N., Palmer, T. D., & Gage, F. H. (n.d.). Functional neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/4151030a

Eriksson, P. S., Perfilieva, E., Björk-Eriksson, T., Alborn, A.-M., Nordborg, C., Peterson, D. A., & Gage, F. H. (n.d.). Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/nm1198_1313 Hartenstein, V., & Wodarz, A. (2013). Initial neurogenesis in Drosophila. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928071/

R., A., Rhiner, & Christa. (2017, May 23). A Cold-Blooded View on Adult Neurogenesis. Retrieved from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2017.00327/full

Fernández-Hernández, I., Rhiner, C., & Moreno, E. (2013, June 27). Adult neurogenesis in Drosophila. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23791523