User talk:Elizabeth Gaskins

Slavery in the Cherokee Nation: The Keetoowah Society and the Defining of a People, 1855-1867

In all, more than 120,000 square miles of territory were once contained within the Cherokee Nation. Unfortunately, by 1836, every single square mile of this Cherokee land had been either voluntarily or forcibly ceded to the white man! This loss of territory took place as a result of a series of 22 treaties which occurred during the years 1721 through 1835. The first 6 treaties were with the British Government or one of its colonies. The 7th treaty, in 1775, was with a private individual, Richard Henderson; it was considered illegal by the British Crown, by the colonial governors of VA and NC, and by the successor state governments of VA and NC! The next 3 treaties were with the state governments of SC, GA, VA and NC. The remaining 12 treaties were with the United States Government.

It is impossible to fully capture in words the tragic quality of this forced migration of an entire people. However, the famous Trail of Tears painting by the noted artist Robert Lindneux probably communicates the pathos of the journey better than I or any other wordsmith ever could.

After considerable coercion, some Cherokee leaders finally signed the infamous Treaty of New Echota on 29 December 1835. This treaty required the Cherokees to cede their last remaining land east of the Mississippi River and relocate westward to the so-called Indian Territory. The deadline for such removal was two years after the date of Senate ratification of the treaty. The United States Senate ratified the treaty on 23 May 1836, thus the Cherokee removal was supposed to be completed no later than 23 May 1838. A census of the Cherokees, conducted by the Federal Government in 1835, indicated that there were 16,542 Cherokees in the eastern Nation. The U.S. Government immediately began preparations for the removal of these Cherokee people to the lands in the west, an area which is now in the State of Oklahoma. However, most Cherokees resisted removal.

In 1837 there were two fairly sizeable groups of Treaty Supporter Cherokees, who voluntarily removed under Government supervision, and several other smaller bands that removed to the west under their own cognizance. The known statistics for these groups are summarized as follows:

A report to Congress from the Secretary of War, dated 08 January 1838, stated that only 2103 Cherokees had moved west to Indian Territory in 1837. Given the 1835 census of 16,542 Cherokees, at least 14, 500 Cherokees still remained within the eastern Cherokee Nation. It was obvious that the 23 May 1838 deadline for removal of all Cherokees would not be met.

On 06 April 1838, President Martin Van Buren ordered Major General Winfield Scott and 2200 U.S. Army troops to report to the Cherokee Agency and commence action to remove the remaining Cherokees. Finally, in June 1838, three groups of Cherokees, about 2745 people, were forcibly removed under close U.S. Army supervision. These groups made the trip west by water and experienced a high rate of deaths and desertions. The known statistics for those groups that traveled under Government supervision in 1838 are summarized as follows:

How many Cherokees died as a result of the Trail of Tears? William H. Thomas, an attorney for the Eastern Cherokees, asserted 2,000 had died by 1838. ... The figure of 4,000 deaths directly related to removal is generally accepted by more recent scholars, though some consider it too high. ... Our knowledge at the moment makes it impossible to state the mortality of the Trail of Tears with any precision ...

I completely disagree with those scholars who estimate that 4,000 people died on the trip. Based on the figures shown in my tables, given above, it would appear that the number of Cherokees who died on the Trail of Tears has been greatly exaggerated! If we assume that the Cherokee Census of 1835 was reasonably accurate, then the losses on the trail were much smaller than 4,000. The officially reported deaths for each group total up to only about 660 deaths on the trail, with four of the Cherokee detachments not reporting their number of deaths. If we make a reasonable addition for the deaths experienced by these four other detachments, I doubt that we could arrive at a total of more than about a thousand deaths for the entire removal period. Per the above table, 85 more Cherokees actually arrived in the west during the two-year period 1837-1839 than were in the 1835 enumeration. I can not believe that there was a population increase among the Eastern Cherokees of more than about a thousand individuals from 1835 to 1839. Accordingly, an estimate of about 1,000 deaths due to the removal is certainly not unreasonable. Also, we must not forget that at least a thousand Cherokee escaped to the mountains of western North Carolina during that same period. Most of these people were allowed to remain in that rugged mountain area. In summary, there is no way for figures of 2,000 to 4,000 deaths to be realistic.