User talk:Fecollins27/sandbox

= Conservation (Digital Objects) =

Introduction
The American Institute of Conservation (AIC) defines “conservation” as “the profession devoted to the preservation of cultural property for the future. Conservation activities include examination, documentation, treatment, and preventive care, supported by research and education”. While the standards and ethics of this field vary nationally, it is held by most conservation professionals that no intervention should be made if it could potentially alter an artifact’s informational or structural integrity. According to AIC standards, no circumstances merit a lower standard of object care, including lack of available funds, space, or equipment. These ethics parameters largely impact how conservators approach treatments, and are what distinguish “conservation” and “preservation” (the latter more broadly referring to efforts that “prolong the existence of cultural property”).

While conservation is typically associated with objects that are analogue in nature, the inception and increasing prevalence of digital culture in the 20th and 21st centuries have forced individuals/institutions in the field to strategize the most efficient ways to treat and preserve digital media. Like any analogue materials, digital media can be altered or damaged as a result of an erosion process, usually catalyzed by being in an inhospitable environment. Conservation of digital objects largely consists of preventing or treating data decay, or bit rot, the tendency of digital content to become corrupted due to the conditions in which it is stored or incompatibilities with the operating environment in which it is opened.

As digital objects are artifacts of cultural heritage, conservators often face ethical dilemmas when they work to preserve them. Frequently, available strategies threaten to compromise the object’s original informational composition or arrangement (see: migration). This dilemma also extends to strategies that could successfully preserve information but could damage or alter the hardware where the information exists (as this also has historical and informational integrity in of itself).

The inherently ephemeral nature of digital media often results in conservators strategizing around the technological obsolescence, either that of the digital object’s informational content, the software/hardware where it is stored, or the technology being used in conservation treatments. These conditions are heightened by the business model of some modern technology companies, such as Apple, which actually profit from the “planned obsolescence” of their products. Sometimes when digital repositories are unable to acquire the right technology to treat/preserve their digital objects, conservators will be exclusively tasked with maintaining hardware (i.e. keeping a tape recording in proper storage conditions if they do not have the technology to play it or transfer the sound to another hardware).

Substitution
The conservation of corrupted or otherwise damaged digital files can only be achieved if a substitution for the damaged element is available to the conservator. Therefore, one of the basic strategies of the conservation of digital born objects is accumulating resources that can be used to substitute lost data. In the process of 4 substitution, the conservator of the file is primarily responsible for: This strategy is most frequently used for coded data and digital images. The effectiveness of this strategy, is directly dependent on the financial resources of the repository in which the damaged file is housed, and the rate in which the technology needed becomes obsolete.
 * Refreshing the file, or making sure that there are no losses after transference to a new operating system/database
 * Restoring the file, which is repairing any losses that may occur in a transfer

Migration
Another potential strategy to preserve digital objects is migration, or the process of reformatting information digitally. This broadly refers to the rendering of a file format, and can also mean moving/copying information from one hardware to another. As this process inherently changes the bitstream (the information that comprises the file) of the digital object, it is not typically used in digital object conservation (but is considered a viable preservation strategy). In order for the migration to be considered a conservation treatment, conservators ethically must ensure that both the information AND the hardware the information is being migrated to/from is not damaged. For instance, if a video is transferred from a VCR tape to a DVD, the process is rendered moot if the DVD is scratched, and it no longer can communicate its information effectively. Similarly, the VCR tape still holds inherent value and must not be destroyed or altered from its original condition. The migrated copy of the information (in this case the DVD) is not the “original” object. The process of migration becomes more challenging when the hardware or software of the original object is obsolete, and therefore the object can not easily be rendered compatible with a contemporary database or application. For instance, while many conservators may know the proper way to transfer a VCR tape to a DVD, they may be at a loss of how to properly migrate information from a floppy disk.

Emulation
Emulation in conservation is the process of simulating the obsolete software or hardware to which the original digital object belongs. An ‘emulator’ is a software which mimics the behaviour of the environment where the digital object exists. The file’s visuals and composition does not change, as the original bitstream is preserved. This is the antithesis of migration, in which the file format is changed. An example of emulation is using a Windows 3.1 emulator to access a WordPerfect file from 1994 using a modern version of a word document.

Duplication
The process of duplication should not affect the inherent quality or value of the original object. It is used as a means to preserve the information in the event the original object is has been damaged or degraded in some way. Fixity Fixity is when the state of a file remains unchanged. A conservator might confirm a file’s fixity to ensure that the integrity of the digital object has not been compromised.

Digital Conservation Metadata
The increased digitization of media, and the influx of digital born artifacts within established collections has notably coincided with the inundation of new means for digital analysis and documentation in the field of conservation i.e. infrared photography and multispectral imaging spectroscopy. Digital photography especially has played a very important role in the documentation and subsequent digital conservation of analog artifacts. This new metadata should be treated and maintained just like any other digital files. Many of the aforementioned conservation strategies apply, but there also needs to be an additional consideration these files engagement with the other related digital objects.

It is suggested that digital documentation of conservation treatments be kept in a central archive with other data or metadata pertaining to the same object. If this is not possible the documentation, often photographs, should be linked to the main page about the object. It is also recommended “that a high resolution master file is maintained, unedited and uncompressed in TIFF format, while a lower resolution, compressed JPEG is also maintained as an “access copy‟ of the image”. The master file should not be 10 manipulated, while the migrated JPEG file exists to be used and manipulated. The AIC Guide to Digital Photography and Conservation Documentation suggests that backups be checked weekly, to ensure that the formatting has not degraded, and that new hardware be considered approximately every five years. Analogue measures are 11 occasionally also considered, and the AIC suggests that all photographs be printed on acid free paper at 300dpi (dots per inch).