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Requirement: Minimum 7 References required. I need research gap for this Literature review. More focus on RESEARCH GAP and need solution for the following question.

Project Name:   Effect of different sustainable packaging materials and storage condition on “The shelf life of Banana prawns” 1) The international prawn industry: species, production, products (1 Page) • Describe different Species of prawn: Some important species of prawns found under the coastal region are Penaeus mergniensis (called as banana prawn), Penaeus indicus (called as Indian prawn), Penaeus mondon (also called as giant tiger prawn), Penaeus semisulcatus (called as green tiger prawn) and metapenaeus dobsoni (called as yellow prawn). Prawn is the common name of small aquatic crustaceans featured with exo-skeleton and contains ten legs. • Describe Major prawn species available in Australia: In comparison to large tiger prawns, king size prawns are the most available and major prawn species of the Australia. In Australia, king, tiger and banana prawns lives near to the coastal water. Such prawn species are consists of moist, medium flesh and rich taste & flavour. Also, there tails end portion is bright blue when it is in raw condition. These prawns are taste, delicious and contain highly preferable flavour. • Describe Annual production volumes of each prawn species and banana prawn: The annual production of the banana prawns in 2014-2015 was estimated at 4.6 million tons. Now, prawn species consumption has increased on a bigger scale and a rise of 12% has observed till date. • Describe Different prawn and banana prawn products available in the market: In context of banana prawn products, most preferred product is langoustine which is highly tasty and filled with highly rich in flavour. The most commonly seen prawn product is raw black and while tiger prawn which has delicious & smell while eating.

2) Factors affecting prawn safety and quality and shelf-life during chilled and frozen storage and methods of analysis. (2 Page) Microbiological quality: Describe Key microorganisms which should be tested at refrigeration storage and describe which microbiological factors affecting prawn safety and quality and shelf-life during chilled and frozen storage and methods of analysis. Ground beef, turkey, veal, pork, lamb, chicken or turkey, whole or in parts Giblets, Smoked breakfast links, patties, Hot dogs, Luncheon meats are a few of the Key microorganisms which should be tested at refrigeration storage. Chemical, biochemical, and physico-chemical factors are all microbiological factors that influence the quality and protection of chilled foods. These are influenced by the food's properties (such as pH and water activity) and the circumstances under which it is stored (for example, temperature and gaseous atmosphere). It is critical to pay close attention to raw materials' location to achieve top quality. Test methods to determine microbiological safety: Healthy and safe cooking process to ensure less impact(s) of the microorganism under the prawn. Physical Factor: Describe which physical factors affecting prawn safety and quality and shelf-life during chilled and frozen storage and methods of analysis. The mechanism that causes frozen fish to spoil differs from that which causes chilled fish to spoil. The freezing process will interrupt bacterial activity if the temperature is low enough - below -10°C. Chemical, biochemical, and physical processes that result in irreversible changes will continue, albeit at a much slower pace. Deterioration during frozen storage is unavoidable, so fish for freezing must be of good quality to achieve acceptable performance.The differences in proteins in fish that have been frozen in bad conditions can be seen in the thawed fish. The product, which was previously vibrant, firm, and elastic, has become dull and spongy. The flesh will sag and crack, and there will be significant fluid losses that can be easily squeezed out. The fish will be dry and fibrous when fried. The rate of protein denaturation in frozen fish is primarily determined by temperature, and it slows down as the temperature drops. Test methods to determine Physical safety: Bio chemical Factor: Describe which biochemical factors affecting prawn safety and quality and shelf-life during chilled and frozen storage and methods of analysis. The variety of species, techniques, presentation methods, and packaging options available allow for the preparation of a wide range of frozen fish items. Twenty grammes of shrimp were diluted ten times in chilled (5C) physiological saline (085 percent NaCl) with 1% peptone (PS) and homogenised in a Stomacher 400 for 60 seconds. In chilled PS, sufficient 10-fold dilutions of the homogenates were made. Aerobic Plate Counts were determined by spread plating (15C, 7 d) on Long and Hammer agar (LH) containing 1% NaCl, and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were counted by pour plating (25C, 3 d) in nitrite actidione polymyxin agar (NAP) containing pH 61.2. Lactobacillus spp. were identified at the time of sensory rejection using spread vibriostaticum sensitivity (150 lg) and indole generation. Test methods to determine biochemical safety: Water holding capacity Factor: Describe which Water holing capacity factors affecting prawn safety and quality and shelf-life during chilled and frozen storage and methods of analysis. Tropical and subtropical habitats are ideal for growing the giant freshwater prawn. Macro brachium rosenbergii is the most widely cultured prawn species in Australia. However, as with hatchery water sources, defining the absolute "ideal" for rearing sites can be difficult; a variety of water qualities may be appropriate in general. In hatchery water, the calcium content of the freshwater appears to be significant. Hard water is said to have a slower growth rate than soft water. Freshwater prawn farming should not be attempted in areas where the overall hardness of the water source exceeds 150 mg/l (CaCO3). Test methods to determine water holding capacity safety: Samples are weighted using the centrifuge tube, water and aqueous solution is required

Comprehensive Health History Student’s Name Course Department, Institution Course Code, Course Name Instructor’s Name Date

Comprehensive Health History Student’s Name Course Department, Institution Course Code, Course Name Instructor’s Name Date

Comprehensive Health History Biographical Data John Smith is an American born on 23/2/1952 in California State to the late Whitney Smith and Dan Smith. Currently, he has 69 years old and was married to Elizabeth Smith in 1982 but separated due to family issues in 2010 after giving birth to 4 children. Mr Smith is a retired teacher who enjoyed his profession for 30 years. He actively participated in this interview after being informed that the information provided is confidential and can only be accessed by him to improve his current health situation. Present Health History Mr John has Alzheimer’s disease, impacting the functioning of his brain. He is on medication and uses Cholinesterase Inhibitors-Donepezil. He takes a pill daily. The patient uses green leafy vegetables daily while keeping a healthy weight. Past health History Mr John was first diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease when he was 12 years old. The disease was treated and become inactive till he was 24 years when it came up again. In 2011 he was diagnosed with hypertension and blood pressures. Despite suffering from Alzheimer’s, hypertension and blood pressure, he also has heart disease. In most cases, Mr Smith has shortness of breath and pain in the chests. He was hospitalized for heart disease in 2015. Immunization Mr Smith was immunized against polio at birth, tetanus at the age of 14 weeks and measles at the age of 9 months. The patient also reported to have been immunized against influenza, pertussis, Hepatitis B and Rubella but cannot recall exact dates. The patient has no travelling history but was recently physically examined for glaucoma. Family History The father and grandfather have been reported to succumb to Alzheimer’s disease. The ages were not provided.

Review of History General health status The patient has increased memory loss, shortness of breath, chest pain and sometimes sweat over the night. Integumentary The patient experiences hair loss and itching on the skin. Heent He regularly experiences loss of consciousness and dizziness. He experiences neck pain Recently, he was diagnosed with glaucoma He has difficulty in chewing The patient has no reported difficulty with the nose. There are changes in hearing as someone has to shut for Mr Smith to get what you are talking about. Respiratory The patient frequently experiences shortness of breath, night sweat, pain while breathing. He used to be an active smoker. Cardiovascular After diagnosed with heart disease, Mr Smith experiences shortness of breath and chest pain. The EKG results in 2015 were abnormal. Breast While experiencing chest pain, the patient also experiences breast pain. Gastrointestinal During chest pain, the patient losses appetite for eating. He vomits. In 2017, he had severe abdominal pain leading to a colonoscopy test, but the results were negative. Genitourinary The patent has reduced urinary volume. Sometimes experiences pain during urination. Male Reproductive The patient has no history of sexually transmitted diseases. Since divorce in 2010 due to family issues, Mr Smith has reduced his drive to sexual activities. Before the divorce, he was fully satisfied with his sexual performance. Musculoskeletal The patient experiences joint pain, weaknesses, stiffness and muscle pain. Due to these, he has limitation in mobility. Neurological The patient has challenges with gait and balance. He has reduced cognition, memory and sensory.

Psychological Profile Due to age and weaknesses, the patient is not involved in any physical exercise. He brushed his teeth daily thus has high oral hygrine. Nutritional pattern The patient eats 2-3 times daily based on his appetite. The day he has a high appetite, he takes breakfast, lunch and supper but sometimes will forgo lunch. His supper and lunch must consist of green leafy vegetable. He does not take tea enriched with milk. In fact, Mr Smith prefers taking porridge. Functional activity The patient is in a position of dressing, eating, and toileting but cannot cook. He depends on already made food thus has a servant. Under extreme conditions of illness, he cannot perform what he normally does. Sleep Pattern The patient sleeps ten hours a day. The sleep, in most cases, restful. Personal habits Initially, he used to smoke but quitted. Currently, Mr Smith does not use any form of the drug. Environmental History He stays in the rural areas. He claims that rural area has fresh green leafy vegetables which he depends on. Family He has four children, two girls and two boys, who take full responsibility for ensuring his comfortability. They relate well, and he is proud f his children. Religious influence on health As a religious person, Mr Smith believes that God is aware of his health condition and will one day heal him. He just uses the drugs to wait for God’s mercy. Mental Health Mr Smith is stressed about his health. He believes one day he may die of Alzheimer’s disease just as the father, making him fear a lot. Weaknesses and Strengths Mr Smith has strengths. He has a good relationship with his children and servant. Despite being ill, he struggles to socialize with other people through socialization is reduced due to frequent memory loss from the inherited disease (Alzheimer’s). He remembers his time of sleep and eating. His weaknesses are linked to his inability of walking and lack of exercise. Memory loss sometimes makes him behave like a child, requiring great attention.

Vitamin B12 Deficiency Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation Date

Vitamin B12 Deficiency The amount of vitamin B12 in the body depends on one's age, eating habits, underlying medical conditions, and any medication one may be taking. The average recommended amounts for this vitamin are 0,4mcg in infants, 1.8mcg in teens, and 2.4mcg in adults. With age, absorption of this vitamin becomes harder; the deficiency of this vitamin is mostly undetectable and can lead to catastrophic and irreparable complications to the human body. Debates about whether to add vitamin B12 in municipal drinking water have been ongoing for quite some time. This essay will look at the effects of the deficiency of this vitamin and whether or not this vitamin should be added to municipal drinking water. The deficiency of vitamin B12 affects about one-quarter of the population in the united states and is usually regular among the elderly. One may develop vitamin B12 deficiency if they suffer from Atrophic gastritis, Pernicious anemia, immune disorders, or following a vegan diet. If left untreated vitamin B12 deficiency may lead to complications such as lightheadedness, pale skin, constipation, vision loss, and mental health conditions such: depression, anxiety, memory loss, or changes in behavior (Suchoski, 2013, p.220). If detected early vitamin B12 deficiency can be treated. Its treatment varies from taking oral dose supplements, getting shots, and changing diet to include animal products if a person is a vegan. For most people treatment resolves the issue, but any nerve damage can cause a permanent effect. Vitamin B12 is soluble in organic solvents; it is also a water-soluble vitamin that dissolves in water. The leftover amounts after the body have this vitamin leave the body through urine (Suchoski, 2013, p.226). Despite this fact, excess amounts of B12 in the body may cause life-threatening conditions such as acute hepatitis, and in some cases liver cirrhosis. With this fact in mind, the municipal should not add this vitamin to drinking water as some of its effects are life-threatening and could cause irreversible effects. References Suchocki, J. A. (2013). Conceptual Chemistry: Pearson New International Edition. Pearson Higher Ed.