User talk:FlowerPower2016

Welcome
Hello, FlowerPower2016 and welcome to Wikipedia! It appears you are participating in a class project. If you haven't done so already, we encourage you to go through our training for students.

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We hope you like it here and encourage you to stay even after your assignment is finished! Drm310 (talk) 16:40, 23 October 2014 (UTC)

Hello!
I like flowers and thus like your username! Dogsatthefarmersmarket (talk) 16:48, 23 October 2014 (UTC)

flowers are the best Vvd12345 (talk) 18:52, 24 October 2014 (UTC)

Hello!
Hey FlowerPower 2016! Lovin' the username. obliv12 18:50, 24 October 2014 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ob2214 (talk • contribs)

Advice
1) Use high quality secondary sources and format them properly per WP:MEDRS 2) Follow the section ordering and language advice at WP:MEDMOS 3) Do not capitalize anything but the first word of a sentence and the first word of a heading 4) Punctuation goes BEFORE the ref Best Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 21:26, 8 December 2014 (UTC)

While place you content here until this is fixed. Also had to revert due to copy and paste issues: Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 06:33, 9 December 2014 (UTC)

Violence
A meta-analysis reviewing research on the association of violence and postpartum depression showed that violence against women increases the incidence of postpartum depression. About one-third of women throughout the world will experience physical and/or sexual violence at some point in their lives. Violence against women occurs in conflict, post-conflict, and non-conflict areas. It is important to note that the research reviewed only looked at violence experienced by women from male perpetrators, but did not consider violence inflicted on men or women by women. Further, violence against women was defined as “any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual, or psychological harm or suffering to women,”. Psychological and cultural factors associated with increased incidence of postpartum depression include family history of depression, stressful life events during early puberty or pregnancy, anxiety or depression during pregnancy, and low social support. Violence against women is a chronic stressor, so depression may occur when someone is no longer able to respond to the violence (Wu).

Intimate partner violence
Intimate partner violence is a specific form of violence that is estimated to be experienced by 35% of women in the United States. Meta-analysis of relevant research shows that women who had experienced intimate partner violence had 1.5-2 times increased risk of elevated depressive symptoms and postpartum depression, and 9-28% of all types of depression in women, including postpartum, was attributable to experiencing domestic violence at some point in their life. A review of emerging research shows an association of intimate partner violence with depressive symptoms in mothers during the 12 months after giving birth, and this remains true even if adjusted for previous depression.

Trauma History
The literature review further reports that all but one out of eight studies examined showed significant associations between trauma history and incidence of postpartum depression, but there have been mixed results about the relative significance of different types of trauma on postpartum depression. There are studies that suggest that women with a history of physical violence report postpartum depression, but other studies show that only emotional abuse is associated with postpartum depression. This has important consequences for helping individuals suffering, because empowerment treatment, which is used as a therapy for women suffering from emotional abuse, has shown to be an effective means of reducing symptoms of postpartum depression for women that have experienced emotional abuse during pregnancy.

Substance abuse
A literature review of 5 relevant studies showed that substance-use is associated with increased incidence of postpartum depression. This is comparable to the high rates of comorbid depression seen in the general population of substance-using women. The substance-using participants in the studies discussed in the in the review article all presented with socio-demographic factors that are well associated with depression, and the one study that did not show an increase in incidence of postpartum depression among substance-using women was the only study where the socio-demographic variables were the same for the substance-using group of women and the comparison group. It is unclear whether it is the substance abuse or the impact of other social structures increasing the risk of postpartum depression among substance-using women. Regardless of whether substance use is directly or indirectly associated with incidence of postpartum depression, there are important consequences for health services providers. Another study of the literature review demonstrated that perinatal substance use increases the use of perinatal mental health services, for example, women with cocaine addiction were more likely to access outpatient mental health care during early postpartum period.

Chronic illness
Depressive symptoms have been associated with some chronic illnesses, but there are other factors, such as social stigma, that may correlate the illness with depression. Hormonal changes due to pregnancy may improve or worsen these symptoms, and the effect may change after delivery. Such hormonal changes on chronic illness may affect maternal mental health. One in four studies reviewed found a significant increase in postpartum depression incidence, but only women with multiple chronic health problems were associated with higher rates of postpartum depression compared to women with just a single chronic health illness. Women with multiple chronic health problems in developing countries, where there is limited access to care compared to developed countries, were associated with increased levels of psychological stress in the postpartum period. Psychological stress is a factor positively correlated with incidence of postpartum depression.

Thanks for a great semester!
Hi, User:FlowerPower2016. Just a note to say it was great working with you this semester!! I've accepted a position at another institution, but you should always feel free to contact me on my talk page if you have any questions about editing. Megs (talk) 01:42, 23 December 2014 (UTC)

Women in Red World Contest
Hi. We're into the last five days of the Women in Red World Contest. There's a new bonus prize of $200 worth of books of your choice to win for creating the most new women biographies between 0:00 on the 26th and 23:59 on 30th November. If you've been contributing to the contest, thank you for your support, we've produced over 2000 articles. If you haven't contributed yet, we would appreciate you taking the time to add entries to our articles achievements list by the end of the month. Thank you, and if participating, good luck with the finale!