User talk:Gaurav4291/CL11 GEO

Types of forest in India
Tropical evergreen and semi-evergreen forest Tropical deciduous Tropical thorn forest Montane forest Littoral and swamp forest UNESCO Nilgiri biosphere reserve Nanda devi Sundarbans Gulf of mannar
 * found in – western slope of western ghats, NE forest, Andaman and Nicobar
 * found in warm and humid areas, precipitation – over 200 cm and temp. – above 22 deg C
 * Evergreen – no particular time of flowering, shedding leaves – green cover all round year – ex, mahogany, rosewood, ebony and aini
 * Semi evergreen – found in less rainy regions of these areas – Ex. White cedar, kail
 * Most widespread
 * Also called monsoon forest
 * Rainfall – 70-200cm
 * Two types – moist and dry (based on rainfall)
 * Moist deciduous – rainfall (100 – 200cm) – found in – foothills of Himalayas of NE, eastern slopes of western ghats, Orissa. Ex. – sal, Teak, Shisham, sandalwood, mahua, kususm, amla.
 * Dry deciduous – rainfall (70 – 100cm) – UP, Bihar, western and southern Rajasthan
 * Rainfall – less than 50 cm
 * Grasses, shrub
 * Found in – parts of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, M.P, U.P
 * Trees remain leafless most part of the year
 * Ex. – babool, neem, ber, date palm
 * In Himalayas, deciduous type is found at foothills
 * In hilly regions of NE – evergreen forest is prominent
 * Ex- Deodar, chir pine, chinar, walnut,
 * At higher altitudes – rhododendrons, pines
 * North facing side of Himalayas – have less vegetation since rainfall is less – south facing has more
 * Wetlands
 * Man and biosphere programme
 * Biosphere reserves are identified under this programme
 * India has 14 biospheres – 4 are identified as world biospheres by UNESCO
 * These 4 are – Sundarbans, Nilgiri, Nanda devi, gulf of mannar
 * Covers sanctuaries – nagarhole, bandipur, mudumalai, silent valley
 * Species – lion tailed macaque, Nilgir Tahr
 * And also – tiger, elephant, cheetal, sambhar,
 * In Uttaranchal – pittoragarh, almora, chamoli
 * Forest type is temperate. Ex – orchids, rhododendron,
 * Snow leopard, black bear, brown bear, golden eagle, black eagle, snow cock
 * South-east coast
 * Dugong (sea cow) – endangered

Horizons

 * Layer of soil is called horizons
 * Soil is divided into 3 horizons
 * Horizon A – topmost layer (rich in organic matter, mainerals, etc.)
 * Horizon B and C
 * Soil profile – this arrangement of layers is called soil profile
 * Under these three horizons is the parent bedrock

Soil classification
Alluvial Soil Black soil Red soil and yellow soil Laterite soil Arid soil Saline soil Peaty soil
 * In ancient times – urvara (fertile soil) and usara (sterile soil)
 * Widespread in northern plains and river valleys
 * They are depositional soil. Deposited by rivers, streams
 * Are sandy loam to clay
 * Are rich in potash and but poor in phosphorous
 * Khadar and Bangar are two types of Alluvial soil – found in upper and middle Ganga plain
 * Khadar – is the newer soil that get deposited every year
 * Bangar is the older alluvial soil
 * Both have kankars
 * Color is light grey to ash grey
 * Covers Deccan plateau – parts of Maharashtra, MP, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and parts of Tamilnadu
 * Near Godavari and Krishna river
 * Also known as regur soil
 * They swell and become sticky when wet and shrinks when dry. Thus in dry season soil develops wide cracks
 * Are rich in potassium but lacks phosphorous and organic material. They are also rich in lime, magnesia, iron and alumina
 * Develops crystalline igneous rocks
 * Found in areas of low rainfall in eastern and southern deccan plateau
 * Red color due to iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks
 * It looks yellow in hydrated form
 * Poor in nitrogen, phosphorous and humus
 * Found in areas of high temperature and high rainfall
 * Intense leaching happens due to high rainfall – lime and silica are leached away – thus soil rich in iron and alumina are left
 * Since temp. is high – bacteria activity is high – which eats away the organic material – thus humus is less
 * Thus low nitrogen, phosphate and calcium
 * Are red to brown in color
 * Salt content is high
 * Nitrogen and humus is less
 * Western Rajasthan
 * Contain high amount of sodium, potassium and magnesium – thus infertile
 * Ran of kutch, western Gujarat, Sundarbans,
 * Areas of high rainfall – have high organic content
 * Northern parts of Bihar, Orissa, coastal areas of Bengal

Tsunamis
Tropical cyclones
 * Is difficult to detect in deep sea – since wavelength is high and wave height is low (thus less damage to ships in deep sea – since height is less) – but as it comes nearer to coast height increase – thus can cause heavy damage
 * Are intense LP zones confined within 30 deg north and south
 * Conditions necessary for a tropical cyclone
 * 1. Large and continuous supply of warm and moist air that can release enormous latent heat through condensation
 * 2. Strong Coriolis force that can prevent filling of low pressure zone – near equator ( 0 to 5 deg) Coriolis force is weak thus no tropical cyclone is formed
 * 3. Unstable conditions through troposphere that creates local disturbances around which cyclones develops
 * 4. Absence of strong vertical wind wedge that disturbs the vertical transport of latent heat
 * Centre of storm is mostly warm and has low pressure – eye of storm
 * These originate both in bay of Bengal and Arabian sea
 * Originate close to 10 to 15 deg North and also close to 16 and 18 deg north and 92 deg East in bay of Bengal

Classification of climate
Koeppen’s classification Tropical Humid Climate Dry Climate Cold Snow Forest Climates (D) Polar Climates (E) Global warming
 * Based on empirical data (observed data), genetic (underlying cause) and applied (actions)
 * Is based on temperature and precipitation data
 * Classified everything as capital and small letters – A,B,C ..e,f,g
 * A- Tropical – average temperature of coldest month is more than 18 C
 * B – Dry Climate – Potential evaporation exceeds precipitation
 * C – Warm Temperate - average temperature of coldest month is more than -3 C and less than 18 C
 * D – Cold snow forest climate - average temperature of coldest month is less than – 3 C
 * E – Cold climates - average temperature of all months is less than 10 C
 * H – High land – cold due to altitude
 * These are then subdivided
 * Exists between tropic
 * Sun is overhead throughout the year and is in INTCZ (inter tropical convergence zone) – thus it is hot and humid
 * Temperature is high and precipitation is also high
 * Tropical group is divided into 3 – tropical wet climate, tropical monsoon climate and tropical wet and dry climate
 * Tropical wet climate – near equator – Amazon basin, tropical dense evergreen forest with dense canopy is found
 * Tropical monsoon – India, Northern Australia, NE South America – Summer is wet and winters are dry
 * Tropical wet and dry climate – it occurs in north and south of Tropical wet climate, deciduous and tree shredded grasslands can be found
 * Very low rainfall
 * Can be found from 15 to 60 deg N and S of equator
 * In low latitudes (15 to 30) – this type is seen on coast land more as compared to inner lands
 * Whereas in high latitudes (30 to 60) – it is seen more on inner lands – where maritime air winds cannot reach
 * Subtropical steppe climate and sub-tropical desert – rainfall is less, steppe has more rainfall than the desert type – ex. Libya
 * Warm temperate – between 30 to 50 deg – mainly seen on eastern and western margins of continents
 * 4 types of Warm temperate –
 * 1. humid sub-tropical – (dry in winter and hot in summer) closer to tropics – ex. North Indian plains, South China interior plain, winters are warm
 * 2. Mediterranean climate – near Mediterranean sea, 30-40 deg, ex – central California, central chile, south eastern and south western Australia,- summer is hot and dry – winter –rainy
 * 3. Humid subtropical – (no dry season and mild winter) on the eastern parts of continent – rainfall is use throughout the year – eastern USA, southern and eastern China, southern japan, eastern coast of Australia
 * 4. Marine west coast climate – is on west coast of continents above Mediterranean climate zone – NW Europe, West USA, SE Australia, NewZealand
 * 40 to 70 deg North
 * Europe, Asia, North America
 * Types 2
 * 1. Cold climate with humid winter – above marine west coast climate zone
 * 2. Cold climate with dry winter – NE Asia,
 * Beyond 70 deg
 * 2 types
 * 1. Tundra – vegetation –low growing mosses, flowering plants, - region of permafrost (sub-soil is permanently frozen). During summer – days are very long
 * 2. Ice cap climate – inner Greenland and Antarctica. Very little precipitation
 * The gases that absorb long wave radiations are called as green house gases
 * Gases- CO2, O3, CFCs, CH4, N2O – gases like CO and NO also affects
 * Effectiveness of these gases depend upon – concentration, lifetime in atmosphere and wavelength of radiation it absorbs

CH15
Life on earth Biosphere Ecology ecosystem Nitrogen fixing
 * constitutes all the living organisms, and there interaction with surroundings
 * is the study of lifeforms and its interaction with surroundings and between each other
 * a system constiting of biotic and abiotic components
 * Ecosystems are of two types terrestrial and aquatic
 * Terrestrial ecosystem can be divided in biomes. A biome is a plant and animal community that covers a vast geographical area.
 * Major biomes – Forest, grassland, desert and tundra
 * Aquatic ecosystem – divided into marine and freshwater ecosystems
 * Marine ecosystem includes – oceans, coral reefs, coastal estuaries
 * Freshwater ecosystem includes – rivers, lakes, ponds
 * Through microorganisms in soil and plant roots
 * And also through lightning and cosmic radiation

Ch16
Biodiversity and conservation Biodiversity Exotic species IUCN red list
 * Is the variety and number of organisms found in a geographical location
 * Genetic biodiversity – variation of genes in species
 * Species diversity – refers to variety of species. Areas rich in species diversity is called hotspot
 * Ecosystem diversity
 * Species which are not natural inhabitant but are introduced
 * endangered species