User talk:Group1egypt

'''×Meeting tomorrow in the morning? -Lianne

WHY AM I THE ONLY ONE USING THIS?!!?!?!?!?!? Btw, does anyone know Lee Anna's number? I don't know if she knows where I live. SOMEONE TEXT ME OR CALL ME! 787-8172, liannecab@live.com/cab_uhot4@hotmail.com -Lianne

9-19-09, Lee DC PERSIA Outline? (( *sources: http://www.country-data.com/frd/cs/egtoc.html#eg0012 ;; aldokkan.com/society/pharaoh.htm ;; History class notes...))
 * Draft/notes

P - Theocracy, ruled by "Pharaoh" "rainmaker" "god-king"

^ Pharaoh power dependant upon belief in his ability to control Nile flood

- Power inherited, passed to eldest son of a dead Pharaoh, Pharaoh rules for his entire lifetime (PRIMOGENITURE)

- Pharaoh rules w/ absolute power, and was obeyed absolutely

- Power over all of Egypt, which is from Nile Delta on Mediterranean coast south along Nile River Valley

- if the people ever lost the idea that the Pharaoh was a god, they would stop obeying him.

Boundaries:

West = Sahara Desert

East = Red Sea

North = Mediterranean

South = Kush/Nubia Empire

E - Wealth = Agriculture, Agricultural Goods

- Obtained from natural resource or through trade/market.

- traded agricultural products and raw materials

R - Beliefs: Animistic Polytheism

S - By job (& closeness to Pharaoh??)

Pharaoh

Gov't Officials <-- Nobles, Preists

Soldiers

Scribes

Merchants

Artisians

Farmers

Slaves and Servants

I/A

- Literature (Hieroglyphics)

- Paintings

- Architecture

^ Esp. Pyramids (geometric art). The geometric shapes and figures were influenced by the Greeks when traded

- Mummification. Mummification was looked at as only for the wealthy because of the use of salt at the time.

- Jewlery, makeup

Kasmira Did anyone find more info than what we have here? because somehow i don't think thsi is enough for me to summarize...if i did it would be a really short paragraph, like three sentences only.

I'll add more information soon, I have it stored into my word document but I'm fixing it up. I'll have it up by this afternoon. -Lianne

Courtney 9-20-09

these are pictures and some info. they are the links to them:

http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Olympus/3426/Society/socialorg.html (social structure pyramid and descriptions of each level)

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/egypt/images/heiroglyphicsimages/egypt150.gif (hieroglyphics)

http://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/Everyone%20Else/images-2/giza-pyramids-at-dusk.jpg (pyramids)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pharaoh_with_Blue_crown.svg/291px-Pharaoh_with_Blue_crown.svg.png (pharaoh)

http://www.tqnyc.org/2002/NYC00112/Kingtut_Death_Mask.jpg (pharaoh's head)

http://www.cf.ac.uk/learn/images/archaeology/pharaohs_ancient_egypt.jpg (another pharaoh head)

http://www.franklin.ma.us/auto/upload/schools/horace/307-egmap.jpg (ancient egypt map)

http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/civil/egypt/images/reli11b.jpg (mummification)

http://www.artsquebec.net/upload/resize/450/KOCHBATI__CHOKRI_LA_MOMIFICATION_8424Image.jpg (another mummification)

http://kenoath.files.wordpress.com/2008/05/relief-anubis.jpg (the god ANUBIS) Description: " God of the Underworld. The black of his face represents death. He was the original god of the Underworld before Osiris took over. Prayers to Anubis are found carved on the most ancient tombs in Egypt, and his duties apparently are many. He watches over the mummification process to ensure that all is done properly. He conducts the souls through the underworld, testing their knowledge of the gods and their faith. He places their heart on the Scales of Justice during the Judging of the Heart, and he feeds the souls of wicked people to Ammit. " http://www.touregypt.net

http://www.createdebate.com/img/blog_article_images/SunGod.png (the god RA/RE) Description: " The sun god. The rising sun was looked at as a symbol of creation. Re was also closely connected to the Pharaoh, Egypt's king. While the king ruled earth, Re was the master of the universe so they were of the same nature and were in effect a mirror image of each other. Re's early worship really became very significant during the 5th Dynasty, when kings not only erected pyramids aligned to the rising and setting sun, but also built solar temples in honor of Re." http://www.touregypt.net

http://www.pantheon.org/areas/gallery/mythology/africa/egyptian/isis.jpg (the god ISIS) Description: " Oueen of the gods. She is the oldest goddess of Egypt and is worshipped universally by Egyptians. She was honored as the great protector, prayed to for guidance, and is called upon for peace in the world. Temples to Isis are found everywhere in Egypt, some of them quite ancient, and many houses had shrines to her devotion. She represents all qualities of women." http://www.touregypt.net

http://images.epilogue.net/users/lisahunt/Horus_thesun_AD.jpg (the god HORUS) Description: " King of the Gods on Earth. The worship of Horus was brought by outside tribes who invaded Egypt. He was the protector and guide to the pharaoh and later pharaohs were believed to be his avatar on earth. Horus was also the patron of young men and the ideal of the obedient son who grows up to become a just man. The most popular story of Horus is the one in which he grows to manhood to avenge the death of his father Osiris by battling against his cruel uncle Set. In many writings, he is said to continue to battle Set daily to ensure the safety of the world." http://www.touregypt.net

9-20-09 Lee Anna Hey guys, I found some more info. I'm not sure if it's important, but I figured I should put it up just in case...

"The mediator between humans and gods was the king. At his crowning, a new king was transformed into a living god, a concept which of course went through changes in the more than 3000 year long history of ancient Egypt, but nevertheless remained the basis for the prevailing religious, economic and social structure. " ... "the Divine Kingship rests on mythical precedence and on two generations - a transmission of status from father to son as laid out by the gods in the beginning of time. One important distinction should be made; it is the office of the king which is sacred, the office is eternal but the person holding it is human and of course he changes through time. " ... "The most important task for the king was to serve the gods and by that making it possible to maintain order and structure in society. He was seen as the son of several gods, not just one; Papyrus Harris mentions Ramesses III as the son of Amon, Atum, Ptah, Shu, Thoth, Osiris, Wepwawet, Horus and others. He becomes in fact their incarnation on earth. By observing and obeying the will of the gods he upholds Ma´at, the principle of balance which leads to order, justice and harmony, and which is necessary for existence to continue. Here the daily Temple Cult plays an important part. "

^http://www.philae.nu/akhet/Religion1.html

"The ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics are a fascination to many people. The term hieroglyphics refers to a system of writing using ancient Egyptian symbols. The hieroglyphics involved a series of 'picture' words. Consisting of several hundred words, this system of writing was intensely complex and very labor intensive. The first hieroglyphics were used on buildings and tombs. It is believed that the Egyptians first began developing this system of writing about 3000 BC."

"Facts about Hieroglyphics,

There are some facts about hieroglyphics that are quite interesting to note:

•This system of writing involved absolutely no vowels, consisting only of consonants.

•The Egyptians also did not use any form of punctuation or spacing.

•With over 700 ancient Egyptian symbols representing actual words and thousands of others used for individual sounds, some quite intricate, it took quite a long time to learn to write in hieroglyphics.

•Egyptian hieroglyphics were written both vertically in rows and horizontally in columns.

•The placement of the Egyptian hieroglyphics alphabet letters into an eye pleasing layout was extremely important. Empty spaces were avoided as much as possible and to that end symbols Egyptian art were usually formed into squares instead of straight lines.

•Unlike most forms of modern language, which is typically read from right or left; ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics could be read either from right to left or from left to right. In order to know which direction to begin reading, the scribe would position the figures so that they faced in the correct direction."

^http://www.ancient-egypt-online.com/ancient-egyptian-hieroglyphics.html

"Marriages were generally polygamous; at least in the royal and noble circles, with the husband having several wives. In most cases there was usually a senior wife or chief wife; however it is apparent that husbands were quite fond of all their wives."

"Modern views on slave life in ancient Egypt are largely contradictory. Many scholars theorize that slaves in ancient Egypt actually performed more in the role of servant than actual slave; while other others have contended that those who were less fortunate in ancient Egyptian society were forced to work in humiliating and degrading positions. A long held theory indicates that the great pyramids of ancient Egypt were built upon slave labor, although this theory has been open to much conjecture."

^http://www.ancient-egypt-online.com/daily-life-in-ancient-egypt.html

http://www.omniglot.com/writing/egyptian.htm ^ Hieroglyphics
 * developed 3 writing scripts, Hieroglyphics, Hieratic and Demotic

Lianne 9/20  POLITICAL:  The political system of ancient Egypt was based on a Theocracy, wherein the Pharaoh ruled as a "God-King". The people of ancient Egypt worshipped and acted in accordance to the Pharaoh in view of the fact that they believed that the Pharaoh had the power to control the Nile flood. Since the Pharaoh was considered to control the Nile, therefore possessing the ability to control the way the civilization prospered. The power of the Pharaoh is inherited through the eldest son of the Pharaoh. Pharaohs ruled for an entire lifetime, and officials called viziers assisted in governing with the Pharaoh. The people of Egypt obeyed the Pharaoh invariably, thus giving the Pharaoh absolute power. -PLEASE HELP ME WITH THE LONG EXPLANATIONS OF THE PERSIA ANALYSIS. We still need A LOT more information. Is anyone on right now? Can you please help summarize the information in your own words? THIS IS DUE TOMORROW and we don't have anything except a board with the letters Egypt and a pyramid.

Lee Anna 9-10 10pm:: I'm on right now, trying to put stuff together. So far, I got:

ECONOMY (re-done, scroll down)

SOCIAL The Egyptians organized themselves by class and had an occupation-based social structure. Those "associated with divinity" were regarded as the highest.

Egypt had a kind of "Social Pyramid": The Pharaoh at the top, government officials, soldiers, skilled workers, merchants, artisians, farmers, and finally slaves at the bottom.

The Pharaoh's main task was to act as a "mediator" between the Egyptians and the gods, and therefore making it possible to maintain order and structure in society. Directly below the Pharaoh was the vizier, a "chief minister" and "supervisor." Below him were nobles, who held government posts, and priests, whose job was to "please the gods." the soldiers, tasked with defending Egypt's peace, were the lowest of the high class.

The middle class was made up of skilled workers, "such as physicians and craftsperson," and merchants. Artisians, farmers, slaves, and servants were doomed at the bottom of society. Social mobility was possible, but it was very rare and only achievable through skill or by joining the military. Children were expected to continue in their parents' work/job.

(http://www.riverschool.org/students/work/culture.e.econ.htm, http://www.beyondbooks.com/wcu81/3b.asp , http://www.philae.nu/akhet/Religion1.html)    Lianne  POLITICAL  In Egypt, kings ruled throughout most of history. In the course of 1554 and 1304 BC, the people started to call their king "Pharaoh", which translated meant great house in the Egyptian language. The Pharaoh was believed by the people to be the god Horus in human form. From this ideology, the Pharaoh was then reinforced with greater authority and compliance from the people. However, if the Pharaoh acted in such a way that was considered "ungodly", and the people became uncertain whether the Pharaoh truly was a god, then they would stop obeying him. Otherwise, the Pharaoh remained with true absolute power.  "The mediator between humans and gods was the king(Pharaoh). At his crowning, a new king was transformed into a living god, a concept which of course went through changes in the more than 3000 year long history of ancient Egypt, but nevertheless remained the basis for the prevailing religious, economic and social structure. "  The position of king was gained through inheritance. It passed on from the eldest son of the Pharaoh's chief wife. If chief wives did not have any sons, daughters could also gain the right to the throne. It is believed that at least four women became rulers of ancient Egypt.  Along with the Pharaoh, viziers also assisted in the ruling of Egypt. Viziers were appointed by the Pharaoh to operate the Nile delta and to manage the region to the South of the civilization. Viziers conducted as mayors, tax collectors, judges, and sometimes even to control the treasure of temples. High officials also varied with a treasurer and army commander.  Egypt remained amongst one of the most prosperous and long civilizations due to the fact that they had a strong army militia. In its beginnings, the Egyptian's army was a small army of foot soldiers whose apparatus merely consisted of only spears. However, in due time around the 1500's BC, they acquired strong soldiers who were trained to use the bow and arrow accurately while riding a quick-moving horse-drawn chariots. Galleys were long ships that carried Egypt's navy, these were steered by oarsmen or sails.  The theocracy practiced in Egypt was controlled by the clergy. Disregarding the viziers appointed by the Pharaohs, the main advisors of the people were, in most cases, priests as they were regarded as the only ones "worthy" to adhere to the "god-kings" requests. In theocracy, priests generally uphold a higher social status as compared to the rest of a civilizations' people. Thus earning them a kind of "nobility".

Lee Anna :: Just an update on what I have so far, still need a fourth a page more and works cited. Any ideas of what else I can put?  Ancient Egypt had an agriculturally based, traditional economy. (primary source) “As in any agricultural society, the basis of wealth lay in ownership of land and animals and the profit they produced” (Ward) Most of Egypt were farmers who raised their own crops and livestock. Bartering was common among them, but also limited. The people generally could not trade much of their produce, as they needed most of it for their own needs. (primary source)  The Nile River kept the lands of Egypt fertile year-round. “The main crops grown in Egypt were wheat, barley, lettuce, beans, onions, figs, dates, grapes, melons, and cucumbers” (Secondary source). Also especially abundant was wheat grain. Egypt became an important trading partner for the Roman Empire, exporting to them “more than 100,000 metric tons [of wheat grain] per year under Augustus.” (primary source)  They traded with the many neighboring peoples “around the Mediterranean Sea, Aegean Sea, and the Red Sea” (Secondary source). The majority of Egypt’s needs could be met within its own resources. However, they lacked good resources of metals and wood, which were especially important to making efficient tools and boats. (primary) Some of Egypt’s major imports were “goods like silver, iron, cedar logs, horses, ivory, copper, cattle, leopard skins, and spices” (Secondary source). <BR> On the ancient Egyptian market, cost was usually marked in deben, a "copper of .5 ounces,” (Secondary source )a term used for measuring both money and weight (primary source). A coin system was not introduced to the Egyptians until the 400s BCE, when foreign gold and silver pieces were imported. Neighboring civilizations had been increasingly depending on coined money "as a means of exchange" since ca. 350 BCE (primary source). The Egyptians mimicked the Athenian coins, as the Greeks were beginning to refuse land as payment. The use of these coins was not very common within Egypt itself, mainly used for exchange with foreign mercenaries. (primary source) <BR> http://www.stoa.org/diotima/essays/wardlect.shtml http://nefertiti.iwebland.com/trade/index.html http://www.riverschool.org/students/work/culture.e.econ.htm <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> Lianne <BR>Use this format for your long PERSIA explanations <BR>Political: Who is in charge? What is power based on? Who gives that person or group power? Is there a contract? What's the government? <BR> Economic: How do people earn their food? Is it based on agriculture, commerce, small trades or professions, or industry, like manufacturing or technology? Where's the money? <BR> Religious: What is the meaning of life? Where did the group come from? What happens when they die? How do they spend their lives? Who talks to god(s)? <BR> Social: How does the group relate to one another? How do people communicate? What do people do together? How is the group organized? <BR> Intellectual: Who are the thinkers? What groups are given the chance to learn? How do people learn? Where does knowledge come from? <BR> Artistic: How do they express themselves? What commitment to self-expression do they have? What technology or resources are given to art?

Kasmira <BR> Servants and Slaves The servants and slaves were at the bottom of the social class in Ancient Egypt. Slaves and servants were forced to work on building projects, and served the nobles. Slaves were the largest population in Ancient Egypt and they supported the professionals ahead of them just like the bottom of the Pyramid-it supports the sections above it. In Egypt slavery was not dominant as compared to Roman slavery. Slavery grew overtime in the course of the Hebrews. Farmers Farmers come right before the servants and slaves. The job of the farmers was to tend the fields, raise animals, and keep the canals and reservoirs in good order. Farmers unlike slaves and servants paid taxes-which was about 60 percent of their yearly harvest. Egypt was based on agriculture so a large number of the population was made up of famers. The life of a farmer in Egypt remained the same for a long time: they grew crops, harvested, and paid taxes-paying late taxes led to punishment. Artisans Artisans are next in line ahead of the Farmer. The artisans served as supervisors for the Pharaoh’s works. They were part of the elite class. In Egypt no artisan got more famous than another because the other has more talent-here in Egypt the artisan did not need to, he/she was already part of the elite class in Egyptian society. Most of the Artisans worked as sculptors, architects, stonecutters, painters, and metalworkers. Merchants The merchants fall just above the artisans. Merchants were involved in trade for Egypt. They also sold the items produced by the artisans; such as: jewelry, pottery, and a few other useful items. Merchants publicized and sold the works of the Artisans. The merchant was also a member of the elite class. Scribes Scribes were the writer’s of history. Scribes also kept the government records. Scribes mastered skills that not all people in Egypt could do at the time: reading and writing. Their abilities were seen as a privilege therefore they only shared their skill with their ruler and gods. Most scribes’ education lasted for 10 years. Scribes believed themselves to be guided by Thoth (god of wisdom) and they could write in 3 different scripts/fonts-Hieroglyphics, Hieratic, and Demotic. Soldiers The soldier were the key to domestic uprising in Egypt. They fought wars and won territories for Egypt. The soldiers were also in charge of the servant and slaves involved in the construction of pyramids and palaces. Soldiers served a s the great barriers between slaves and servants and nobles. Government Officials-Noble, Priests The government officials were the closest to the king, as well as the priests. The Government officials carried out laws and order and were the political advisors, the priests took care of the gods-Pharaohs. The priests were the most well known clerics in Egypt. The Pharaoh at times had to listen to them- they could also ascertain the powers of the Pharaoh but that rarely happens. The High priest is appointed by the Pharaoh. Pharaoh The Pharaoh was at the top of the structural pyramid, for he was the king and the god of Egypt. The Pharaoh was the human form of the Egyptian gods, their rule lasted their lifetime. Pharaohs were so revered that pyramids were built for their burial sites (in chambers within the pyramid). The Pharaoh gained his power through the Nile- he was thought to have controlled the floods of the Nile. The Pharaoh was also the supreme warlord. Only the eldest son of a dead Pharaoh was the successor to the throne of the dead Pharaoh.

http://www.beyondbooks.com/wcu81/3b.asp http://www.aldokkan.com/society.htm

 LIANNE

The Egyptians had a complex society which enabled them to organize religious traditions. They believed in higher deities which controlled such things like the weather. The Egyptians were polytheistic, meaning that they believed in many gods. A principle god in ancient Egypt was Re. Re was referred to as the sun god. Re was also influential toward the political aspects of ancient Egypt. According to historians, “Re was also closely connected to the Pharaoh, Egypt's king. While the king ruled earth, Re was the master of the universe so they were of the same nature and were in effect a mirror image of each other.” Therefore, by having that concept of Re being the master of the universe, the Egyptians applied the concept toward their Pharaoh being the master of their society. (Jimmy Dunn ) http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/re.htm Another principle god was Horus. Horus was referred to the “king of Gods on Earth”. Horus was looked upon as the protector of the pharaoh. Soon enough other pharaohs claimed that they were the human form of Horus. This can also be viewed as the origin of divine power. (David C. Scott) http://www.touregypt.net/godsofegypt/horus.htm Because religion clearly influenced Egyptian politics, the meaning of life for a commoner was to be dedicated to contributing toward the pharaoh. The religious approach to this concept would be, to please the pharaoh would mean pleasing the gods as well. For example, in the division of labor system, a farmer would pray to the god of the of the Nile, also known as Hapi, for a steady water flow so that he may be able to cultivate his crops and contribute to Egyptian society. They believed also in life after dead. the ancient Egyptian believed that when one would die, the soul would depart from the body and enter a spiritual realm. For religious reasons, they practiced the mummification of their dead pharaohs. These pharaohs were usually buried with their luxurious belongings and were buried in elaborate tombs. It was also significant in their religion “to preserve the dead body in as life-like a manner as possible.” http://server.egypt.com/egypt/historyen/index.php/Ancient-Egypt-History/Introduction/Mummification Another principle god was Osiris. Osiris was referred to the god of the Underworld. Most commonly associated with Osiris are the Book of the Dead (It is a compilation of spells.) and Judging of the Heart (It is a way for Osiris to pass judgment on the dead.) However, Anubis was the original god of the Underworld. Archeologists were able to find prayers to Anubis carved on ancient tombs which depicted his duty as a god. Such duties include, watching over “the mummification process to ensure that all is done properly”, “conducting the souls through the underworld”, and “testing their knowledge of the gods and their faith.” (David C. Scott) http://www.touregypt.net/godsofegypt/osiris.htm

kasmira: Art The Egyptians show their art in many forms: there is architecture, paintings, sculpting, and mummification. The Egyptians art forms became well known during the Pre-Dynastic Period (4000 B.C.E.). The artisans of Egypt used bricks to construct their pyramids, and palaces-this led to the birth of the typical ancient architecture. The use of brick to build the geometric pyramids brought an understanding of the cleverness of the Egyptians. The architectural form of the pyramids was like a sepulcher. They were built for the Pharaoh at his birth and the process of build-up continued until the pharaoh died, then he would get buried in the tomb within the pyramid. The art forms were well known in funerary offerings. They were also used for weaponry. Then the Egyptian sculptors began to create and build statues of monolithic gods form limestone. The Egyptians use of limestone led them to use it in a few of their temples. What architecture focused on/typer of building that come from this art form: a) Focal Points - Statues of Pharaohs and sanctuaries of gods in temples, and sarcophagus in tombs dominated the whole architectural layout. b) Walls immensely thick and sloping - structural requirement for balancing (vertical walls of stone are unstable) c) Stone Columns closely spaced - Large spans were not possible e) Stone Lintels - massive with short spans, stone is a material that has a weak tensile strength f) Flat roofs - Domes and vaults were unknown in Egypt g) Small Openings - large doors and windows are not possible in stone construction, this also secured privacy to the religious structures inaccessible to the public h) Hieroglyphs - recording of historic events in stone obelisks and walls I) Religious symbols - ( scarabs, solar disk) essential component for the decoration of all architectural elements<bR> j) Single storey buildings http://www.aldokkan.com/art/architecture.htm The Egyptian crafts depict knowledge of human and animal anatomy. Symbols are very rare and important in Egyptian arts. There are even laws about the symbols that are being used. An invention in the crafts that came from Egypt is the potter wheel. Sculptures symbolically show the most divinity. Mummification became a very important traditional art form for the pharaoh when he die, therefore another important piece of art was the sarcophagus – where the body of the pharaoh is laid after being mummified-like a coffin. Painting told of the history of Egypt. It showed them performing traditional art, worshipping gods, building pyramids, enforcing slavery and many other activities that the ancient Egyptians did.

Political The political system of ancient Egypt was based on a Theocracy, wherein the Pharaoh ruled as a "God-King". The people of ancient Egypt worshipped and acted in accordance to the Pharaoh in view of the fact that they believed that the Pharaoh had the power to control the Nile flood. Since the Pharaoh was considered to control the Nile, therefore possessing the ability to control the way the civilization prospered. The power of the Pharaoh is inherited through the eldest son of the Pharaoh. Pharaohs ruled for an entire lifetime, and officials called viziers assisted in governing with the Pharaoh. The people of Egypt obeyed the Pharaoh invariably, thus giving the Pharaoh absolute power. Economic The economic system of ancient Egypt was based on Agriculture. Agriculture was the source of wealth for the people of the Egypt. Agriculture was obtained from their natural resource and also through trade/market. The Egyptians traded agricultural products and raw materials. They traded with Mesopotamia, and some area of the Mediterranean, Red, and Aegean Seas. Some of the Egyptian currencies: was gold, silver, grain. etc.

Religion The religion of ancient Egypt was an Animistic Polytheism. Meaning the Egyptians believed in many gods but also had animistic beliefs (where they believe objects in nature possess souls). The Pharaoh is not only the ruler but he serves as the “god-king”. He has power politically and religiously. The Egyptians had a complex society that allowed them to organize religious traditions. They believed in higher deities which controlled such things like the weather. Social The Egyptians organized themselves by class and had an occupation-based social structure. Those "associated with divinity" were regarded as the highest. Egypt had a kind of "Social Pyramid": The Pharaoh at the top, government officials & priests, soldiers, merchants, artisans, farmers, and finally slaves at the bottom. The Pharaoh's main task was to act as a "mediator" between the Egyptians and the gods, and therefore making it possible to maintain order and structure in society. Directly below the Pharaoh was the vizier, a "chief minister" and "supervisor." Below him were nobles, who held government posts, and priests, whose job was to "please the gods." the soldiers, tasked with defending Egypt's peace, were the lowest of the high class. The middle class was made up of skilled workers, "such as physicians and craftsperson," and merchants. Artisans, farmers, slaves, and servants were doomed at the bottom of society. Social mobility was possible, but it was very rare and only achievable through skill or by joining the military. Children were expected to continue in their parents' work/job.

Intellectual The educational system in ancient Egypt consisted of literature and modern-day geometry. Literature was based on the Hieroglyphics. The hieroglyphics were the Egyptian script/font-form of writing. Other scripts were included-Hieratic, and Demonic. The scripts were mastered by professionals known as scribes. The scribes were probably the majority of Egyptians who could read and write. Geometry was used as well in ancient Egypt through the architectural forms of the geometric pyramids. The geometric figures were influenced by Greece during trade. Education in Egypt was a privilege not many people had. Arts Art forms in Egypt were their architecture, paintings, and sculpting. The architectural art of the Egyptians is portrayed in their pyramids and palaces. Their paintings depict stories of their life, history, and also worship for their gods. Sculpting was a form of art in ancient Egypt it represented gods and their kings power. Mummification is another art form in Egypt- because of the rich minerals such as salt at the time mummification was mainly for the wealthy. The clothing styles and jewelry that the ancient Egyptians mainly the pharaoh and the noble wore emphasizes on the artistic skills of the ancient Egyptians.

'''Kasmira/courtney: Epic Myth EPIC: Horus’ Reign

Narrator: Osiris then took over Ra and became king of the earth and ruled with his sister-wife Isis. Set became the god of the underworld, and was always envious of Osiris. One day Set killed his brother Osiris and scattered the remnants of Osiris’ body all over the earth making Osiris unable to come back to life. Isis confronts Set but he denies what he has done. Isis then finds out what became of her husband and searched all over the earth and collected pieces of Osiris and brought him back to life. Then came Horus who was created upon the last breathe of father Osiris, and from his mother Isis. Isis hoped that one day Horus would avenge the death of his father. When Horus grew up, he then came to believe that his duty was to seek out Set and take revenge for the death of his father. Horus then became the king in the place of Osiris. Horus learned how to fight and use weapons of war.

Horus: I shall avenge my father's death by killing Set. If I am able to defeat him, then I will be the ruler and my father, Osiris may be alive again.

Narrator: Horus and Set fought each other twice. The first battle was in the form two humans, then two bears, the battle lasted three days and in the end Horus defeated Set and took him prisoner. Set begged for mercy.

Set: Please don't kill me! I am very sorry for what I have done to Osiris. I know you can find compassion in your heart to let me go. Please spare my life!

Narrator: Isis then felt sympathy for her great enemy Set.

Isis: Oh Horus, please let Set go. Even though he is the one who has killed your father, I have love for him because he is my brother. I do not wish death upon him. Drop your weapons, son.

Narrator: Horus followed his mother's orders and Set ran free. Horus was filled with so much anger because Isis allowed let Set go.

Horus: How dare you mother! You have told me all my life that it was my destiny to avenge my father's death, Osiris. You made me train and practice for this one chance I have to kill Set, and you let your feelings interfere. How much hatered and anger has filled my heart! It is all your fault that our plan is ruined

Narrator: Out of Horus' anger, he decided to cut his mother’s head off. Isis’ head was then replaced by the head of cow.

Isis: How could you son? After all I have done for you, this is how you show your love for me? I am sorry that I let my feelings hinder our plan, but I didn't think you would take it this far.

Horus: I know mother. I too am sorry. I am sorry I let my anger get in the way and cut your head off. Please forgive me.

Isis: I do. I still love you son.

Narrator: Set was later caught and revealed to be a liar.

Horus: Your time has ended, Set. This time, I will defeat you. And don't you think that Isis' mercy will save you. She understands that it is my destiny to kill you.

Set: Oh don't worry. I am sure that this time, I shall reign supreme.

Narrator: The battle was very fierce. Both gods were agile and had skill in the way they fought. This war lasted for many days. But in the end, Horus was triumphant.

Set: No!!!! (Set lies lifelessly on the ground, with Horus standing above him in victory)

Horus: Yes! I have won, which makes me the ruler. And now because I have killed Set, Osiris may be free and can rule with the other gods again.

Narrator: And so because of Horus' bravery and accomplishment, Osiris once ruled again with the other gods and with Isis.

CREATION: Narrator: First there was only ocean and then an egg appeared on the surface of the ocean. Ra: I am the sun god Ra, ruler of all the earth. Narrator: Ra brought forth four children four children, sons: Geb and Shu, and daughters Tefnut and Nut. Tefnut/Shu: We are the god and goddesses of the atmosphere-we are how the atmosphere came to be. Geb: I am the god of the Earth, I am how the earth came to be. Nut: I am thee goddess of the sky, I am how the sky came to be. Narrator: From these gods came the beginning of the world