User talk:Hartjoe23

INFANCY (FIRST 24 MONTHS) THE CONTRIBUTION OF NATURE AND NUTURE IN MOTOR DEVELOPMENT "DEVELOPMENT THROUGH LIFE (A PSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH) NEWMAN.NEWMAN 10e P.144,145" Motor development provieds an excellent illustration of the interaction between the genetically guided plan for growth and experience. The unfolding of motor capacities is guided by genetics, beginning as it does with the presence of a wide range of reflexive responses that are "hardwired," so to speak, to the infant;s neurological system. At the same time, within this plan, one observes both individual and group differences. Not only are babies different from one another at birth, but they also show different rates of motor advancemnt. For example, one study examined how babies adapted thier locomotor strategy for going down a slope. Thirty-one infants, all 14 month old, were recruited for the study. Even though they were all the same age, their prior experience with walking ranged from 10 days to 137 days(Adolph & eppler,2002). In addition to individual differences in the timing and tempo of motor development, culrture differ in opportunitites they prodive for motor exploration. In a longitudinal study of almost 16,000 infants living in the United Kingdom (England, Wales, Scotland, and northern Ireland), cultural differences in the attainmant of delevopmental motor milestones were noted. Black carribean infants, Black African infants, and Indian infants were on averave more advnced in motor development than White infants. Pakistani and Bangladeshi infants were more likely to show motor delays than White infants. Whereas the delays among the Pakistani and Bangladeshi infants were explained largely by factors associated with poverty, the advantages of babies of Carribean, African and Indian ethnicity could not be accounted for by these factors. The authors suggest that a combination of parental expectation and parenting practices associated with cultural tradition helped support advanced motor development in these groups (Kelly, Sacker, Schoon, & Nazroo, 2006) Although the normative patter of motor development suggests a preprogrammed sequence of stages that is heavily guided by genetics and neural structures, research on the process of motor development has challenged this assumption. Researcher now regard the regularities in motor behavior as the result of dynamic process of exploraiton in which infants coordinate their physical action with the demans and opportunities for various types of movement, and the emergence of cognitions to understand and anticipate actions underlies an ongoing process of self-correcting, adaptive movement (Rutkowska, 1994) 04:43, 26 March 2013 (UTC)~Not complete04:43, 26 March 2013 (UTC)