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Pontius Pilate was very surprised when he learned that Jesus was already dead. For these reasons, there has been a lot of speculation about how he finally died.

Medical experts aren't completely sure about the usual cause of death in ancient crucifixions. An older theory holds that the fixed position on the cross would cause blood to slowly accumulate in the legs, and the lack of blood elsewhere would gradually lead to death. One problem with this theory is that the victim usually wasn't completely immobilized on the cross. Although his ankles and hands were in fixed positions, he did have some freedom to move up and down vertically by bending his knees.

According to the preferred modern theory, the victim had to push up with his legs to hold himself in a free-breathing position, and he would slowly suffocate when he became too exhausted to continue holding himself up. This theory is supported by the fact that Roman soldiers sometimes hastened death by breaking the victim's legs.

But whatever the cause, it normally took much longer than six hours for the victim to die. For this reason, many experts think that a special factor was involved in Jesus' death.

One obvious possibility is wounds or injuries. The gospels say that Roman soldiers flogged Jesus and pressed a crown of thorns onto his head before the crucifixion. In addition, the gospel of John says that nails were used to attach him to the cross.

If the flogging was especially brutal, or if the other wounds were unusually severe, an excessive loss of blood could have brought about an early death. But blood loss normally leads to unconsciousness and a gradual death, whereas the gospels indicate that Jesus remained fully conscious throughout the ordeal and then died abruptly. Thus, excessive bleeding probably wasn't the cause.

There are several possible explanations for an abrupt death, including heart attack, heart rupture, stroke, shock, and blood clot. Some experts think that the last of these, a blood clot, was the most likely cause of Jesus' death. But there isn't enough information to be certain about the matter.

According to John 19:34, after the Roman soldiers found that Jesus was dead, one of them thrust a spear into his side to make sure. But if the account is correct, Jesus was already dead when this happened. (The other gospels don't mention this incident.)

Some people have suggested that Jesus himself chose the moment of his death by "simply dying", or possibly by stopping his own heart from beating. Another possibility is that God didn't want to watch him suffer any longer and mercifully brought the ordeal to an end.

According to the gospels, Jesus died less than six hours after he was put on the cross. This was much sooner than normal, because victims of crucifixions usually lived much longer, at least 24 hours, and sometimes several days. Mark 15:44 says that the Roman governor Pontius Pilate was very surprised when he learned that Jesus was already dead. For these reasons, there has been a lot of speculation about how he finally died.

Medical experts aren't completely sure about the usual cause of death in ancient crucifixions. An older theory holds that the fixed position on the cross would cause blood to slowly accumulate in the legs, and the lack of blood elsewhere would gradually lead to death. One problem with this theory is that the victim usually wasn't completely immobilized on the cross. Although his ankles and hands were in fixed positions, he did have some freedom to move up and down vertically by bending his knees.

According to the preferred modern theory, the victim had to push up with his legs to hold himself in a free-breathing position, and he would slowly suffocate when he became too exhausted to continue holding himself up. This theory is supported by the fact that Roman soldiers sometimes hastened death by breaking the victim's legs.

But whatever the cause, it normally took much longer than six hours for the victim to die. For this reason, many experts think that a special factor was involved in Jesus' death.

One obvious possibility is wounds or injuries. The gospels say that Roman soldiers flogged Jesus and pressed a crown of thorns onto his head before the crucifixion. In addition, the gospel of John says that nails were used to attach him to the cross.

If the flogging was especially brutal, or if the other wounds were unusually severe, an excessive loss of blood could have brought about an early death. But blood loss normally leads to unconsciousness and a gradual death, whereas the gospels indicate that Jesus remained fully conscious throughout the ordeal and then died abruptly. Thus, excessive bleeding probably wasn't the cause.

There are several possible explanations for an abrupt death, including heart attack, heart rupture, stroke, shock, and blood clot. Some experts think that the last of these, a blood clot, was the most likely cause of Jesus' death. But there isn't enough information to be certain about the matter.

According to John 19:34, after the Roman soldiers found that Jesus was dead, one of them thrust a spear into his side to make sure. But if the account is correct, Jesus was already dead when this happened. (The other gospels don't mention this incident.)

Some people have suggested that Jesus himself chose the moment of his death by "simply dying", or possibly by stopping his own heart from beating. Another possibility is that God didn't want to watch him suffer any longer and mercifully brought the ordeal to an end.

Note: The accounts indicate that Jesus had wounds on the hands and ankles (from nails), in the side (spear thrust), on the head (crown of thorns), shoulders (from carrying the cross) and back (flogging). Wounds or markings in these same locations sometimes appear on mystics or other individuals who are very close to God. Called stigmata, they are often said to be a supernatural sign of holiness. But although they may bleed for a while, they normally aren't fatal.

Other Topics •Why Jesus Was Crucified Jesus was crucified only a few days after he entered Jerusalem on Palm Sunday. What was the main reason he was put on the cross? And should the Romans or the Jews get the most blame? •Golgotha Jesus was crucified at a place called Golgotha. It may have been located just outside ancient Jerusalem. But can the exact location be identified? •The Nazarenes The first believers in the resurrection of Jesus weren't called Christians until later. Their original name was the Nazarenes. •Jesus and his Family According to the bible, Jesus had four brothers and at least two sisters. But some people believe that these were actually step-brothers and step-sisters. •Ending of Mark Was the original ending of this gospel accidentally lost? Was a new ending added later? •Why Is the Gospel of John Different from the Other Gospels Is there an explanation? •Virgin Birth of Jesus The bible says that Mary became pregnant with Jesus through a divine act of God. She may have only been twelve or thirteen years old and still living with her family at the time. •Judas Iscariot Did he betray Jesus just for the bribe, or was there another reason? •Witnesses to the Resurrection Who were the first people to see Christ after he left the tomb? •Barabbas Why did Pilate release him instead of Jesus? •The Second Coming of Jesus Did Christ promise to come again? •Who Witnessed the Crucifixion? Which followers of Jesus were present at the cross? •The Lost Gospels Several previously-lost gospels have been re-discovered during the last two centuries. What can they tell us about the life and teachings of Jesus? •Theories about the Resurrection of Jesus Are there other possible explanations for the belief in the resurrection? •The Disciple Whom Jesus Loved Can he (or she) be identified? •Are Stigmata Real? Are there natural explanations for the mysterious wounds or markings called stigmata? Or are they a divine sign that a person is very close to God? •The Mysterious Secret Gospels Did some lost gospels contain secret knowledge? •The Real Teachings of Jesus Why are some of his teachings so hard to follow? •The Son of Man Why did Jesus give himself this mysterious title? •Holy Communion What is the purpose of this sacrament? •James the Righteous Why don't the gospels provide more information about this important early church leader? •Matthew 27:52 According to this passage, many dead saints were resurrected and left their tombs after the crucifixion. Who were these resurrected saints? •Atonement Theories Why was it necessary for Jesus to suffer and die? •Last Words on the Cross What did Jesus say just before he died? •Where Is Hell Located Is it really located inside the earth? Or is it somewhere else? •Pontius Pilate Did he believe that Jesus was innocent? •Mystery of Mary Magdalene Why did she suddenly disappear from the gospel story? •Talking in Tongues Are some people able to speak in a divine language? •Does the Devil Really Exist? If so, why does God allow him to cause problems in the world? •The True Cross Does wood from the original cross have miraculous healing powers? •Possession Can people be possessed by evil spirits? •Some Additional Mysteries The Antichrist ... The Harrowing of Hell ... The Wandering Jew •Gospel Mysteries - Links •Gospel Mysteries Blog •Glossary •List of Articles •Gospel Mysteries eBook - Free Copy •Visit the Art Gallery •Bible Mysteries Note: For a discussion of ancient crucifixions, go to this article about How Jesus Died

According to the gospels, Jesus died less than six hours after he was put on the cross. This was much sooner than normal, because victims of crucifixions usually lived much longer, at least 24 hours, and sometimes several days. Mark 15:44 says that the Roman governor Pontius Pilate was very surprised when he learned that Jesus was already dead. For these reasons, there has been a lot of speculation about how he finally died.

Medical experts aren't completely sure about the usual cause of death in ancient crucifixions. An older theory holds that the fixed position on the cross would cause blood to slowly accumulate in the legs, and the lack of blood elsewhere would gradually lead to death. One problem with this theory is that the victim usually wasn't completely immobilized on the cross. Although his ankles and hands were in fixed positions, he did have some freedom to move up and down vertically by bending his knees.

According to the preferred modern theory, the victim had to push up with his legs to hold himself in a free-breathing position, and he would slowly suffocate when he became too exhausted to continue holding himself up. This theory is supported by the fact that Roman soldiers sometimes hastened death by breaking the victim's legs.

But whatever the cause, it normally took much longer than six hours for the victim to die. For this reason, many experts think that a special factor was involved in Jesus' death.

One obvious possibility is wounds or injuries. The gospels say that Roman soldiers flogged Jesus and pressed a crown of thorns onto his head before the crucifixion. In addition, the gospel of John says that nails were used to attach him to the cross.

If the flogging was especially brutal, or if the other wounds were unusually severe, an excessive loss of blood could have brought about an early death. But blood loss normally leads to unconsciousness and a gradual death, whereas the gospels indicate that Jesus remained fully conscious throughout the ordeal and then died abruptly. Thus, excessive bleeding probably wasn't the cause.

There are several possible explanations for an abrupt death, including heart attack, heart rupture, stroke, shock, and blood clot. Some experts think that the last of these, a blood clot, was the most likely cause of Jesus' death. But there isn't enough information to be certain about the matter.

According to John 19:34, after the Roman soldiers found that Jesus was dead, one of them thrust a spear into his side to make sure. But if the account is correct, Jesus was already dead when this happened. (The other gospels don't mention this incident.)

Some people have suggested that Jesus himself chose the moment of his death by "simply dying", or possibly by stopping his own heart from beating. Another possibility is that God didn't want to watch him suffer any longer and mercifully brought the ordeal to an end.

Note: The accounts indicate that Jesus had wounds on the hands and ankles (from nails), in the side (spear thrust), on the head (crown of thorns), shoulders (from carrying the cross) and back (flogging). Wounds or markings in these same locations sometimes appear on mystics or other individuals who are very close to God. Called stigmata, they are often said to be a supernatural sign of holiness. But although they may bleed for a while, they normally aren't fatal.

Other Topics •Why Jesus Was Crucified Jesus was crucified only a few days after he entered Jerusalem on Palm Sunday. What was the main reason he was put on the cross? And should the Romans or the Jews get the most blame? •Golgotha Jesus was crucified at a place called Golgotha. It may have been located just outside ancient Jerusalem. But can the exact location be identified? •The Nazarenes The first believers in the resurrection of Jesus weren't called Christians until later. Their original name was the Nazarenes. •Jesus and his Family According to the bible, Jesus had four brothers and at least two sisters. But some people believe that these were actually step-brothers and step-sisters. •Ending of Mark Was the original ending of this gospel accidentally lost? Was a new ending added later? •Why Is the Gospel of John Different from the Other Gospels Is there an explanation? •Virgin Birth of Jesus The bible says that Mary became pregnant with Jesus through a divine act of God. She may have only been twelve or thirteen years old and still living with her family at the time. •Judas Iscariot Did he betray Jesus just for the bribe, or was there another reason? •Witnesses to the Resurrection Who were the first people to see Christ after he left the tomb? •Barabbas Why did Pilate release him instead of Jesus? •The Second Coming of Jesus Did Christ promise to come again? •Who Witnessed the Crucifixion? Which followers of Jesus were present at the cross? •The Lost Gospels Several previously-lost gospels have been re-discovered during the last two centuries. What can they tell us about the life and teachings of Jesus? •Theories about the Resurrection of Jesus Are there other possible explanations for the belief in the resurrection? •The Disciple Whom Jesus Loved Can he (or she) be identified? •Are Stigmata Real? Are there natural explanations for the mysterious wounds or markings called stigmata? Or are they a divine sign that a person is very close to God? •The Mysterious Secret Gospels Did some lost gospels contain secret knowledge? •The Real Teachings of Jesus Why are some of his teachings so hard to follow? •The Son of Man Why did Jesus give himself this mysterious title? •Holy Communion What is the purpose of this sacrament? •James the Righteous Why don't the gospels provide more information about this important early church leader? •Matthew 27:52 According to this passage, many dead saints were resurrected and left their tombs after the crucifixion. Who were these resurrected saints? •Atonement Theories Why was it necessary for Jesus to suffer and die? •Last Words on the Cross What did Jesus say just before he died? •Where Is Hell Located Is it really located inside the earth? Or is it somewhere else? •Pontius Pilate Did he believe that Jesus was innocent? •Mystery of Mary Magdalene Why did she suddenly disappear from the gospel story? •Talking in Tongues Are some people able to speak in a divine language? •Does the Devil Really Exist? If so, why does God allow him to cause problems in the world? •The True Cross Does wood from the original cross have miraculous healing powers? •Possession Can people be possessed by evil spirits? •Some Additional Mysteries The Antichrist ... The Harrowing of Hell ... The Wandering Jew •Gospel Mysteries - Links •Gospel Mysteries Blog •Glossary •List of Articles •Gospel Mysteries eBook - Free Copy •Visit the Art Gallery •Bible Mysteries Note: For a discussion of ancient crucifixions, go to this article about How Jesus Died

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