User talk:JCGADOW/sandbox

Body positivity
Body positivity is a social movement rooted in the belief that all human beings should have a positive body image, in doing so it challenges the ways in which society presents and views the physical body. The movement advocates the acceptance of all bodies no matter the form, size, or appearance. The goal of the movement is to address the unrealistic beauty standards and to build the confidence of oneself and others.

The First Wave
In 1967 a New York radio host named Steve Post held a "fat-in" in Central Park. He described the purpose of the event "was to protest discrimination against the fat." Five Months after the "fat-in" an author Lew Louderback composed an essay entitled "More People Should be Fat!" as a result of him witnessing the discrimination his wife experienced as a result of her size. Louderback's contribution inspired the creation of the National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance in 1969 by Bill Fabrey, with the mission of ending discrimination based on body weight.

Second Wave(1990's)
The second wave of body positivity prioritized giving people of all sizes a place where they could comfortably come together and exercise. There were programs being made specifically for overweight people. A popular program at the time was "Making Waves" which was a weekly fat swim. Home exercise programs like Genia Pauli Haddon and Linda DeMarco's home exercise video series "Yoga For Round Bodies" were also made for those who were not comfortable joining a wellness community. ---Pretty, Porky, and Pissed Off (PPPO) were founded by Mariko Tamaki, Allyson Mitchell, and Ruby Rowan in 1996. They challenged fatphobia and lack of representation through street activism and dance. PPPO also held fundraisers for fat activism causes, such as Nomy Lamm’s Phat Camp camp for kids, which focuses on positive body image rather than unhealthy weight loss.

Third Wave(2000's)
The 2000s is when the body positivity movement blew up because of social media and how easy it is to use a platform to get your voice out to the public.

2008- Whitney Thompson became the first plus-size winner of the popular reality television show, America’s Next Top Model. Although only a size ten at the time this was a big accomplishment for the body positive movement.

After founding the movement Tess Holliday was signed to Milk Management, a large model agency in Europe as their first model over a size 20; she is a size 26.

2016- Ashley Graham became the first “plus-size” model to ever appear on the cover of Sports Illustrated magazine’s annual swimsuit edition.

2016- Matell announces new barbies thaT come in sizes petite, tall, and curvey with seven new skin colors.

2016- Zach Miko signed to IMG Models' newly minted "brawn" division in March 2016, making him the first plus-size male model to join to a major agency.

January 15, 2018- CVS is banning the use of photo manipulation in its store-brand makeup marketing and promotional displays. They explained how they have learned of the harm it causes and they do not want to contribute. For the brands that do not comply with the new standard their photos will be labeled as "digitally modified."

The Psychology around the Body Positivity Movement
The movement is also recognized as an important part of physical and mental well being as it has been found that having a negative body image or otherwise known as body dissatisfaction has been linked to a range of physical and mental health problems like disordered eating, depression, body dysmorphic disorder, and more. These symptoms can be explained by one of the two different psychological processes that can occur when people view thin media models, evaluating themselves with respect to the model (comparison processing) or identifying with, "being," the model (fantasy processing). This explains why some people are negatively affected by "perfect bodies' in the media while others are not

Body positivity & Inclusion
There is an underrepresentation of men in the movement. The underrepresentation is believed to be because Historically, body image disturbance has been viewed as a predominantly female phenomenon. Therefore it has not been studied as well.

Celebrities and social activism
The idealized beauty standard is, at first, disseminated through traditional media such as magazines, newspapers, televisions, movies, videos, and advertisements. The emergence of social media, especially those with a photo-sharing feature, has affected the pattern of dissemination, thus becoming a new area for spreading idealized beauty. Social media provides its users with various featu res and opens new spaces for interaction and discussion. Instagram, a photo-sharing-based application, has been used to challenge the idealized beauty standard by its users. By turning outlets of media against themselves, body image advocates have used different platforms to spur movements promoting self-love and self-acceptance in a time where body loathing is awfully common among women. In 2012- plus-sized model and feminist, Tess Holliday, founded the @effyourbeautystandards Instagram account which launched the campaign #effyourbeautystandards in response to unrealistic body expectations.

Brand Representation
With the body positive movement becoming more prevalent some brands are starting to use it to their advantage. In 2004 Dove launched its Campaign for "Real Beauty" in which they go against the unrealistic standards society puts on women. Dove commercials and advertisements depict women of all ages, sizes, and colors. In doing so they have raised money for eating disorder organizations. For example of a company that has done is American Eagle. In 2014 they began a campaign called Aerie Real, they banned airbrushing and started featuring body positive influencers in their photo shoots. Additional brands that have begun including plus sized models into their advertising campaigns and have launched plus sized clothing for larger women use plus-sized models such as Ashley Graham.

Criticism
The major criticism of the body positive movement is that it promotes obesity. For example, according to new research, this trend towards plus-size acceptance might prevent obese people from fully acknowledging that they are overweight. Seeing the huge potential of the fuller‐sized fashion market, plus‐size retailers may have indeed contributed to the normalization of the stigma associated with overweight and obesity. Indeed, both epidemiological data and experimental studies have shown that exposure to obesity not only increases the acceptability of heavier body weights.