User talk:JasmineHutson21/sandbox

Jasmine's Peer Review
When going off of the rubric in Blackboard, this Wikipedia page does not have a lead in section at all. That definitely needs to be added. To me, I can kind of see a structure that is being made, but it could be more clear on what information that is being given. The information that is given does seem balanced throughout. All the citations do seem reliable. There could be a decent amount of new information added such as different types of depression. The sections that are given do seem that they are in some order, but they could use more information to make them clear. The article does talk about other depressions that are not physical, such as the Great Depression, so all the information stays on topic. It seems like all the links do work. No information seems out of date, and there is no information that should distract the reader. All the information given is all broad and does not attempt to persuade the reader into one particular point of view. The biggest thing this article needs is more information about each topic. All the article basically does is give links to other topics of depression and not tell much about it. Kirkland99 (talk) 03:33, 25 April 2019 (UTC)Kirkland

Peer Review (Alexis Arnett)
The beginning of the article explains the main topic well by giving the definition of depression and what depressed moods can be like. The factor section of the article, however, needs more content added to it. The factor section includes either only one sentence or is just a sentence filled with other external links. The connections section does seem to have more information and its cited by various reliable sources. I would consider adding more information to the factors sections.

Depression (mood)
Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity which can affect a person's thoughts, behaviors, tendencies, feelings, and sense of well-being. Symptoms of the mood disorder can be marked by sadness, inactivity, difficulty in thinking and concentration and a significant increase/decrease in appetite and time spent sleeping. A great deal of people also have feelings of dejection, detachment, hopelessness, and sometimes suicidal tendencies. Those feelings can either be short term or long term depending on the severity of the person's condition.[1] A depressed mood is a normal temporary reaction to life events, such as the loss of a loved one. It is also a symptom of some physical diseases and a side effect of some drugs and medical treatments. Depressed mood may also be a symptom of some mood disorders such as major depressive disorder or dysthymia.[2]

Life events Adversity in childhood, such as bereavement, neglect, mental abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and unequal parental treatment of siblings can contribute to depression in adulthood.[3][4] Childhood physical or sexual abuse in particular significantly correlates with the likelihood of experiencing depression over the person's lifetime.[5]

Life events and changes that may precipitate depressed mood include (but are not limited to): childbirth, menopause, financial difficulties, unemployment, stress (such as from work, education, family, living conditions etc.), a medical diagnosis (cancer, HIV, etc.), bullying, loss of a loved one, natural disasters, social isolation, rape, relationship troubles, jealousy, separation, and catastrophic injury.[6][7][8] Adolescents may be especially prone to experiencing depressed mood following social rejection, peer pressure, or bullying.[9]

Personality High scores on the personality domain neuroticism make the development of depressive symptoms as well as various other kinds of depression diagnoses more likely,[10] and depression is associated with low extraversion.[11] Other personality indicators could be: temporary but rapid mood changes, short term hopelessness, loss of interest in activities that used to be of a part of one's life, sleep disruption, withdrawal from previous social life, appetite changes, and difficulty concentrating.[12]

Gender identity and sexuality People who are marginalized due to either their gender identity or sexual orientation are more prone to depression.[13] People with gender dysphoria tend to develop depressive moods when they feel as if they are not able to express themselves or if they are being frowned upon for who they are. The same goes for people who have a sexuality that goes against societies norms, like being heterosexual.[39] Targeted groups are statistically more likely to commit suicide. [14]

Medical treatments Depression is sometimes the result of healthcare faults, such as with misdiagnosing medications that results effects of inducing depression in patients. Therapies associated with depression include interferon therapy, beta-blockers, isotretinoin, contraceptives,[15] cardiac agents, anticonvulsants, antimigraine drugs, antipsychotics, and hormonal agents such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist.[16] The various different ways to treat mood disorders include; various forms of therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, taking medications (Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitor, Anxiolytic, Antipsychotic, Antidepressant), or by speaking with a professional.[40]

Substance-induced Abusing drugs, whether through intoxication, withdrawal, or from chronic use, can cause or exacerbate depression. These drugs include alcohol, sedatives (prescription benzodiazepines), opioids (prescription pain killers and illicit drugs such as heroin), stimulants (such as cocaine or amphetamines), hallucinogens, and inhalants.[17]

Non-psychiatric illnesses Main article: Depression (differential diagnoses) Depressed mood can be the result of a number of infectious diseases, nutritional deficiencies, neurological conditions[18] and physiological problems, including hypoandrogenism (in men), Addison's disease, Cushing's syndrome, hypothyroidism, Lyme disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, chronic pain, stroke,[19] diabetes,[20] and cancer.[21]

Psychiatric syndromes Main article: Depressive mood disorders A number of psychiatric syndromes feature depressed mood as a main symptom. The mood disorders are a group of disorders considered to be primary disturbances of mood. These include major depressive disorder (MDD; commonly called major depression or clinical depression) where a person has at least two weeks of depressed mood or a loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities; and dysthymia, a state of chronic depressed mood, the symptoms of which do not meet the severity of a major depressive episode. Another mood disorder, bipolar disorder, features one or more episodes of abnormally elevated mood, cognition and energy levels, but may also involve one or more episodes of depression.[22] When the course of depressive episodes follows a seasonal pattern, the disorder (major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, etc.) may be described as a seasonal affective disorder. Outside the mood disorders: borderline personality disorder often features an extremely intense depressive mood; adjustment disorder with depressed mood is a mood disturbance appearing as a psychological response to an identifiable event or stressor, in which the resulting emotional or behavioral symptoms are significant but do not meet the criteria for a major depressive episode;[23]:355 and posttraumatic stress disorder, a mental disorder that sometimes follows trauma, is commonly accompanied by depressed mood.[24]

Historical legacy Main article: Dispossession, oppression and depression Researchers have begun to conceptualize ways in which the historical legacies of racism and colonialism may create depressive conditions.[25][26]

Measures Measures of depression as an emotional disorder include, but are not limited to: Beck Depression Inventory-11 and the 9-item depression scale in the Patient Health Questionnaire. Both of these measures are psychological tests that asks on personal questions of the participant, and have mostly been used to measure the severity of depression. Several studies, however, have used these measures to also determine healthy individuals who are not suffering from depression as a mental disorder, but as an occasional mood disorder. This is substantiated by the fact that depression as an emotional disorder displays similar symptoms to minimal depression and low levels of mental disorders such as Major Depressive Disorder, thus researchers were able to use the same measure interchangeably. In terms of the scale, participants scoring between 0-13 and 0-4 respectively were considered healthy individuals.[27] Another measure of depressed mood would be the IWP multi-affect indicator.[28] It is a psychological test that indicates various emotions, such as enthusiasm and depression, and asks for the degree of the emotions that the participants have felt in the past week. There are studies that have used lesser items from the IWP Multi-affect Indicator which was then scaled down to daily levels to measure the daily levels of depression as a emotional disorder.[29]

Connections Alcoholism Alcohol is a depressant that slows down some regions of the brain, like the prefrontal and temporal cortex, which negatively affects the rationality and memories of a person.[30] It also lowers the level of serotonin in the brain, which could potentially lead to higher chances of depressive mood.[31]

The connection between the amount of alcohol intake, level of depressed mood and how it affects the risks of experiencing consequences from alcoholism, were studied in a research done on college students. The study used 4 latent, distinct profiles of different alcohol intake and level of depression; Mild or Moderate Depression, and Heavy or Severe Drinkers. Other indicators consisting of social factors and individual behaviors were also taken into consideration in the research. Results showed that the level of depression as an emotion negatively affected the amount of risky behavior and consequence from drinking, while having an inverse relationship with protective behavioral strategies, which are behavioral actions taken by oneself for protection from the relative harm of alcohol intake. Having an elevated level of depressed mood does therefore lead to greater consequences from drinking.[32]

Bullying Social abuse, such as bullying, are defined as actions of singling out and causing harm on individuals. In order to capture a day-to-day observation of the relationship between the damaging effects of social abuse and the victim’s mental health and depressive mood, a study was conducted on whether individuals would have a higher level of depressed mood when exposed to daily acts of negative behavior. The result concluded that being exposed daily to abusive behaviors such as bullying has a positive relationship to depressed mood on the same day.

The study has also gone to compare the level of depressive mood between the victims and non-victims of the daily bullying. Although victims were predicted to have a higher level of depressive mood, the results have shown otherwise; That exposure to negative acts has led to similar levels of depressive mood, regardless of the victim status. The results have concluded that bystanders and non-victims feel as equally depressed as the victim when being exposed to acts such as social abuse.[29]

Creative Thinking Divergent thinking is defined as a thought process that generates creativity in ideas by exploring many possible solutions. Having a depressed mood will significantly reduce the possibility of divergent thinking, as it reduces the fluency, variety and the extent of originality of the possible ideas generated.[33]

However, some depressive mood disorders might have an adverse effect for creativity. Upon identifying several studies and analyzing data involving individuals with high levels of creativity, Christa Taylor was able to conclude that there is a clear positive relationship between creativity and depressive mood. A possible reason is that having a low mood could lead to new ways of perceiving and learning from the world, but it is unable to account for certain depressive disorders. The direct relationship between creativity and depression remains unclear, but the research conducted on this correlation has shed light that individuals who are struggling with a depressive disorder may be having even higher levels of creativity than normal people, and would be a close topic to monitor depending on the future trends of how creativity will be perceived and demanded.[34]

Stress Management Techniques There are empirical evidences of a connection between the type of stress management techniques and the level of daily depressive mood.[35]

Problem-focused coping leads to lower level of depression. Focusing on the problem allows for the subjects to view the situation in an objective way, evaluating the severity of the threat in an unbiased way, thus it lowers the probability of having depressive responses. On the other hand, emotion-focused coping promotes depressed mood in stressful situations. The person has been contaminated with too much irrelevant information and loses focus on the options for resolving the problem. They fail to consider the potential consequences and choose the option that minimizes stress and maximizes well-being.

Management Depressed mood may not require professional treatment, and may be a normal temporary reaction to life events, a symptom of some medical condition, or a side effect of some drugs or medical treatments. A prolonged depressed mood, especially in combination with other symptoms, may lead to a diagnosis of a psychiatric or medical condition which may benefit from treatment. The UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) 2009 guidelines indicate that antidepressants should not be routinely used for the initial treatment of mild depression, because the risk-benefit ratio is poor.[36] Physical activity can have a protective effect against the emergence of depression.[37]

Reminiscence of old and fond memories is another alternative form of treatment, especially for the elderly who have lived longer and have more experiences in life. It is a method that causes a person to recollect memories of their own life, leading to a process of self-recognition and identifying familiar stimuli. By maintaining one’s personal past and identity, it is a technique that stimulates people to view their lives in a more objective and balanced way, causing them to pay attention to positive information in their life stories, which would successfully reduce depressive mood levels.[38]

Citations Bagley, C. & Tremblay, P. (1997) Suicidal behaviors in homosexual and bisexual males. Crisis, 18, 24–34. [39] MacGill, M. (2017, November 30). "What is depression and what can I do about it?." Medical News Today. Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/kc/depression-causes-symptoms-treatments-8933. [40]