User talk:Jbuttz1113/sandbox

Peer Review by Bailey
Unacknowledged Rape Article[edit] Unacknowledged rape is an instance in which an event fits all of the criteria of rape, however*, the victim does not categorize the occurrence of rape. Unacknowledged rape may remain indefinitely unacknowledged or acknowledged at a later time. In the past 30 years, criminologists, sociologists, and lawyers have analyzed the definition of rape and categorized it by definitions such as date rape, marital rape, or gray rape. **Unacknowledged rape is another qualifier.

Prevalence[edit]*** 60.4% of rapes are found to be unacknowledged.[2] Different situations warrant different likelihoods of acknowledged rape. A victim is much more likely to acknowledge a rape if the perpetrator was a stranger or somebody with whom they have a platonic relationship. If the perpetrator is somebody that the victim was once or currently romantically involved with, the rate of acknowledgement is lower. Statistics demonstrate that a lack of vaginal penetration also decrease likelihood of acknowledgement. Only 13% of non-vaginal assaults are acknowledged.[3] Intoxication also decreases the probability of acknowledgement. College-aged women raped by a schoolmate are the demographic in which unacknowledged rape is the most prevalent. Overall, a victim is more likely to acknowledge her rape if it was a vaginal assault including physical force committed by somebody with no romantic connections and the victim was sober at the time. A victim is the least likely to acknowledge her rape if it was a non-vaginal act committed in the context of a date rape and the victim was intoxicated.

Explanations[edit] Sexual Scripts and Rape Scripts[edit] Research suggests that women have a difficult time acknowledging date or partner rape due to previously learned sexual or rape scripts.[2] Sexual scripts are mental layouts of how one is supposed to act in a ****sexual situation. These scripts are held in the cultural level, interpersonal level, and interpersonal level.[4] The script that sex is male initiated and dominated and that men use methods of persuasion to get a woman to participate in sexual activities is a common script. This script is often used by victims to invalidate their own experiences and write them off as "bad sex" or a "miscommunication". Rape scripts also narrow down one's idea of what sexual assault is, prompting one to not acknowledge what happened to her. Many people still hold the belief that a rape is a violent vaginal penetration committed by a stranger in which physical force or threats are enacted. If one's experience does not fall into this narrow category, she might once again label it as a "miscommunication" or "bad sex". It is important to look at where these scripts originate. The word "rape" is a very loaded word. Many women are hesitant about using it to describe their experience unless it fits the narrow rape script.

Previous Sexual Abuse[edit] Some research suggests that there is correlation between unacknowledged rape and childhood sexual abuse. Childhood sexual abuse is linked to many long-term issues in many ways of *****functioning.[2] Some believe that sexual scripts begin to develop during adverse childhood experiences. CSA is often linked to guilt, sexual permissiveness, and the self-perception of being promiscuous. Although there are no conclusive case studies, this is a factor that can be taken into account.

Rape myths are generalized or false beliefs held about rape, rapists, or rape victims that breed conditions unwelcome to rape victims. These myths range from "some women are asking for it" to "women only claim they are raped as an act of retaliation or to cover something up".[5] Many of these risks are widely held by society and taught to young women whether directly or indirectly. Many of these myths put the burden of responsibility onto a woman if there is alcohol involved or there was a prior sexual relationship with the perpetrator. ******None of these myths keep the perpetrator accountable for his actions. Due to the fear of public reaction, or believing these myths themselves, a victim may be hesitant to label their situation as rape. Most of these myths are rooted in three forms of discourse. The first is the male sex drive discourse. This belief states that men have a biological need for sex that is difficult, if not impossible to control. They are not entirely responsible if they do not control this need, and it is a woman's duty to make sure this drive is satisfied. The second is the have-hold discourse. This implies that women have no sex drive and simply satisfy men for security or social standing. The third form of discourse is the permissiveness discourse, which claims that women enjoy sex as much as men and go after it freely with no impulse control. These three fallacies prompt society and often the woman her self to question the credibility of her use of the word "no".
 * Rape Myths[edit]

After Effects[edit] There is inconclusive evidence regarding the effects of a rape that remains unacknowledged. Women who do not acknowledge their assaults often face similar issues to women who do acknowledge their assaults. Unacknowledged rape victims face a higher likelihood of re-victimization, especially in the case of a date rape where the victim holds a continued relationship with ********her assailant.[3] Lower risk detection capacities and higher alcohol consumption are associated with unaddressed rapes. It has been found that the more time that passes, the more likely a woman is to acknowledge her rape. The prevalence of PTSD is where evidence is rendered inconclusive. Some studies report lower PTSD levels in comparison to women who have acknowledged their rape, while others report the same or higher levels.

Legal and Other Issues[edit] Unacknowledged rapes can skew the validity of statistics regarding criminal behavior. Reputable reports such as the FBI violent crime report rely upon crimes reported to law enforcement to construct their statistics. The most recent study estimated that 135,755 women were raped in the year of 2017.[6] However, the crime must be reported to be included in this report. Only 230 out of every 1,000 rapes are reported to law enforcement officials.[7] If a woman does not acknowledge her assault, she does not acknowledge that a crime has been committed against her. If there is no crime, there is nothing to report to the police. For this reason, it is understood that such reports underestimate the prevalence of sex crimes. Studies regarding unacknowledged rape also call into question whether or not the current line of communication between victim and law enforcement officer yields the most success. When investigating reported assaults, the protocol is for the officer to ask, "Were you raped?" However, it has been found that people reporting rapes respond better to behaviorally descriptive questions such as "Did the perp (insert action) without your consent?".[2] Unfortunately, not acknowledging a rape makes it much harder to prosecute. If a rape eventually becomes acknowledged and a report is made, the report is considered delayed. A delayed report makes conducting an examination for a rape kit impossible. Because jurors can also hold rape myths, a delayed report is often viewed in a negative light.


 * I changed the formatting here so it flowed easier!
 * expand on this sentence, what is it qualifying for or what does qualifier mean?
 * overall in this section there is a lack of citations, especially with "more-likely" style information, it is important to have those specifically cited because otherwise they look like assumptions and not facts
 * make sure you like up to this sort of reference whether it be to another wikipedia page or a source
 * what sorts of functioning?
 * this sentence seems to be an opinion, not fact, so it probably needs to be removed!
 * this whole paragraph might have to go...it has very limited citations and is heavily opinionated which can disqualify its validity on wikipedia (although I do agree with everything you said)
 * avoid "her" language when referring to victims as all genders are subject to being victims of rape

I love the breadth and depth to which you've explored this topic. You have tons of statistics and information which is awesome and you cover such a wide range of complexities that go along with unacknowledged rape. My biggest critiques would be to make sure you have a citation attached to every single 'fact' you have listed. If it is not a fact, I would remove it, or if there is no source for it, I would remove it. Second, be sure to change all the gendered language in this article because, as I said above, all genders can/are victims of rape and assault. You could even replace all the "hers/women/she" to "victim or victims" to fix this!

Katie's peer review
Unacknowledged Rape Article

Unacknowledged rape is an instance in which an event fits all of the criteria of rape. However, the victim does not categorize the occurrence of rape (a). Unacknowledged rape may remain indefinitely unacknowledged or acknowledged at a later time. In the past 30 years, criminologists, sociologists, and lawyers have analyzed the definition of rape and categorized it by definitions such as date rape, marital rape, or gray rape (b). Unacknowledged rape is another qualifier (c).

(a) I feel like the first two sentence could be combined into one, and maybe better phrased "does not categorize the occurrence as rape" or "does not acknowledge the occurrence of rape". (b) You should link definitions of these other kinds of rape if possible (c) Another qualifier of ____. Or "Unacknowledged is another category"

'''Prevalence ''' 60.4% of rapes are found to be unacknowledged.[2] Different situations warrant different likelihoods of acknowledged rape. A victim is much more likely to acknowledge a rape if the perpetrator was a stranger or somebody with whom they have a platonic relationship. If the perpetrator is somebody that the victim was once or currently romantically involved with (d), the rate of acknowledgement is lower. Statistics demonstrate that a lack of vaginal penetration also decrease likelihood of acknowledgement. Only 13% of non-vaginal assaults are acknowledged.[3] Intoxication also decreases the probability of acknowledgement. College-aged women raped by a schoolmate are the demographic in which unacknowledged rape is the most prevalent. Overall, a victim is more likely to acknowledge her rape (e) if it was a vaginal assault including physical force committed by somebody with no romantic connections and the victim was sober at the time. A victim is the least likely to acknowledge her (e) rape if it was a non-vaginal act committed in the context of a date rape and the victim was intoxicated (f).

(d) "... that the victim was once or currently is involved with" (e) It might be safer to avoid gendered pronouns (I know you're specifically talking about vaginal assault but it still might be best!) You could say "acknowledge the rape" (f) Are all of these statistics/ trends from the same source? If so, the citation should probably be at the very end. If not, the citations need to be added in throughout

Sexual Scripts and Rape Scripts

Research suggests that women have a difficult time acknowledging date or partner rape due to previously learned sexual or rape scripts.[2] Sexual scripts are mental layouts of how one is supposed to act in a sexual situation. These scripts are held in the cultural level, interpersonal level, and interpersonal level. (g)[4] The script that sex is male initiated and dominated and that men use methods of persuasion to get a woman to participate in sexual activities is a common script. This script is often used by victims to invalidate their own experiences and write them off as "bad sex" or a "miscommunication". Rape scripts also narrow down one's idea of what sexual assault is, prompting one to not acknowledge what happened to her (h). Many people still hold the belief that a rape is a violent vaginal penetration committed by a stranger in which physical force or threats are enacted. If one's experience does not fall into this narrow category, she (h) might once again label it as a "miscommunication" or "bad sex". It is important to look at where these scripts originate. The word "rape" is a very loaded word. (i) Many women are hesitant about using it to describe their experience unless it fits the narrow rape script. (j)

(g) You wrote "interpersonal level" 2x (h) I wonder again if gender-neutral pronouns might be appropriate here (i) I feel like your very last sentence does a good job of saying what this "The word "rape" is a very loaded word." sentence means -- that sentence may not be necessary (it may come off as slightly opinionated) (j) Same as the first section I looked over -- what are the sources for this info? Citations should probably either be scattered throughout if they are different or just at the end of the paragraph if they are the same.

Previous Sexual Abuse

Some research suggests that there is correlation between unacknowledged rape and childhood sexual abuse (k). Childhood sexual abuse is linked to many long-term issues in many ways of functioning.[2] (l) Some believe that sexual scripts begin to develop during adverse childhood experiences. CSA is often linked to guilt, sexual permissiveness, and the self-perception of being promiscuous. Although there are no conclusive case studies, this is a factor that can be taken into account. (m)

(k) This has its own wiki page -- you should link it! (l) This sentence is a little vague -- what is meant by "functioning"? (m) Citations?

Rape Myths

Rape myths are generalized or false beliefs held about rape, rapists, or rape victims that breed conditions unwelcome to rape victims (n). These myths range from "some women are asking for it" to "women only claim they are raped as an act of retaliation or to cover something up".[5] Many of these risks are widely held by society and taught to young women whether directly or indirectly. Many of these myths put the burden of responsibility onto a woman if there is alcohol involved or there was a prior sexual relationship with the perpetrator. None of these myths keep the perpetrator accountable for his actions (o). Due to the fear of public reaction, or believing these myths themselves, a victim may be hesitant to label their situation as rape. Most of these myths are rooted in three forms of discourse. The first is the male sex drive discourse. This belief states that men have a biological need for sex that is difficult, if not impossible to control. They are not entirely responsible if they do not control this need, and it is a woman's duty to make sure this drive is satisfied. The second is the have-hold discourse. This implies that women have no sex drive and simply satisfy men for security or social standing. The third form of discourse is the permissiveness discourse, which claims that women enjoy sex as much as men and go after it freely with no impulse control. These three fallacies prompt society and often the woman her self to question the credibility of her use of the word "no". (p)

(n) "unwelcome to rape victims" is kind of confusing wording -- the conditions are unwelcoming to rape victims (o) Gendered pronoun (p) Citations

After Effects

There is inconclusive evidence regarding the effects of a rape that remains unacknowledged. Women who do not acknowledge their assaults often face similar issues to women who do acknowledge their assaults. (q) Unacknowledged rape victims face a higher likelihood of re-victimization, especially in the case of a date rape where the victim holds a continued relationship with her assailant.[3] Lower risk detection capacities and higher alcohol consumption are associated with unaddressed rapes. It has been found that the more time that passes, the more likely a woman is to acknowledge her rape. The prevalence of PTSD (r) is where evidence is rendered inconclusive. Some studies report lower PTSD levels in comparison to women who have acknowledged their rape, while others report the same or higher levels. (s)

(q) The first two sentences are kind of contradicting -- Maybe you could say "Although there is some inconclusiveness regarding the effects of a rape that remains unacknowledged, there is evidence that women who do not acknowledge their assaults often face ..." and so on. (r) You should add a link to the wiki page for ptsd (s) Citations

'''Legal and Other Issues ''' Unacknowledged rapes can skew the validity of statistics regarding criminal behavior. Reputable reports such as the FBI violent crime report rely upon crimes reported to law enforcement to construct their statistics. The most recent study estimated that 135,755 women were raped in the year of 2017.[6] However, the crime must be reported to be included in this report. Only 230 out of every 1,000 rapes are reported to law enforcement officials.[7] If a woman does not acknowledge her assault, she does not acknowledge that a crime has been committed against her. If there is no crime, there is nothing to report to the police. For this reason, it is understood that such reports underestimate the prevalence of sex crimes (t). Studies regarding unacknowledged rape also call into question whether or not the current line of communication between victim and law enforcement officer yields the most success. When investigating reported assaults, the protocol is for the officer to ask, "Were you raped?" However, it has been found that people reporting rapes respond better to behaviorally descriptive questions such as "Did the perp (insert action) without your consent?".[2] Unfortunately,(u) not acknowledging a rape makes it much harder to prosecute. If a rape eventually becomes acknowledged and a report is made, the report is considered delayed. A delayed report makes conducting an examination for a rape kit impossible. Because jurors can also hold rape myths, a delayed report is often viewed in a negative light.

(t) The few sentences ("If there is..." and "For this reason..") are a little choppy/ redundant; maybe think about combining them into one sentence (u) Unfortunately is an opinion word -- maybe avoid it!

Overall very impressive! You clearly did a ton of good research! :)

Kmcfar HIS475 (talk) 22:58, 28 November 2018 (UTC)

Peer Review by Brianne
Areas of Success:
 * Your lead is strong. I like the additions you made to the definition of unacknowledged rape, you summarized the topic well for the reader. Your edit to the lead does a good job of outlining what is to come.
 * I like the clear organization of your additions to this article. Each section is to the point and helps the reader track with the topic being explained. The way you have organized it appears like it would on an actual wikipedia page, as well.
 * You have some great sources listed; lots of books and scholarly articles!
 * This draft is clearly well researched and has lots of rich information that will definitely add to the existing article, great work!

Areas for Improvement:
 * Your draft is well structured and researched, however it does seem to have a few words that pop off the page a little stronger than what wikipedia would likely perceive as "neutral" (The section titled "Rape Myths" has the most prevalent samples of this language). Make sure that all claims have citations, the validity of your argument could be lost if citations are not present. This is a great topic and your input is valuable! Just make sure there are citations to match the words on the page.
 * Avoid using too many generalized phrases like "research suggests," unless you cite what the research suggests.
 * Biggest thing: make sure your own stance and opinion doesn't come out in the language of your edits. This is such an important topic, so ensuring that the research provided is clear and accurate is a great way to get the information across to readers!

Bbachman23 (talk) 23:39, 30 November 2018 (UTC)